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Метод рецензирования выступает одним из методов проблемного обучения. Он заключается во взаимном изучении и корректировании обучающимися письменных работ с целью их дальнейшей доработки. Статья посвящена использованию метода рецензирования в обучении письменной речи студентов направления подготовки «Международные отношения». В ней авторы уточняют содержание обучения письменной речи студентов направления подготовки «Международные отношения»; приводят ряд лингводидактических функций метода рецензирования при обучении учащихся и студентов иноязычной письменной речи; разрабатывают этапы организации проектной работы, направленной на развитие умений письменной речи студентов на основе метода рецензирования. В результате к основным этапам предлагаемой методики относятся: 1) знакомство студентов со структурой письменной работы; 2) обсуждение со студентами методической ценности использования метода рецензирования в овладении ими умениями письменной речи на иностранном языке; 3) изучение памятки с примерными фразами и выражениями, используемыми при рецензировании (комментировании) письменных работ; 4) знакомство студентов с примерами рецензирования письменных работ; 5) пробное групповое задание на рецензирование анонимного образца с последующим анализом и обсуждением (фронтальная работа); 6) выбор интернет-платформы для реализации проекта, регистрация на платформе, объяснение технологической стороны реализации проекта по рецензированию студентами письменных работ друг друга; 7) знакомство студентов с критериями оценки письменной работы; 8) подготовка к написанию и написание письменной работы; 9) размещение письменных работ на интернет-платформе; 10) рецензирование письменных работ на интернет-платформе; 11) анализ рецензий и комментариев и внесение каждым студентом необходимых изменений в письменную работу; 12) размещение доработанной версии письменной работы; 13) оценка письменных работ преподавателем; 14) рефлексия студентов., Peer review is a problem-solving method based on mutual learning and correcting learners' written texts for the purpose of their further development. The paper is devoted to the use of peer review in teaching writing skills to students majoring in International Relations. In the paper the authors a) clarify the content of teaching writing skills to students majoring in International Relations; b) set out a number of language education functions of peer review in teaching writing skills to students; c) develop stages of organization for project activities aimed at developing writing skills on the basis of peer review. As a result, the following steps in peer review are suggested: 1) familiarizing students with the structure of written work; 2) discussing with the students the educational value of peer review in the mastery of their writing skills; 3) studying examples of phrases and expressions used in reviewing (commenting on) written papers; 4) familiarizing students with examples of reviews of some written papers; 5) a sample group task with an anonymous review of a written paper, followed by analysis and discussion (front work); 6) selecting an Internet-based platform for the project registering on the platform, and explaining the technological side of the peer review project; 7) discussing with students the criteria for assessment of their participation in the peer review project; 8) preparing for the writing and the writing itself; 9) posting written reviews on the Internet platform; 10) reviewing papers posted on the Internet platform; 11) analyzing reviews and comments, and making the necessary changes to the written papers; 12) uploading a modified version of a written paper; 13) assessment of the written papers by the teacher; 14) student reflection.

Рассматривается проблема преодоления репрессий, вызываемых теориями или философскими системами, претендующими науниверсалъностъ. На примере идей Ж.-Ф. Лиотара и Р. Рорти анализируются способы преодоления универсализма. Рассматривается вопрос о наличии и спецификации у этих двух философов универсалистских предпосылок в рамках антисистемных стратегий, направленных на защиту гетерогенного., The paper considers the problem of overcoming repressions, which are produced by the scientific and philosophical systems, which are pretending to be universal. Repressions originate from the position of the classical universalism that all the knowledge must be incorporated in rigorous system. In its turn, a system is legitimized by a metanarrative. Ideas, which are not blended with the universal requirements, drop out from the «normal» scientific or philosophical knowledge.In order to overcome repressions, produced by universalism, Lyotard and Rorty suggest anti-universalistic approaches. In this paper were analyzed conceptions of the local language games, which mainly concentrated around the idea of defending the heterogeneity and uniqueness of all discourses. Nevertheless, in such conceptions there are ontological and ethical presuppositions, which could be qualified as universalistic. Thus, however, such universalism could be marked as «soft», because even though it presupposes some sort of general conditions, they are not becoming a philosophical foundation in the classical sense. The paper shows, that they mainly served for providing a prevention of repressions and they focused on the differences maintenance. Nonetheless, because of denying of the strong universalism, Lyotard and Rorty don't achieve a general elimination of repressions. Therefore, their concepts appeal rather to the ethical identity of each participator of all language games.

Представлено математически эквивалентное, но более компактное описание обычно встречающейся квадратичной модели доходности. Получены уравнения для функций временной структуры и приведены общие свойства их решений. Основным содержанием статьи является рассмотрение случая, когда вероятностные свойства модели подчиняются нейтральной к риску вероятностной мере, что позволяет получить аналитические решения задачи о форме кривых доходности и форвардных кривых в явном виде. Уравнения кривых представлены в компактной форме с использованием гиперболических функций. Найдены семейства кривых доходности и форвардных кривых, которые для фиксированной краткосрочной ставки доходности обеспечивают получение одной и той же предельной долгосрочной доходности. Полученные результаты иллюстрируются численным примером., Instead of "usual used" quadratic models of the interest rate it is possible to obtain the equivalent description of the interest rate through process X (t) unobserved (latent) state variables by relations dX(t) = K(0-X(t)) dt + S dW(t), t > tQ, X(tQ) = XQ, r(t) = rmln + X^^X^), X(t) e Rn, r e R1, Ф e Rnxn, Where K, 0, S, XQ are corresponding constant vectors and matrixes, and Ф is a diagonal matrix on which diagonal positive eigenvalues of initial matrix of "usual used" model are located. The condition of absence of arbitration leads to the equation in partial derivatives for the price of zero coupon bond which is obtained in form P(r(X), x) = = exp[XTA(x)X XTB(x) C(x)]. For functions of term structure A(x), B(x) and C(x) there is a system of the nonlinear ordinary differential equations which generally in an explicit analytical form is unsolved. In paper assumptions are made: 1) process of latent variables X(t) is normal process with a stationary expectation 0 = 0. 2) probability properties of the interest rate r(X) submit to a risk neutral probability measure. At these assumptions it is found out that function B (x) = 0 for all values x. 3) the latent variables constituting vector X(t), are independent stochastic processes. At these assumptions the functions of term structure A(x) and C(x) are obtained in the analytical form and the yield curve Y(x) and the for ·Jk2 + > k, 1 < i < n: ward rate curve F(x) are derived in an explicit form for zt = фiX2 > 0, vt i k n 1 E t!2* n f ·+E i=1 2z, ch(v, x) +-sh(v, x) + ln k, x Y(x) = rmin + v V У1 vi z v, cth(v,x) + k, 2, 2 v, k, 1 F(x) = r (V ch(vx) + k, sh(v,x))2 2 v, cth(vx) + k, Both curves Y(t) and F(t) at change т from 0 to т от 0 до ю, starting from the fixed value of the interest rate r, determined by current « v k values of state variables X(t), converge to a general limit y (ю) = rmin + ^ --that is independent on current state X(t) and is dei=1 2 pending only from model parameters. As seen, in quadratic models the current interest rate r at yield curve deriving in an explicit form is not used, instead of it values of latent variables X which at known parameters models uniquely determine the interest rate r are used. However in quadratic models the same value of the interest rate r can be derived for some set of various state variables X. In paper it is found out, haw is the family of yield curve at a fixed interest rate determined by a variety of state variables, corresponding to this fixed interest rate. Besides, the width of a strip in which lie all possible yield curves (or forward curves), corresponding to various starting vectors X and to matrixes Ф, that determine the rate r, is found. All received analytical results are illustrated by a numerical example.

В статье на материале романов Н.Д. Хвощинской «Свободное время» и В.А. Слепцова «Трудное время» изучаются семантические свойства провинциального времени в беллетристическом произведении. Несмотря на разные эстетические установки писателей, тексты Хвощинской и Слепцова характеризируются общностью, заключающейся в сходных способах репрезентации повседневности. Провинциальное время, зачастую «заслоняя» моноцентрического героя, предстает в произведениях овеществленным, буквально погруженным в материю, быт. Кроме того, время в анализируемых произведениях становится имплицитным выражением авторского самосознания. Для женщины, писавшей под мужским псевдонимом, и разночинца, вышедшего из дворянской среды, провинциальный мир становится способом авторефлексии., The paper deals with the conceptions "provincial chronotope" and "provincial time" in the context of the Russian prose of the 19th century (novels Svobodnoe vremya [Free time], Kto zh ostalsya dovolen [Who is glad], Poslednee deystvie komedii [Last act of the comedy] by Nadezhda Dmitrievna Khvoshchinskaya (Zayonchkovskaya), and Trudnoe vremya [Hard time] by Vasily Alekseevich Sleptsov). The definition "provincial time" is compared with the definition "provincial chronotope" in the context of Mikhail Bakhtin's theory. As M. Bakhtin writes, "Time here is devoid of moving forward Day is never a day, year is not a year, life is not life It is ordinary, everyday domestic cyclical time. Time is uneventful and seems like it almost stopped It is a thick, sticky time crawling in space." The quote shows the provincial chronotope is a-narrative. In fact, it represents a quasi-event as part of the indiscrete eternity. But the main part of the phrase is connected with the ontological character of the provincial time. The interpretation of the provincial chronotope as "ordinary, everyday domestic cyclical time" presents another phenomenon important for Russian culture. It can be called "everydayness". In the paper, the provincial time is studied as a narrative, phenomenol-ogical and plot-forming category. Despite the fact that Nadezhda Khvoshchinskaya and Vasily Sleptsov belong to different social, politic and worldview poles and types of literature, the sense of time, its phenomenology can be recognized as an integral feature. Their texts are characterized by common narration strategies that consist in the representation of everyday life, the implementation of the so-called "provincial plot" (close to Balzac's The Human Comedy). The esthetic worldview of Vasily Sleptsov is a chaos of material events; the art world of Khvoshchinskaya is the order of different elements. So, comparison of these texts from the esthetic point of view is not quite adequate. However, the definition of the category of time allows to find inner connections realized in the form as a self-contained element of a literary text rather than through the naaration tradition. In the works under study, time is definitely spatial, and some time slots, representing a continuous existence, are virtually inseparable in the topology of the text. The provincial chronotope, devoid of limits and abysses, presents reality as a sequence of senseless events and episodes where the human and humanity lose significance. The author believes it is in this context that we should understand Bakhtin's statement about the provincial chronotope as "ordinary, everyday domestic cyclical time". The development of this model of time demonstrates its importance in the Russian literature of the 19th century. In particular, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov felt this elusive flow of time very subtly, many of his stories represent the image of the same actions and the same decorations on a new level of understanding of time, literature and life. In this case, the description of the provincial time should be taken into account as its essence is embodied, is fixed in the material substance. Results and observations of the research could be extended to other texts on "provincial" plots and could also be used in teaching the history of Russian literature of the 19th century.

