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Hydrolytic ability of laboratory enzyme preparations from fungus of the Penicillium genus was investigated using kraft pulp from nonbleached softwood and bleached hardwood cellulose as substrates. The enzyme preparations were shown to efficiently hydrolyze both softwood and hardwood cellulose. The yields of glucose and reducing sugars were 24-36 g/l and 27-37 g/l from 100 g/l of dry substrate in 48 h, respectively, and depended on the number of substrate grinding cycles.

The effect of cellocandin, an enzymatic preparation from Getrichum candidum 3C-106 with cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities, on defibring of waste paper and acceleration of desiccation of paper pulp was studied. It was shown that cellocandin accelerated defibring of waste paper to cellulose fibers and desiccation of cellulose suspension.

The arguments by Pavlinov against my critical analysis of the concept of the "phylogenetic presumptions" proposed by Rasnitsyn are briefly discussed. It is proved that these arguments are invalid because they are based on the substitution of terms. Instead of the term "phylogenetic presumption" introduced by Rasnitsyn just as an analogue of the presumption of innocence in jurisprudence, Pavlinov considers the presumption in the wider understanding, i.e. as a "preliminary statement".

Under brief consideration is the uses of presumptions, as a kind of a priori judgments, in phylogenetics in light of their critics by Pesenko (2005). It is shown that the concept of presumption is fully compatible with the hypothetic-deductive argumentation scheme allowing to realize the parsimony principle in its epistemic interpretation. System of phylogenetic presumptions deserves future development in the framework of construing phylogenetics as a kind of the informal axiomatics.

Under brief consideration is the problem of primary or secondary status of the judgments about taxa relative to the judgments about characters in the biological classifications. The following formal definition of taxonomic system (classification) TS is provided: TS = BT[T, C(t), R(t), R(c), R(tc)], where BT is a biological theory constituting content-wise background of the system, T is a set of taxa, C(t) is a set of taxonomic characters, R(t) is a set of relationships among taxa (similarity, kinship, etc.), R(c) is a set of relationships among characters (homology, etc.), and R(tc) is a set of correspondences among taxa and characters. The latter correspondences may be complete or incomplete. At ontological level, there two basical traditions exist in biological systematics regarding R(tc) according to which the biological diversity is patterned either as a set of groups of organisms (taxa) or as a set of their properties (characters). In the first case, taxon is "primary" relative to character (in cladistics); in its opposite, character is "primary" relative to taxon (in scholasticism, classical typology, classical phylogenetics). At epistemological level, incompleteness of the taxon-character correspondence makes classificatory procedure iterative and taxonomic diagnoses context-dependent. The interative nature of classificatory procedure makes the "primary" or "secondary" status of both taxa and characters relative and alternating. This makes it necessary to introduces a kind of uncertainty relation in biological systematics which means impossibility of simultaneous definition of both extensional and intentional parameters of the taxonomic system at each step of classificatory iterations.

The results of comparative morphological and ultrastructural research of the synaptic organization of spinal cord motoneurons from fishes, amphibian, reptiles and mammals are presented in the review. Fundamental regularities of the formation of the synaptic organization of motoneurons in vertebrate phylogenesis were established. The results of electron microscopical analysis showed that all basic elements of the synaptic ultrastructure preserved in the motoneuronal synapse of vertebrates during the evolution. On the basis of large experimental material it was found that the synaptic organization of individual motoneuron as a whole underwent structural reorganization, presented as corresponding transformations in mechanisms of the synaptic transmission.