Статья основана на материалах выступления на форуме «Психология мотивации в современных социальных контекстах». Представлен обзор основных результатов исследований внутренней и внешней мотивации деятельности, проведенных на материале мотивации учебной и профессиональной деятельности в МЛ позитивной психологии личности и мотивации (НИУ ВШЭ). Рассмотрены наиболее продуктивные профили мотивации, способствующие успешности в учебной деятельности (на материале академической успеваемости, ЕГЭ и побед на международных олимпиадах) и удовлетворенности трудом. Описаны основные методики диагностики трудовой и учебной мотивации, разработанные в последние годы, структура методик, специфика типов мотивации, с их помощью оцениваемых. Представлены практические рекомендации по поддержанию продуктивной мотивации учащихся и сотрудников организаций., The paper presents the keynote lecture given at the Interregional Conference "Psychology of motivation in modern social contexts" organized jointly by Tomsk State University and International laboratory of positive psychology of personality and motivation of National Research University Higher School of Economics (Tomsk, July 2016). The paper introduces a series of studies dedicated to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation based on self-determination theory (SDT), a contemporary theory of human motivation and well-being. The paper describes main measures of intrinsic and extrinsic academic and work motivation recently developed by the author and her colleagues. We present two types of studies of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation based on learning activity and work activity. The findings obtained in both domains confirm the main hypothesis that not only the quality of motivation (profile of motivation) matters, but also the quantity of intrinsic motivation does matter. Only students with high intrinsic motivation measured by motives to know, to achieve and to change accompanied by relatively low extrinsic motives and amotivation demonstrate the highest level of GPA, other academic achievements, including winning in international competitions and lowest inclination to cheat in order to get good grades. Again, only employees with high intrinsic and identified motivation (autonomous motivation) and relatively low level of controlled extrinsic motivation and amotivation demonstrated the highest work and life satisfaction in general, and they were involved in work-related activities. The advantages of individual motivational profiles analysis instead the analysis of separate motivation types are discussed. The challenges with which self-determination theory researchers encounter today and possible solutions are also described. Finally, we present some practical recommendations to increase intrinsic motivation at schools, universities and at work.

В статье изучается нарративная организация романа В.А. Слепцова «Трудное время». Взятые за основу тезисы К.И. Чуковского о «тайнописи» слепцовского романа и рассуждения У. Брумфилда о русском романе как социальном проекте определяют методологию исследования. «Тайнопись» рассматривается как свойство импликации, распространяемое на героев и объекты эстетической действительности. Предпринятый опыт изучения повествовательной структуры как нарративного целого, определяемого не только идеологическими, но и эстетическими задачами, позволяет интерпретировать произведение вне контекста полемического романа 1860-х гг. как своеобразный «реквием» по «новому человеку», прозвучавший из демократического лагеря., The paper deals with the narrative organization and narrative features of Vasily Alekseevich Sleptsov's novel Hard Times. This matter is investigated on the material of research papers, articles and monographs of Korney Chukovsky, Valeriy Sazhin, William Brumfield and others. Sleptsov's novel is investigated as a social project that depended on the ideology and aesthetic processes of the second part of the 19th century. In the first part of the paper the reputation of Vasily Sleptsov is studied as a phenomenon of the history of Russian literature. So, facts, opinions and suggestions are a complex myth which depended on the literature texts and contexts. Continuing the thoughts of William Brumfield, the author of the paper presumes a different interpretation of the writer and his worldview. In the second part of the article an attempt is made to descript the cryptography of the plot (by Korney Chukovsky). The narrative structure is determined by several narrative techniques. So, one narrative tactic presents a folksy world with "hard eventfullness". Genesis of this type is physiological sketches (by Alexander Levitov, Nikolay Uspensky, sketches of Vasily Sleptsov himself). The other tactic presents the social provincial world (by Ivan Turgenev, and his epigones Nadezhda Khvoshchin-skaya, Nikolay Veseniev and others). Narrative diversity is explained by the competition of these two strategies. As is known, the basis of the plot conflict of the novel is the emergence of the commoner Rya-zanov, who is a friend of the landowner Shchetinin. It must be noted that Ryazanov, compared with Bazarov or Rakhmetov, is a moralizing hero; he is verbose and not always consistent in his words. Following the tradition of Turgenev, Sleptsov uses the principle of the story and the implications of information failure, but the "inner man" of Ryazanov almost always coincides with the "outside", the consciousness of the hero, his inner speech is a thing in itself, a blackbox not available for the perception of the reader. If to consider Ryazanov in the context of semantic derivation of a new man, he represents the traditional type of a superfluous man. Consistently considering ideas and ideals, colliding heros with the uncreative reality of the novel, Sleptsov tests Chernyshevsky's utopian projects and the romantic world vision of Turgenev's Bazarov. So, the motif of impotence and powerlessness is general in the narrative structure of the novel, which is connected with Nikolay Nekrasov's lyrical plot of "Knight for an Hour". In the conclusion it is shown that the novel could be considered outside the context of the polemical novel of the '60s as a kind of "Requiem" on the "new man" that came from the democratic camp. Hard Times in this way not only foreshadows the socialistic and communistic ideology, but also shows the exhaustive evidence of the impossibility of its realization, i.e. finding a common language between the two social worlds. Results and observations which the paper presents can be used in teaching the history of Russian literature of the 19th century.

Рассматривается подход к построению систем управления обучением, основанный на использовании технологий Semantic Web и смешанных диагностических тестов. Дается описание онтологических моделей, представляющих учебные дисциплины и тестовые задания. Предлагается подход к созданию системы управления обучением, использующей разработанные модели в качестве базы знаний. Предложена общая архитектура системы управления обучением, основанной в предлагаемом подходе., The paper describes an approach to the construction of learning management systems based on combined usage of Mixed Diagnostic Tests (MDT) in order to maintain education quality control and Semantic Web technology stack for purposes of storing learning courses' data and structures containing MDT. Mixed Diagnostic Tests are a compromise between unconditional and conditional components. Most of learning management systems being used in educational practice only utilize a binary approach to estimating quality of education: "test passed" or "test not passed". Mixed Diagnostic Tests utilize and fuzzy logic apparatus, allowing to differentiate such estimations. Central element of Semantic Web technology are semantic networks (ontologies) that are suited well to be used as a knowledge base for a system including MDT. Ontologies allow to describe both elements of an educational course (course, theme, lecture) and material being studied during the course (events, dates, terms, theorems etc.) in both full and flexible way. A set of MDT can be associated with every element of ontology describing teaching material. These MDT can be used to perform a check of mastering quality of a teaching course educational elements. Three basic ontologies, CourseLevel, KnowledgeLevel and SystemLevel, are suggested to be used in an approach being described. A CourseLevel ontology describes elements of a learning course and structures containing MDT. KnowledgeLevel ontology describes possible "knowledge elements" that will be studied during the course. SystemLevel ontology is intended for structuring CourseLevel ontologies in a framework of a single course (for example, for determination of themes' order). That ontology also stores descriptions of different resources connected with course' "knowledge elements": audio and video resources, images, books and articles. These ontologies can be supplemented with additional "child" ontologies describing in details a knowledge domain being discussed during the course, if needed. A creation of a web service for educational courses planning seems to be the simplest and most effective way of implementing such a learning management system. That web service should be used by lecturers in the network of a faculty or the university. The paper describes general architecture of a learning management system based upon the approach being suggested. It includes a database containing system users' data, knowledge base containing the above-mentioned ontologies, and a web server providing course models creation and editing. The system based upon the approach being described will possess both flexibility of description of learning courses and their elements and possibility of making a differentiate estimation of education quality for these courses.

В исследовании проводится критический анализ различных систематизаций церковных документов. Выявлены схожие и различные мнения ученых. Представлена авторская классификация документальных источников приходских церквей Тобольской епархии XVIII начала XX в., разработанная в результате анализа документов, хранящихся в ФКУ «Российский государственный исторический архив», ГБУТО «Государственный архив в г. Тобольске» и ГКУ «Государственный архив Курганской области»., In the research a critical analysis of various types of church documents systematization is carried out. Similar and distinctive features of scholars' opinions are given. Among experts in the history of church there is no consensus about the classification of church sources. The only thing scholars agree on is the classification of church books, confession lists, clerical lists, marriage searches and census records about sacred and clergymen, their families as a group of documents of the church account and mass sources. The author's classification of the documentary sources of parish churches of the Tobolsk eparchy of the 18th early 20th centuries is presented; it was developed as a result of the analysis of the documents stored in the Russian State Historical Archive, in the State Archive in Tobolsk and in the State Archive of Kurgan Oblast. Official documentation of parish churches of the Tobolsk eparchy of the 18th early 20th centuries has been conditionally divided into four categories by the functional criterion: assembly documents; registration documents; reporting documents; parish chronicles; correspondence; documents on economic activity. Documents of legal and standard character belong to the first group, assembly documents; they include three categories: 1) acts of the supreme authorities; 2) departmental acts of the Holy Ruling Synod; 3) regulations of local bodies of the church power. The second group of documents includes documents of the church accounting of the population which began at the end of the first quarter of the 18th century. The third group of sources is reporting documents. Parish chronicles are classified into a separate, the fourth, group. The fifth group of documents of parish churches of the Tobolsk eparchy is correspondence; the sixth is economic documents. Most often archives have account books (receipts and expenses books could be kept separately) and property registers of parish churches. This group can also contain notebooks of profit, expenses and surplus of prayers of absolution and paper bands; profit registers of church priests; books for records of donation money or butts; books of auxiliary salaries; justificatory monetary documents; registers of parishioners depositing funds for the maintenance of the temple; cases of church repairs; documents on the opening of parish guardianship and renovation of church iconostases; books on candle sales; paper band and prayer books.

Неустойчивые точки фонологической системы современного RP касаются именно гласных. Ярким изменением является продвижение вперед и делабиализация гласных /и/ и /о/. В статье изучается их аллофонное варьирование с учётом контекстных влияний. Результаты позволяют заключить, что они по-прежнему относятся к нестабильным точкам системы, реализуясь как центрированные, передние и задние гласные. Для гласного /о/ отмечено значительно больше реализаций заднего ряда, чем для /u/., The current paper presents an acoustic analysis of the allophonic variation of the phonemes /u/ and /о/ in stressed and unstressed position in the utterance in modern British speech. These phonemes are often said to have undergone noticeable fronting and unrounding as a result of the influence of national accents, such as Scottish and Estuary English. This paper explores the variety of contexts. The subjects were four male native speakers of British English, in their late-forties or early-fifties, who obtained higher education in England. The material of BBC analytical news programs was used for the acoustic study (total duration: 1 hour 30 minutes). The total of 260 uses of /u/ and /о/ was studied: 96 stressed /u/, 55 stressed /о/, 88 unstressed /u/, 21 unstressed /о/. The contexts where these vowels occurred were divided into three types 1) the ones that discouraged fronting (e.g. in labial consonant surrounding), 2) the ones that were neutral (e.g. after /h/), and 3) the ones that encouraged fronting (in fore-lingual and mid-lingual consonant surrounding). Three types of context-dependent allophones were observed for stressed /u/: front, central, and back with 28 %, 57 % and 15 % correspondingly. In unstressed position the same types of allophones were noticed; a significant increase of front allophones (to 41 %) was observed together with a notable decrease of the central type (to 48 %) and a little decrease of the back type (to 11 %). Two types of context-dependent allophones were found for stressed /о/: central and back with 40 % and 60 % correspondingly. In unstressed position the same types of allophones were noticed with a significant increase of central allophones (to 62 %) and decrease of back ones (to 33 %) compared to stressed position. No front-type allophones of /о/ occurred in the material except for one case in the unstressed position. Although fronting was characteristic for both /и/ and /о/ in general, F2 values show that /и/ was much more sensitive to that process. In all the three context types F2 of /u/ demonstrated high variability: central, front, and back realizations could occur in all the three types. F2 transition pattern was another factor that made /u/ and /о/ more distinct acoustically. In the former, F2 moved from higher values to lower ones while in the latter it was vice versa even after fore-lingual consonants that generally encourage higher F2 values. The same tendency of fronting can be observed for /u/ (but not /о/) in American and Australian English where it is expressed even stronger.

Представлен анализ развития теоретических моделей потребительского поведения и даны их характеристики. Разработаны логико-алгебраические модели субъективного потребительского поведения. Расширены теоретические меры потребности и полезности в рамках потребительской рациональности в смысле А. Саймона. Введены меры субъективного потребления: «акт» или «норма удовлетворения потребности», «нужда», «польза», «степень удовлетворения». Формально сформулированы законы удовлетворения потребностей и дана их графическая интерпретация. Проведен количественный анализ потребительского поведения., The main stages of theoretical models development of consumer behavior and their characteristics are discussed in the paper. Author shows models of subjective consumer behavior in the logic-algebraic interpretation. The expanding of the utility' theoretical measure is substantiated by the Simon's position. The research is focused on the subjective measures of consumption: «act» or «norm satisfaction needs», «necessity», «use», «degree of need satisfaction» The satisfaction laws of the consumer' needs are formulated and their formal interpretation is created. The main ideas of the paper are confirmed by the large quantity of graphical interpretations, connected with subjective needs of the consumer.

Футурология это одно из актуальных направлений социальной философии, которое отражает основные тенденции развития современного общества. Однако футурология имеет ограниченный методологический базис. В связи с этим рассмотрение особенностей футурологического знания, включающего в себя как теоретические, так и практические формы исследований, позволяет проследить эволюцию методов прогнозирования. Обоснованию особенностей футурологического знания посвящена данная работа., Each field of scientific knowledge has its intrinsic canon of sufficient legitimation. Knowing about the future is no exception; futurological canon legitimizes beliefs and opinions about the future as knowledge of the future. At the moment, however, this canon is more implicit in a plethora of approaches, mindsets, and methodologies applied in futures studies than explicitly stated. Conception of the futures manifold is implicit in many approaches and mindsets of the futurological inquiry, and to study it is the object of the paper. Instead of considering the future as a single pre-determined case, a fan of possible futures, called futuribles is considered as a proper object of futurological conjecture.Scientific knowledge is nothing else than a well grounded true belief. All sciences from mathematics or natural sciences to social and humanistic sciences stick in this as an epistemological commitment. It means that a subjective belief, intuition or opinion is accepted as objective knowledge when there is sufficient evidence to “legitimate” that28Специфика футурологического знанияthe belief is true and credible. However, there is no universal theory of truth to be referred to by all the sciences; each of them has its intrinsic canon of necessary and suffi-cient legitimation, and the canons are not fully compatible with each other.The futurology is one of the actual directions of social philosophy reflecting the main tendencies of development of modern society. However, the futurology has limited methodological basis. In this regard consideration of features of the futurological knowledge including both theoretical, and practical forms of researches allows to track evolution of methods of forecasting. This work is devoted to justification of features of futurological knowledge.An account is given of futures research as a scientifically oriented field of knowledge. Its specific contemporary task as a study of transient change of the human society isdescribed and the futures research approach is outlined. A generalization of the concept of knowledge of the standard sciences is presented as a sine qua non to futurology. The relationship between knowledge and information is elaborated and clarified, which makes it possible to better understand the present era as an information age.The term we used to describe the study of alternative futures is important. Disciplines and discourses do not emerge from a vacuum but have a history and a cultural context; and their names can hide as much as they reveal. This paper examines such terms as ‘futurology’ and ‘foresight’, and argues that to emphasise plurality anddiversity the study of the future is best served by the moniker ‘futures studies’. It suggests that remembering the history of futures discourse is necessary to resolve the crisis of identity and meaning, and frequent fruitless reinvention, of the field. Finally, it presents Sardar’s four laws of futures studies.

Статья является результатом исследования композиции и содержания делопроизводственных автобиографий, написанных в XX в., ранее нигде не публиковавшихся и не становившихся предметом специального изучения. Показывается, что требования, предъявляемые к составлению автобиографии, влияют на композицию, содержание текстов, а также на жанровое сознание человека. Выявляется, что автобиография это, с одной стороны, документ, в котором отражается жизненный путь автора и эпоха написания, с другой это своеобразный инструмент контроля человека властью., The aim of the article is to reveal changes in the composition and content of a clerical autobiography in the 20th century. A clerical autobiography is a document in which authors write about their lives when they apply for a job, enter the university, take part in election (re-election) or in appointment to a position and move in the service or join the party. The material of the research is 300 autobiographies written from the 1930s to the 1990s contained in the personal history folders (that is why they are called "clerical") and are deposited in the State Archives of Tomsk Region, the Contemporary History Documentation Centre of Tomsk Region, the archives of the universities of Tomsk and in the State Archive of the Russian Federation. In all the analyzed documents, authors describe their lives from the moment of birth till the time of the text writing. Autobiographies are mostly built according to the following scheme: information about the date and place of birth, social background, education, activities (professional, social, political), military service, family members, parents, brothers, sisters and life at the time of writing the autobiography. At the end of the document the date of its writing and signature are situated. The information is given in a chronological order. However, the composition and the content of the texts changed in the 20th century. It depended on the events in the country and the requirements by the governmental power for autobiography creation. Throughout the twentieth century people wrote clerical autobiographies on sheets of clean paper or on a special paper with instructions of what information should be in the text. Formal autobiographies on forms were found in the material of 1940, 1949, 1954, 1959, 1955, 1958, 1979, 1990. In formal autobiographies the authors oft he article revealed thematic units which are required in different definitions and in different order, and appear or disappear in different years: the time and place of birth ^ information about parents and family ^ education ^ employment/professional activities ^ questions about relatives deprived of suffrage ^ questions about the prosecution of the author of the autobiography and his/her relatives ^ participation in the revolutionary movement ^ military service and participation in armed conflicts ^ partisanship, membership in the Komsomol ^ family ^ suggestions for the composing of autobiographies ^ signature ^ date. Requirements to the writing of autobiographies shaped the human genre consciousness, because people reproduce certain constructions (from formal autobiographies) in their autobiographies in the time when requirements did not exist. Thus, a clerical autobiography is not only a document about the life of its author, but also about the time of the text's writing, and a peculiar instrument of citizen's control by the governmental power.

Исследуются законодательные документы по управлению Сибирью и Туркестаном. Внимание уделяется вопросам, связанным с административными, военными и дипломатическими полномочиями местных генерал-губернаторов. Исследование базируется в том числе и на архивных документах, помогающих выявить роль сибирского опыта в управлении среднеазиатскими окраинами и полномочия генерал-губернаторов, которые не были регламентированы в законодательстве., The article studies the legislative acts issued to administrate Siberia and Turkestan in the 1820s-1860s. The author made a comparison of the legislative documents that regulated various aspects of administration in the outskirts of the country. These were the Statute on Administration of the Siberian Provinces and the Project of the Statute on Administration of Semirechenskaya and Syr-Darinskaya Oblasts written by M.M. Speransky in 1822 and in 1867 respectively. Based on the comparative analysis, conclusions demonstrate the similarities and differences in administration of the territories. The administrative, military and diplomatic competences of the local administrations in the person of a governor-general are in the focus of the paper. The outskirts of the Russian Empire had always been under a special control of the Russian authorities. It was determined by the exceptional position of these regions that comes from their remoteness from the central part of the country; their location in the border territory; the Russian citizens were a minority both in Siberia and in Turkestan; the system of the civil service there had its specificity too and, as the contemporaries said, public officials went there to earn ranks and privileges. There were differences determined by the ethnic and confessional composition of the population, relatively developed economy and international trade, by the fact that there were such formations as the Khanate of Khiva, the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Kokand in Turkestan. The created Governor-Generalship model of governing resembled the administration of the British India. But Russian legislation in this field had its own peculiarities and remained in force (with some changes) up until the fall of the Empire in 1917. The analysis of sources shows that the Siberian administration model was applied in Turkestan. This model was used by the Government in the Caucasus as well. The paper is based on the legislative acts, research works of Russian prominent historians, archival sources from the funds of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The author studies the administrative, military and diplomatic competences of governors-general of those regions. It is worth mentioning that some of the directions of their activities were not provided with clear instructions. When the rules were infringed by these officials or they were accused of corruption, governors-general only had to prove their rightness and adduce reasons and evidence of their innocence. The research helps to determine the role of the Siberian experience in administration of the Central Asian outskirts and the competences of governors-general that were weakly regulated by law, so governors-general had almost unlimited rights.

В статье анализируется речевое поведение радиоведущего в ситуациях прогнозируемого и непрогнозируемого коммуникативного дискомфорта. Объектом исследования является речь радиоведущих центральных радиостанций и их гостей в рамках информационно-развлекательных программ. Под коммуникативным дискомфортом авторы понимают ситуацию, которая характеризуется чертами, затрудняющими реализацию тех или иных коммуникативных намерений и/или ожиданий участников. Все ситуации коммуникативного дискомфорта авторы разделяют на непрогнозируемые и прогнозируемые., This paper describes the analysis of verbal behavior of radio presenters in situations of predictable and unpredictable communicative discomfort. The object of research is the speech of radio presenters of federal stations and their guests during entertainment and information shows. The relevance of the radio speech research in modern sociolinguistics is related to actual changes in the strategies and tactics of speech behavior of radio communication participants. The authors understand communicative discomfort as a situation comprising some characteristics restraining implementation of communicative intentions and/or expectations of participants. The authors divide all communicative discomfort situations into unpredictable and predictable. Unpredictable situations comprise communicative failures that emerge in a spontaneous way due to an incorrectly selected tactics or its lexical / semantic components. As the reasons causing unpredictable communicative failures, this paper studies linguistic and speech-related factors: intralingual homonymy, inappropriate use of low-attitude colloquial expressive vocabulary, violation of the principle of communicative correctness and etiquette rules, incorrect recognition of person. The authors also note cognitive factors: misunderstanding of radio presenter's communicative intention and guests' unwillingness to speak on a particular topic or to answer a question. All unpredicted communication failures are undesirable for radio presenters and require their verbal behavior to change. For the purposes of avoidance of a communication failure, radio presenters may use various tactics and techniques: tactics of solidarity with a guest, tactics that reduces categorical statements, joke, compliment, explanation, specification of information and agreement tactics. All these methods allow radio presenters to leave the situation of communicative discomfort and continue their conversation with a guest. Situations of predicted communicative discomfort are distinct from unpredicted by the selection of tactics and techniques. Predicted communicative discomfort means a type of communication failure which is initiated by the radio presenter. The purpose of the presenter on radio air is to maximally help interlocutors to show themselves, to identify their views on significant matters, to urge to unplanned frankness, therefore radio presenters may violate the rules of communication by deliberately creating an artificial situation of communicative discomfort for conversation partners. Communicative failure would be a result of a provocation. That type of tactics may, in some cases, be dominating throughout the whole conversation with the show's guest. The provocation tactics may be used in the very beginning of the show, in the self-presentation situation and in the relevant tactics to explain the selection of the subject topic, seeking to excite certain emotions in the recipient(s), wishing those emotions to cause a desired response. The provocation tactics may be accompanied by indirect discreditation, opposition tactics, tactics of cooperation with listeners and others. Indirect discreditation means the process of discrediting anyone using a third-party opinion (for example, radio listeners). As the basic strategy of radio presenters is to find out the truth, they use those tactics to make the guest argue against the wrong opinions or representations of him / her. The basic communicative technique presenters use in a radio show in such a situation could be claim. Radio presenters often use the specification tactics, thus assisting the guest to withdraw charges and influence the opinions of the listeners in the final part of the show, with a view to leave communicative discomfort and present conclusions. So, the basic strategy of presenters and their tactics should be admitted efficient even in communicative discomfort situations.

Статья посвящена разработке модели описания экскурсионного дискурса. Данное исследование обусловлено отсутствием целостного описания экскурсионной деятельности как особой коммуникативной ситуации. В данной статье экскурсионный дискурс рассматривается в качестве коммуникативного фильтра, вбирающего в себя другие дискурсы и служащего в качестве инструмента передачи информации, формирования и актуализации ценностей., Excursion discourse shall be regarded as a communicative filter, which co-opts other discourses and acts as an instrument of transmitting information, of changing and supplementing the world image and creating and updating the system of values. The paper is devoted to the development of a description model of excursion discourse. The study is conditioned by the absence of a full description of excursion activity as a specific communicative situation. The purpose of this work is to develop the description model of excursion discourse. Discourse is considered by the author as a type of subject's speech behavior in the sphere of excursion activity aimed at an informative purpose (giving information about a specific object or event to one or several participants and forming a participant's opinion about this object in the way the subject needs), combining aspects of informative and evaluative vectors of natural language (in spoken and written language) and a body of semiotic means (graphic, mimic, sign etc.). The focus of the study is on the speech behavior of the guide acting as the one who informs the participant and creates the participant's values, the one who modulates the cognizing of the world by the participant. The multiple-factor model chosen by the author includes the characteristics of cognitive, communicative, sociocultural and lingual peculiarities. This paper is focused on the communicative peculiarities of excursion discourse. Excursion communication creates a specific discourse since it has at least two communicators, bound tight with status-role relations; has its own rules and norms of typical communication; special language; has a system of basic values, aims and strategies of communication and a set of stable genres inside the discourse. The basic genres are the excursion genre, the videoand audio-excursion and the guidebook. The genre variety is constrained on account of the addresser being marked as a key participant of communication and a modulator of the addressee's world perception.

Применение формулы Кристоффеля Шварца ограничено трудностями в нахождении прообразов вершин исходного многоугольника. Для определения констант Кристоффеля Шварца использован метод П.П. Куфарева, который сводит проблему нахождения констант к более легкой задаче численного интегрирования обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений. Описана численная реализация метода П.П. Куфарева и даны примеры гидродинамических расчетов, позволяющие оценить качество представленной математической технологии., Schwarz Christoffel's integral maps simple-connected polygonal domains onto the upper half-plain and is successfully used in various applications related to problems of hydrodynamics, electrodynamics, and elasticity theory. The main difficulty in the practical use of this integral is in the determination of parameters entering into it. This paper investigates P.P. Kufarev's method (1947) for the numerical determination of parameters involved in the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation. In this method, the difficult problem of determining parameters is reduced to an easier one, namely, to numerical integration of a system of ordinary differential equations. These equations describe the motion of preimages of polygon vertices. The paper presents an analysis of Kufarev's equations and describes properties of this transformation. The problem of initial conditions and a way to solve it are also considered. Determining constants in the Schwarz-Christoffel integral by Kufarev's method has a reliable theoretical basis, and the properties of this method are corroborated by calculations.

The relevance of languages and multilingual communication for social policy and solidarity in the context of the nation state has generally been recognized. However, in the context of Europeanization this factor has been underestimated and neglected in scientific research. This paper argues that languages and multilingual communication are relevant for the design of Social Europe. In order to support this hypothesis the paper relies on an analytical tool, the so-called floral figuration model proposed in De Swaan [1]. This model allows us to isolate social and linguistic actors and track down complex patterns of linguistic and communicative exclusion in Europe's system of multi-level governance. These patterns also refer to international or global English, or its technically adapted Brussels variety "Euro-English" and appear in a case study on the Netherlands.

Данная статья посвящена рассмотрению «электронного правительства» как способа модернизации государственного управления. Организатором формирования информационного общества и системы «электронного правительства» (ЭП) является государство, где ЭП электронное взаимодействие между правительством и народом. В статье предпринят сравнительный анализ причин отставания в развитии проекта ЭП на примере России и Казахстана., Wide and efficient implementation of information communication technologies (ICT) within the concept of Electronic Government (EG) is one part of the complex of innovations in government management. In this paper we consider the research of EG implementation as a government management tool based on the experience of Russian Federation and Kazakhstan Republic. The author considers level of EG development in different regions of Russia, compares pace of EG development of Russia and Kazakhstan, finds out the reasons of uneven applying of EG in government management practices.This article is focused on the core idea of EG project within the context of social, economic and political changes, caused by implementation of information technologies as well as appearance of demand in information openness widening and needs of rising47А.Т. Аманжоловаthe quality of government services. ICT is considered as a factor of movement to the modern model of democracy, which includes free access to information and possibility to take part in management of government and non-government institutes for all citizens.In this paper the author demostrates the results of analysys of consitions of EG implementation, which need common efforts of government apparatus, public organizations and business representatives and citizens. The reasons of EG implementation resistance is taken in consideration as well.Relying on the experience of Kazakhstan Republic the author introduces stages of EG formating and development proceses, analyzes public opinion on that phenomenon within the country and in global society, researches correlation between EGimplementation and age rate of citizens. The author considers the conditions, which are needed for productive using of Internet technologies in politics, explores mechanisms of citizens stimulation for creation of civil position and understanding of advantages of ICT using for realization their political rights and interests.It is concluded that for efficient implementation of Electronic Government concept it must be taken in consideration not only technological and financial opportunities of society, but type of local political system and level of political culture, as well as information and education accesebility.

Рассматриваются оценки отечественных историков личности и деятельности Кондратия Афанасьевича Булавина, который возглавлял казацкое восстание на Дону в 1707-1708 гг. Дореволюционные исторические труды по большей части являют собой апологетику деятельности Петра I и негативно оценивают деятельность Булавина. Советские историки первыми обратили внимание на личность атамана и дали ей подробную характеристику. Современные исследователи опровергают многие тезисы и гипотезы предыдущих исследователей. Казацкие исследователи, по понятным причинам, позитивно оценивают вождя восстания., In 1707-1708 Kondraty Afanasyevich Bulavin led the Cossack rebellion on the river Don. All the authors writing about Bulavin Rebellion used to estimate personality and actions of its leader. The aim of the paper is to monitor evolution of K.A. Bulavin's image in these evaluations. In the paper the works on historiography are classified in three periods: prerevolutionary (XVIII-XIX cent.), soviet (XX cent.), and modern. Works by A.I. Rigelman, I.I. Golikov, V.B. Bronevskiy, P.P. Lambin, S.M. Soloviev, N.I. Kostomarov, F.D. Kryukov and E.P. Savelyev were used to characterize evaluations given by prerevolutionary historiography. Works by P.N. Krasnov and V.I. Buganov, E.P. Podyuapolskaya, V.I. Lebedev represent soviet period. Post-soviet period is represented by O.G. Usenko, N.A. Mininkov, A.G. Shkvarov. During the investigation several controversial points were revealed. One of them is the study of circumstances around K.A. Bulavin's death. Soviet historical studies proposed for the first time the version of Bulavin's assas-ination (previously the official version of his death was suicide). One more controversial issue is whether Bulavin was supported by the Cossack lieutenant colonel. The settlement of this issue will help to determine the motifs of Bulavin's actions. The prerevolutionary authors were mainly apologists of Peter I politics, therefore they used to give negative evaluations to K.A. Bulavin and his actions, disregarding his biography and personal characteristics. Among these historians we can name A.I. Rigelman, I.I. Golikov, V.B. Bronevskiy, P.P. Lambin, S.M. Soloviev, N.I. Kostomarov. Soviet chronologists broadened the notion of K.A Bulavin's personality by leading discussions and publishing new archive materials. Researchers of antigovernment movements, and Bulavin Revolt in particular (E.P. Podyuapolskaya, V.I. Buganov, V.I. Lebedev), were especially notable during that period. V.I. Buganov paid special attention to outstanding personal characteristics of the Rebellion Leader. Modern historiographers continue publishing archive materials related to the rebellion and propose new hypothesis on Bulavin's origin. O.G. Usenko, unlike other historians, sees personal rather than social motifs in Bulavin's actions. The Cossack chieftain was driven by a personal offense and not by the willingness to defend the Cossack freemen. A.G. Shkvarov was the first to state Bulavin Revolt as a part of Old Believers movement. Therefore, Bulavin was led by religious motifs, although it is still not clear whether Bulavin himself was an Old Believer. Particular attention should be paid to the works on Cossacks history by F.D. Kryukov, E.P. Savelyev and P.N. Krasnov, representing Bulavin as a splendid hero, who defended Cossacks' rights from the governmental oppression. In general, we can state the scarcity of information on the Cossack leader.

Целью данной работы является изучение культа св. Суннивы, первой норвежской святой, единственной женщины в пантеоне норвежских святых и покровительницы Западной Норвегии. В статье рассмотрена взаимосвязь культа св. Суннивы с каменной церковной архитектурой конца XI первой половины XIV в. Западной Норвегии. Автор исследует влияние английской, немецкой и ломбардской архитектурных школ на норвежское зодчество., St. Sunniva is the first Norwegian saint, the only female in the Norwegian Church and the patron of Western Norway. The main purpose of the paper is the research of the cult of St. Sunniva and her relation with the cult stone architecture of Western Norway XI-XIV centuries. To begin with the author studies the history of Sunniva's legend and she gives the main information about her life and future fate of her remains. She pays attention to the social and political context in which the cult has developed. It is important for understanding causes of the development of this cult in Western Norway. Then the author moves on to one of the important issue of this article concerning the relationship of the cult of St. Sunniva with stone church architecture from the end of XI to the first half of XIV century of Western Norway. The article traces back the history of construction of four stone cultic buildings. Three of them are monastic churches of Benedictine Order, such as, St. Alban, Nonneseter and Munkeliv. Also she analysis Christ church in Bergen which, according to the author, built by English masons who accessory to the erection of the above mentioned monument. These churches were linked with the cult of St. Sunniva and Benedictine Order which was one of the most influence church organizations in Norway at that time. The author investigates the influences of the English, German and Lombard architectural schools on the Norwegian architecture. Note that new construction technology, methods of erection of stone churches, some forms and design were introduced by English masons who appeared with the first missionaries in the 11th century. The paper discusses the relationship between Lund and Bergen and defines the significance of Rhine-Lombard style in the Norwegian architecture. Summarize the history of the cult of St. Sunniva connected with the activities of the English monks. Compositional techniques, interior design and decorative elements of stone churches of Western Norway show the link with architecture of Benedictine Order which was based on Anglo-Norman samples. In addition, the decorative elements of the Norwegian churches of the 12-13 centuries refer us to the architecture of Lombardy and Rhine. Since the mid-12th century Cathedral of Christ in Bergen became a sample for the parish and monastic churches of Western Norway. This leads to the development of certain architectural regularities.

Представлены основы современного подхода к объяснению жизнедеятельности человека через призму принципа саморегуляции. Раскрывается множественность критериев желаемого, выходящая за рамки максимизации положительных эмоций, дается определение психологического и субъективного благополучия, всесторонне проанализировано понятие ресурсов и дана классификация их видов, обосновано понятие личностного потенциала как потенциала саморегуляции и предложены две классификации видов и форм саморегуляции., The paper lays the foundation of contemporary approaches to the explanation of human life activity in the autoregulation (self-regulation) perspective. The author poses the problem of living capacity exceeding the traditional idea of success, and argues for the multiplicity of the criteria of the desirable. At least three of these criteria, which have complicated relationships with each other, are theoretically justified: 1) maximization of positive affects and minimization of negative ones; 2) deliberate action control and control over the goal attainment; 3) meaning-making through the involvement into significant contexts of one's own and others' lives. The first criterion points at the correspondence to human nature, the second one at the degree of personal maturity, and the third one at the presence of perspective and related-ness with other people. Considering this system of criteria, the paper offers the definition of psychological and subjective well-being as the objective or subjective degree of correspondence between the actual and the desirable state of functioning. In view of the issue of psychological factors that mediate the attainment of the desired outcome the concept of psychological resources is thoroughly analyzed from the systemic-activity viewpoint; the integral nature of psychological resources is highlighted and a classification of their forms offered. The concepts of psychological capital and personality potential are analyzed as different conceptualizations of the integrative autoregulation potential. While the concept of psychological capital is based on the economic metaphor, the concept of personality potential on the physical-energetic one. Autoregulation is presented in the paper as a global explanatory framework. At the same time two different classifications of specific ways and forms of autoregulation are offered. The one is based on the distinction of varied criteria of the desirable with which the actual state of affairs is compared; in line with this, the following processes are distinguished: functional autoregulation, goal autoregulation, emotional autoregulation, motivational autoregula-tion and personality autoregulation. By the complexity of the organization of the corresponding processes the author distinguishes self-control, self-discipline, self-management, self-determination and self-organization. Finally, a systemic-activity model of activity unfolding from the initial motivational impulse to its completion is proposed, that depicts human activity as a process that is flexibly controlled at all its stages.

Рассматривается модулированный обобщенный полусинхронный поток событий, являющийся одной из математических моделей информационных потоков заявок, функционирующих в телекоммуникационных и информационно-вычислительных сетях связи, и относящийся к классу дважды стохастических потоков событий (DSPPs). Функционирование потока рассматривается в условиях непродлевающегося мертвого времени. В статье приводятся аналитические результаты по нахождению оценки максимального правдоподобия длительности мертвого времени по наблюдениям за моментами наступления событий в потоке., In this paper we consider the modulated semi-synchronous generalized flow of events, which is one of the mathematical models for incoming streams of events in computer communication networks and which is related to the class of doubly stochastic Poisson processes (DSPPs). The flow intensity process is a piecewise constant stationary random process Я(/) with two states 1, 2 (first, second correspondingly). In the first state Я(/) = Я1 and in the second state Я(/) = Я2 (Я1 >Я2 > 0 ). During the time interval of a random duration when the process Я(/) is in state Яг(Я(/) = Яг), a Poisson flow of events with intensity Яг-, i = 1,2, arrives. The transition of the process ) from the first state to the second state is possible at any moment of a Poisson event occurrence in state 1 of the process h(t), herewith the process %(t) can change its state to the second one with probability p (0 < p < 1) or continue to stay in state 1 with complementary probability 1 p. The transition of the process Я(^) from state 1 to state 2 is also possible at any moment that does not coincide with the moment of a Poisson event occurrence, herewith the duration of the process Я(^) staying in the first state is distributed according to the exponential law with parameter P : F(x) = 1 e-Px, x > 0. Then the duration of the process Я(^) staying in the first state is distributed according to the exponential law with distribution function F1(t) = 1 e-(pX' +р)т, т> 0. The transition of the process X(t) from the second state to the first state at the moment of a Poisson event occurrence in state 2 is impossible and can be done only at a random time moment. In this case the duration of the process X(t) staying in state 2 is distributed according to the exponential law with parameter а : F2 (т) = 1 е-ат, т> 0. At the moment when the state changes from the second to the first one, an additional event is assumed to be initiated with probability 5 (0 < 5 < 1). The registration of the flow events is considered in conditions of a constant (unextendable) dead time. The dead time period of a constant duration T begins after every registered at the moment tk, k > 1, event. During this period no other events are observed. When the dead time period is over, the first coming event causes the next interval of a dead time of duration T and so on. This paper contains analytical results that are devoted to finding the maximum likelihood estimate T of the dead time period duration on monitoring the time moments of the events occurrence. We assume that the flow parameters Xj >X2 > 0, 0 < p < 1, Р> 0, а> 0, 0 < 5 < 1 are known and the duration of the dead time period T is not known. According to the maximum-likelihood technique the likelihood function L(T | т(1),...,x(k)) is maximized and the following task of optimization is solved: L(T | т(1),..., x(k)) = J\pT (j ^ max, 0 < T 0, j=1 where pT (т(j-1) is the one-dimensional probability density function of the interval length between two consecutive flow events. Finally, we obtain that the likelihood function L (T |т(1),..., т(k > ) reaches its global maximum at the point T = т min, where xmin = min xk (k = 1, n ); %k = tk+1 tk, Tk > 0, k 1, n the sequence of the values of the intervals lengths between consecutive flow events measured during the interval of observation (0, t ], i.e. the solution of optimization problem is the estimate of the dead time period duration: T = тшШ.

Скансенология одно из основных направлений в музеологии по сохранению в музее-фицированном виде через материальные носители традиционной культуры этносов и этнических групп. В райках теоретических основ музеологии в статье рассматриваются вопросы классификации музеев под открытый небом и определения в них группы этнографических музеев под открытый небом. Констатируется нарубеже XX-XXI вв. переход при формировании экспозиционного пространства этнографических музеев под открытым небом от коллекционного к этнографическому. Рассматриваются современные варианты этнографических музеев под открытый небом, экспозиционное пространство которых формируется на основе объективной оценки историко-культурного пространства музеефицируемой территории, каковым является историко-культурное зонирование., In the article the contemporary state of skansenological practice in the Russian Federation is analyzed. Skansenology is considered as one of the main way in museology to preserve the traditional culture of the ethnic groups. The author studies the classification of the air-opened museums and definitions in their air-opened ethnographic museums in the group. He focuses on XX-XXI centuries when it was transition in the formation of the exhibition space of ethnographic museums in the open air from the collector to the ethnographic. In article, also the current variants of the ethnographic airopened museum are considered. In the paper the topical issues of use of remakes in the exhibition space of museums and their relation to the volume of the original objects are addressed. The author considers modern restoration work and the problem of the using uncharacteristic building materials and technologies in restoration work for the historical object, also low-skilled labor. As well, the author considers the training restorers by the development of the network 'carpentry centers' and their effectiveness and prospect. In the paper the scientific justification of the museum terms are given. They are: "museum", "museum-reserve", "Skansen", "Architecture and Ethnography", "eco-museum", etc. In the paper the problem of the catastrophic backwardness of Russian skansenology towards the preservation of historical and cultural heritage by the establishment of the ethnographic air-opened museums are addressed. There are only 28 museums of this profile in the Russian Federation while there are more than 4500 in the world. The author raises the questions about the need of the national program for the development of the network of air -opened ethnographic museums in RF, first of all, for preserving the historical and cultural heritage of ethnic groups of the country as the basis of its cultural safety of the population. In our days, we need the new approaches in the protection of monuments of historical and cultural heritage because of new legislation to air -opened museums including ethnographic and changes of the principles of the formation of the exhibition space through the formation of real estate. The basis of the article is to talk over the important issues of the skansenology for preserving traditional culture through the creation of the new ethnographic air-opened museums. In the article the contemporary state of skansenological practice in the Russian Federation is analyzed. Skansenology is considered as one of the main way in museology to preserve the traditional culture of the ethnic groups. The author studies the classification of the air -opened museums and definitions in their airopened ethnographic museums in the group. He focuses on XX-XXI centuries when it was transition in the formation of the exhibition space of ethnographic museums in the open air from the collector to the ethnographic. In article, also the current variants of the ethnographic air-opened museum are considered.

Современные процессы построения системы внутреннего контроля в холдинговых структурах предполагают наличие подразделения внутреннего контроля и аудита как в управляющей компании, так и в функциональных организациях, входящих в холдинговую структуру. В статье рассмотрена ценностная модель (ценностная пирамида) по функции «внутренний контроль и аудит» в организациях, не являющихся управляющими компаниями. Путем объединения типологии ценностей по К. Ход-жкинсону с процессом внедрения ценностей сформирована матрица действий для достижения оптимального влияния ценностей на эффективность деятельности персонала функции «внутренний контроль и аудит»., The effectiveness of activities carried out by the internal control and auditing department is attained, on the one hand, through the motivation of employees, and, on the other hand, through the employee adoption of values pursued by the organization. The pertinent literature virtually fails to cover issues of the values-based approach to activities of the personnel in charge of internal control and auditing in non-managerial agencies within the holding structure; and this highlights the relevance of the present paper. In this paper consideration is being given to the values development model (the so-called values pyramid) of the "internal control and auditing" function. The values pyramid of the "internal control and auditing" function fundamentally relies on the series of activities implemented by the internal control and auditing department in order to integrate into the administrative apparatus of the organization as a "co-executor". At this particular stage of the functional development, the value consists in the integration into the administrative system of the organization in the "co-worker" capacity, i.e. as qualified specialists. As the role of the internal control and auditing function within the organization strengthens, the value appreciation of the said function in terms of its place in the company will change. The mode of interaction between the internal control and auditing department and business process owners is reconsidered; the relations in the quality of "co-executors" now do not fully satisfy the "internal control and auditing" function. As aforesaid, the internal control and auditing department alters its system of values. The effective interaction with business process owners by way of partnership (i.e. equitable cooperation) becomes a new value orientation of the function under consideration. The top part of the values pyramid of the "internal control and auditing" function is represented by "recognition and self-determination". This stage is exemplified by the change of leaders in the internal control and auditing function, whereat employees become reluctant to act as sheer partners, and their decision-taking desire grows predominating. In addition to the built-up values pyramid as regards the "internal control and auditing" function, the present paper considers the values model as applied to the individual wherein the subject is represented by each and every employee of the internal control and auditing department. The incorporation of the value typology by C. Hodgkinson into the values-introducing process permitted working out the matrix of activities meant to ensure the optimum influence of values on performance of the "internal control and auditing" function personnel. The use of the values-based approach to the development of the "internal control and auditing" function at the JSC "Siberian Group of Chemical Enterprises" made it possible to: assess the adherence of employees to the Rosatom values, on the part of the service head; involve employees of the service into the Rosatom values forwarding processes to ensure the leadership position in their professional occupation; endow the internal auditor with a comprehensive understanding of those value competencies which are indispensable to the internal control and auditing expert; and enhance the efficiency of teamwork.

Известно, что реформы в России осуществлялись под знаком деидеологизации. Утверждалось, что на смену идеологизированной теории К. Маркса, которая самими марксистами объявлялась идеологией пролетариата, придет западная строгая и математически формализованная экономическая теория, решающая извечные экономические проблемы «что», «для кого» и «когда» производить. Время, прошедшее с тех пор, показало, что влияние идеологии на экономическую теорию и на саму экономику значительно. В статье делается попытка показать это влияние, отразить взгляды известных экономистов на указанную выше проблему и систематизировать их. Авторы полагают, что влияние идеологии можно рассмотреть в трех аспектах: во-первых, влияние на экономическую науку, во-вторых, на институциональные изменения и, в-третьих, на саму экономическую систему. В данной работе речь пойдет о влиянии идеологии на развитие экономической науки., The authors believe that the impact of ideology can be considered in three aspects: first, the impact on economics; secondly, on the institutional changes, and thirdly, on the economic system itself. This paper will focus on the impact of ideology on the development of economics. The authors review the standpoints of prominent economists on this issue and systematize them. The paper does not aim to consider types of ideology and its influence on the various processes of its functions in society. The authors use the definition of ideology common among researchers: a set of ideas, beliefs and values. An analysis of the views of many famous foreign economists, as well as domestic economists of the past and present on the impact of ideology on the economic theory, makes it possible to draw certain conclusions. Despite the beliefs of mainstream supporters that the economy being a positive science is free from ideology, representatives of alternative courses of economics actively explore the channels through which ideology affects economics. Scientists have indicated various elements of ideology in economics. They are associated with the choice of the object of study, the selection of the problems for investigation, the nature of the investigated relationships in the economic system, the selection of facts and proposed hypothesizes, and even ways to study problems in the economy. In addition, according to the researchers, worldview of a perceiving subject is influenced by the system of values inherent in a particular society. Attempts of the mainstream to enter into controversy with the representatives of alternative theories are associated with the desire to justify the scientific nature of economic theory and prove its equivalence to the natural sciences in its "integrity" of the analysis. However, following the logic of the economics' development, one can observe that attempts to introduce economic theory isolated from ideology are rejected by life itself. The peculiarity of the reality that economics has to deal with, directs it to a broader social approach, especially in terms of normative analysis. In modern economic theory, the relationship between the science and ideology is confirmed by the evolution of the modern neo-classicism and neo-institutionalism, which is completely determined by a system of neo-liberal values. The conditions of modern historical crucial point of social development, when the process of globalization is combined with the emergence of a new post-industrial economy, stimulate numerous attempts to develop some kind of a new paradigm. It is obvious that it is very important to search for new ways for holistic and objective assessment of the economy. However, it is equally clear that we are not immune to the invasion of new ideologies.

Рассматриваются вопросы перевода академических терминов, используемых в высшей школе. Авторы останавливаются на проблемах, связанных с трудностями интерпретации академических терминов, которые возникают в процессе перевода. Основным препятствием в правильной интерпретации русских и английских академических терминов следует считать расхождение двух систем образования., In the age of globalization and internationalization of the higher education system, university lecturers and academics are faced with the necessity of translating various materials from information and advertising texts to research papers from Russian into English and vice versa. It would seem to be a simple task for a professional, but the problem is that some incorrect translations and inaccurate beliefs about English language realia have become so ingrained in the Russian academic community that even highly-qualified specialists sometimes make mistakes when translating certain academic terms. The paper examines issues of translating academic terms used in academia. The authors focus on problems connected with difficulties of interpreting academic terms, which occur during the translation process. The main obstacle to the correct interpretation of Russian and English academic terms is the dissimilarity between the two systems of education. The authors analyze a range of academic terms used in higher education institutions and come to the conclusion that academic terms have multiple meanings. Many terms have duplicate meanings. These factors lead to confusion in selecting the appropriate term when translating. Moreover, as the analysis shows, a more detailed study of each academic term individually is necessary in order to correct convey its meaning in the target language. The dissimilarities identified during a comparison of a range of academic terms used in academia are mostly connected to extra-linguistic information. The systems of higher education in Russia, Great Britain, and America have many differences. Correspondingly, the names for different academic realia are different. This is shown in the whole specter of academic terms: in the morphological and syntax structure, in the lexical component, in the lexical and grammatical structure of terms in English and Russian. Extra-linguistic information is necessary for the correct interpretation of English and Russian academic terms. Without taking into account the influence of extra-linguistic factors on the appearance and functioning of a lexical item, it is impossible to correctly convey its meaning in the target language. The paper examines in detail terms connected with designations of academic staff, levels of education and academic titles in higher education institutions, stipends, and research fellow positions.

Рассмотрены методологические подходы к трансформации социально-экономических систем регионального и национального уровней. Раскрыто влияние внешних и внутренних факторов на трансформационные преобразования социально-экономических систем. Обосновано доминирование внешних факторов над внутренними в логике трансформационных преобразований региональных социально-экономических систем (приграничных). Предложена концептуальная модель трансформации региональной социально-экономической системы в контексте эволюционной теории., The paper presents methodological approaches to the study of the transformation of the socio-economic system of regional and national levels. The views of researchers converge in the understanding of transformation as a quantitative and qualitative changes in the system which lead to a qualitatively new system, or to its disintegration, recognizing the irreversibility of the processes: a return to the original state is impossible because of the changes that have already happened in the system. However, researchers define that the content, steps and process of transformational changes have a number of significant differences, emphasizing a different genesis and nature of the changes which take place in the regional or national systems. The paper demonstrates the influence of external and internal factors on the transformation of socio-economic systems. The dominant influence of external factors on the internal logic of transformational changes of cross-border regional socio-economic systems is justified, specifics of which are largely determined by the functions of the state border. The system tries to stabilize the functional state under the influence of various factors in the external and internal environment, to streamline the self-organizing forces of the socio-economic system to overcome them, which leads to the transformation of the system. At the same time, the continuous nature of the perturbation should be emphasized when at any given time the system is bombarded by external and internal forces, not waiting for the end of the degeneration of the system to start a new action. Thus, the system is always in a state of continuous transformation under the influence of external and internal factors. The paper provides a conceptual model of the transformation of the socio-economic system at the regional level in the context of the evolutionary theory. The proposed phases of "structural transformation" and "spatial transformation" involve two stages. Switching to a different level of the socio-economic system which changes the quality of the space is influenced by external factors as changes in the environment require changes in the functions of the system, which entails a restructuring of the economic system (including the technological and social aspects). Due to changes in the subsystems there appear new features, the character of interaction between the system elements (institutions, residents, non-residents, etc.), which leads to the formation of a new socio-economic system. Transition from structural transformation to space transformation takes place using infrastructure development, including the implementation of infrastructure projects, network and innovation projects.

Актуальность статьи обусловлена усилением и обновлением звучания национально детерминированной риторики среди общественных и государственных деятелей, а равно отдельных событий в общественно-политической жизни России и Германии, заново поставивших вопрос о значимости этнической/религиозной/лингвистической «чистоты» отдельных территорий, обществ и государств. Работа состоит из трех блоков вопросов. Первый блок охватывает эволюцию этнической статистики и регистрационного учета лиц, имеющих иностранное происхождение. Отдельное внимание уделяется эпохе национал-социализма в Германии, когда статистика стала «научным солдатом» национал-социализма и сбор данных по этнической/расовой/религиозной принадлежности жителей страны обусловил их поражение в правах и дискриминацию. Второй блок работы описывает правовое регулирование статуса «вновь прибывших», «пришлых» как «агентов иностранных государств» и «неблагонадежных лиц». Тема идентификации «чужих» и этнизация миграции раскрывается путем исследования, анализа и оценки специальных механизмов, внедряемых уполномоченными органами для контроля за движением населения как внутри, так и за пределами избранных для исследования государств. Заключительный, третий блок статьи анализирует институты Meldepflicht и регистрации (прописки) как инструментов миграционного контроля в Германии и России., Nowadays a lot of politicians, mass media representatives and individuals are keen to upgrade a nationally determined rhetoric in order to raise a special attention to ethnic, religious, and linguistic «purity» among some groups within the certain territories. It is not something new. Theoretically, the ethnization of social institutions is inter-cultural phenomena that has its roots in the development of society and individuals as well. During each historical period, unique patterns of political, legal and socio-economic circumstances have affected the preservation of identity and the construction of ethnicity in the human communities, indeed in the communities of immigrants. In the European history often immigrants found themselves easy targets for discrimination and exclusion due to «other» identity and ethnicity. The current article aims to illuminate the processes of ethnicization of immigration law through the inclusion or exclusion of immigrants» communities. German and Russian history, law and enforcement practice give many examples of the restrictions of individual rights and freedoms, according to ethnicity, occupation or human beliefs. It is important to mentioned that Russian legal system borrowed much from German legal system, however the immigration law and its application are quite differ in both countries. The current paper consists of three research blocs. The first one covers the evolution of ethnicbased statistics in Germany and Russia. A special attention is paid to the era of National Socialism in Germany, when statistics become a «scientific soldier» of a Nazi regime, and the collection of data on ethnic, racial, and religious background of German nationals led to their discrimination and to defeat of their human rights and freedoms. All those practices German authorities learned out from French regulation towards aliens after First World War. The second part of paper explains a legal construction of the free movement right and describes in a historical perspectives a different approach to rule the legal status of foreigners as newcomers, aliens, «foreign agents» and «untrustworthy persons» in both chosen countries. In addition, the paper examines the ratio of the rights and duties of foreigners and natives. The final part of paper compares Meldepflicht in Germany and registration of foreigners in Russia as the instruments of a migration control in both countries.

В работе получены эффективные условия, при которых многоканальную систему массового обслуживания можно аппроксимировать моделью бесконечно канальной системы, в последнее время часто используемой при моделировании компьютерных сетей. Эти условия основываются на предельной теореме для процесса, описывающего число занятых каналов в бесконечно канальной системе, «моментном» условии Колмогорова-Ченцова и других теоретических результатах., In recent years, experts in a modelling of computer networks have shown great interest to an application of queuing systems with an infinite number of channels. This interest mainly is determined by a convenience of such systems calculations because of a queue absence and so a possibility for customers to choose channels freely. But real computer networks contain finite numbers of channels. So, it is necessary to establish an application of systems with infinite number of channels for their modelling. In this paper, we establish conditions, in which an aggregation of n oneserver systems into multiserver system for n ^да reduce to a queue disappearance. These conditions are based on limit theorems on a convergence of a number of busy channels in multiserver system to a number of busy channels in a system with the infinite number of channels and on a convergence of specially normed random process, described a number of customers arrived into a system up to a moment t to some limit the Wiener process. To obtain these results, we used the «moment» Kolmogorov-Chencov condition, an upper bound for a probability that a Gaussian process exceeds a high level and the Donsker-Prokhorov invariance principle. We take as initial a oneserver queuing system with a Poisson or deterministic input flow and group arrivals of customers including retrial queuing systems widely used in applications. In this paper, a model of n server queuing system is considered, in which e n (t) is a number of customers, arrived in the system up to the moment t inclusively, e n (0) = 0, Me n (t) = nm(t), where m(t) is a non decreasing function, q n (t) is the number of busy servers at the moment t, q n (0) = 0, xj is the service time of j -th customer, xj, j > 1, is the sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables with the distribution function F(t) (F (t) = 1 F (t) ), which has a continuous and bounded by some positive number density. Assume that 0 < t 1 < t 2 0, is a Poisson process with the intensity a >0, r|j,. • • are independent and identically distributed random variables with integer and positive values, M| = f, Dr|j = f 2 < да N (t) and S(t) = 2 Ik is the generalized Poisson process describing an arrival of | customers at the moment tk, k > 1. Then, input k=1 n flow into the n channel queuing system is defined by the equality e n (t) = 2 Sk (t), where S 1 (t),..., S n (t) are independent copies of k=1 the process S(t). A main result of this paper is the following statement. Theorem. If for some T >0the inequality J F(t)dm(t)

Рассматриваются вопросы построения вероятностных моделей пропорциональных интенсивностей Кокса и их обобщений модели Ксая и SCE-модели в случае неизвестного базового распределения времен жизни. Разработан алгоритм оценивания регрессионных параметров и базовой функции риска с использованием функции частичного правдоподобия, описаны критерии проверки гипотез о параметрах моделей и критерий проверки выполнения предположения о пропорциональности рисков, предложенного М.С. Никулиным. Проведено исследование распределений статистик и мощности критериев отношения правдоподобия, Вальда и Никулина., The paper deals with the construction of the Cox proportional hazards model and its generalizations. The considered generalizations of the proportional hazards model are the Hsieh model and the simple cross-effect model (SCE-model), which allow decreasing, increasing or non-monotonic behavior of the ratio of hazard rate functions. The algorithm of the estimation of regression parameters and unknown baseline distribution for the generalized models is developed by using the partial likelihood function. The research on statistical properties of estimates carried out with computer simulations, has shown that the bias and the variance of obtained estimates decrease with the sample size growth. However, the bias and the variance of obtained estimates increase with the censoring degree growth. The likelihood ratio test and the Wald test are used for testing hypothesis about parameters of considered models. In this paper, the expressions of elements of the matrix of the second partial derivatives by regression parameters of the Hsieh model and SCE-model have been obtained. In the case of testing hypothesis about parameters of proportional hazards model and the Hsieh model, the distributions G (S | H 0) of likelihood ratio test statistic and the Wald statistic are independent of covariates values or regression parameters values. The difference between the simulated test statistic distributions and the corresponding % -distributions decreases with the sample size growth. The dimension of the covariate vector and the number of estimated parameters affect not only the number of degrees of freedom of the limiting distribution, but also the closeness of simulated test statistic distributions to the theoretical distributions: the smaller the dimension of the covariate vector the smaller the difference between empirical and limiting distributions for the same sample size. In the case of testing hypothesis of insignificance of parameters P and у of SCE-model, the statistic distributions G (S |H 0) of 2 the Wald test are not close to the corresponding limiting % -distributions even for the large sample sizes. Basing on the obtained results of research on statistic distributions and the power of considered tests, it is advisable to use the test proposed by M.S. Nikulin and likelihood ratio test for checking proportional hazard assumption against the competing hypothesis corresponding to the SCE-model. The application of the Wald test can result in inaccurate computation of p-value because empirical statistic distributions significantly differ from corresponding limiting distributions.

В статье рассмотрен биографический нарратив в теледокументалистике, который может быть реализован различными способами. Один из них, анализируемый на материале фильма Е. Якович «Василий Гроссман. Я понял, что умер», полифоническая наррация, предполагающая сложную монтажную композицию: голоса рассказчиков-персонажей взаимодействуют друг с другом и с голосом автора, образуя единую речевую линию наррации, которая в сочетании с видеорядом формирует экранную историю. В структуре наррации выделяются сочетания-композитивы, конструирование которых характеризует «нарративное умение» автора., The paper considers one of the principles of the screen biographical narrative, "polyphonic narration", in the framework of a narratology approach relevant to the study of telecommunication. Polyphonic narration involves a complex assembly composition of audiovisual material and subtle "film connotations" (K. Metz). On the basis of a critical analysis of the terms "collective biography", "collective narrative" used in the specialized scientific literature, the author makes a thesis about the relevance of introducing the opposition "polyphonic/monophonic narration" which is theoretically more accurate and more productive from the point of view of practical analysis of the portrait film as a biographical narrative. The need for research in this segment of the documentary on the national TV for is due to its popularity and rich traditions. The material for the "monographic" research of polyphonic narration as the principle of the narrative is a professionally recognized and awarded film by Elena Yakovich, Vasily Grossman. I realized that I died (2014). The author uses comparative analysis of individual fragments of the film to find the structural patterns of polyphonic narration in it. This paper shows how voices of 12 narrator characters interact with each other and with the voice of the author forming a single "voice line" narration which, in combination with synchronous or illustrating video, form the on-screen history, its content and drama. Analysis of the cutting options of such an interaction leads to a conclusion that the structure of the narration can have composite combinations similar by the connection method: two or more narratives of different characters, hard cut and forming a semantic unity. Their precise and logical design describes the narrative skill of the author who is the main narrator in the film. The analysis also shows that in the development of the story the interaction of the main narrator and narrator characters provides the continuity of polyphonic narration as the principle of narration. In the end, it is concluded that the consistent implementation of this principle provides the author of a biographical documentary narrative with the greatest degree of compositional and narrative freedom, allowing to create a compete screen story: in the studied case the dramatic story of the novel and the tragic story of its creator.

Рассматривается развитие голландского миротворчества как исторический процесс в международных отношениях в трудах зарубежных и отечественных авторов. В статье преимущественно анализируются работы голландских ученых, политиков, дипломатов. Особое внимание обращается на исследования, опубликованные научно-исследовательскими институтами Нидерландов. Российские ученые изучают вопрос голландского миротворчества только в контексте внешней политики и истории Королевства Нидерландов., The definition of "Dutch peacekeeping" or "Dutch peacekeepers" occurs very rarely in the Russian literature. It is first of all associated with the events in Bosnia-Herzegovina in July, 1995, when the Dutchbat could not prevent the tragedy and mass people killings, which will later be called the fall of Srebrenica. In the given article the author tries to follow the development of Dutch peacekeeping as a historical process in international relations based on the foreign and Russian scholars'' works. The analysis of the Dutch foreign policy plays a significant role in considering the issue. The papers of Dutch researchers represent the major part in foreign historiography. The Dutch policy think tanks asserted a main influence to study the above-mentioned question. Among them are the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, the Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, as well as the Advisory Council on International Affairs (AIV) created in 1979. The latter consults the Dutch Government and Parliament on the issues of foreign policy, human rights, peace and security, cooperation in the field of development and European integration. One of the most significant works is a research which the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies prepared in 1996-2002 at the request of the Dutch government after many countries, e.g., France and Canada, refused to take part in investigating the causes of the Srebrenica tragedy in 1995. In 2002, the scholars of the Institute published a report "Srebrenica A ''safe'' area. Reconstruction, background, consequences and analyses of the fall of a Safe Area". In Russian historiography the Dutch peacekeeping can be examined as an object only as part of the Dutch foreign policy works and conduct of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the international arena as a small country. At present, the study of Dutch peacekeeping is an exclusive prerogative for foreign researchers and think tanks, in the first place, it concerns the Dutch ones. If until mid-1990s peacekeeping was examined as a historical process in international relations, since 1995 and in the 2000s the authors implemented new methods: gender studies, anthropology, psychological analysis; they also used the results of medical investigations. Dutch public opinion, relations between the executive and the legislative powers, influence of internal political factors on the decision-making process of how and when to deploy military forces in peacekeeping operations are considered. To sum up, research of Dutch peacekeeping by foreign authors covers many aspects, while there are only a few Russian papers: Soviet and, later, Russian scholars consider the issue of the Dutch participation in peacekeeping operations barely in the context of studying the history and foreign policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Одним из привлекательных свойств знаковых статистических процедур является возможность строить точные тесты для проверки простых гипотез о параметрах регрессионных моделей. В данной работе этот подход распространяется на случай нелинейной модели с зависимыми шумами. Рассматривается модель многоквантильной регрессии, что позволяет совместно проверять гипотезы как о параметрах регрессии, так и о параметрах масштаба шума., Sign-based statistical procedures are known to be more robust to outliers than least squares and ability to control precise significance level for finite samples when testing simple hypothesis. In this paper, the sign-based approach is extended to the case of non-linear model with dependent noise. The model of multi-quantile regression is considering, which allows to test hypotheses both on the parameters of the regression y t = g t (0) + e t, t = 1, n, and the parameters ofthe noise e t, which forms a stationary Markov process of order (r-1). According to that, the signs of observations are calculated with respect to a set of quantiles (at specified levels) of one-dimensional distribution of et. The quantiles depend on the unknown parameter ц. For example, in a symmetric two-quantile regression, the quantiles (-ц) and ц correspond to levels ofp and 1-p, where p is given, and ц is unknown. For the three-quantile regression, the quantiles (-ц), 0, ц correspond to levels of p, 1/2 and 1-p. In both cases, the parameter ц is a scale parameter of noise. According to the sign-based approach, the residuals are substituting with indicators of their belonging to the interquantile intervals s = (si,...,s n), where s t takes a finite number of values. The unknown parameters in this scheme are U = (0',ц',Q 1)', where the vector Q contains linearly independent r-dimensional joint probabilities of the states of generated by process of indicators {s t}. Since the problem is considering in a nonparametric setting, then each fixed value of parameters ц and Q corresponds to a class of finite-dimensional distributions of the initial process e t. However, we can show that for any continuous parameterization of finitedimensional distributions, all the derivatives of the likelihood of indicators P(s | u) are expressed in the same way. In the problem of testing a simple hypothesis H 0 : U = U 0 it gives the opportunity to build a test based on the principle of maximal likelihood ratio. In this paper, we consider the problem of calculating the critical values to provide the desired significance level with any accuracy for finite samples, as well as the critical values based on the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic. The obtained tests can be used as a basis for estimating the parameters и by the principle of maximal p-values, as well as for the development of tests for linear hypothesis.

Изложены результаты пересмотра классификации отряда Ammodiscida Fursenko, 1958. Рассмотрена история развития представлений об объеме отряда и его систематическом положении. Приведены результаты изменения классификации. В составе отряда объединены 2 надсемейства: Tolypamminoidea Cushman, 1928 и Ammodiscoidea Reuss, 1862. Дано переописание отряда Ammodiscida и надсемейства Tolypamminoidea (приводится описание нового и переописание ранее установленных семейств). Уточнено таксономическое положение родов и стратиграфически важных для Западной Сибири юрских видов надсемейства., This study presents results of our revision of foraminifera from the order Ammodiscida Fursenko, 1958. The history of developing the conception on the order volume and its systematic position has been considered. The results of changes in its classification have been presented. The order Ammodiscida is proposed to be divided into two superfamilies, reasoning from the pronounced distinctive characteristics, namely: the existence or absence of attachment traces on tests, the arrangement of the second chamber and a test as a whole (coiling type, form). The first superfamily Tolypamminoidea Cushman, 1928 (nom. transl. Polkovnikova, hic ex Tolypammininae Cushman, 1928) integrates foraminifera with attached tests. The second superfamily Ammodiscoidea Reuss, 1862 combines foraminifera with free tests. Four types of spiral coiling in tests have been determined, which are responsible for distinguishing families within superfamilies: 1) curved or coiling, coiled with an incomplete spiral, or with one whorl; 2) irregularly coiled; 3) planispiral; 4) conically coiled. The test organization type, depending on the main type of coiling of the second pseudo-tubular and (or) tubular chambers, is the principal morphological criterion for establishing families, and its varieties will allow (if possible) their division into subfamilies. In the superfamily Tolypamminoidea composition, there are three families: Serpenulinidae Polkovnikova, hic, fam. nov.; Tolypamminidae Cushman, 1928, emend. Polkovnikova, hic; Ammodiscellidae Saidova, 1981 (nom. transl. Polkovnikova, hic ex Ammodiscellinae Saidova, 1981. The second superfamily Ammodiscoidea unites foraminifera from four families, namely Ammovolumminidae Chernykh, 1967, emend. Polkovnikova, hic; Ammovertellinidae Saidova, 1981, emend. Pol-kovnikova, hic; Ammodiscidae Reuss, 1862; Turritellellidae Saidova, 1981, emend. Polkovnikova, hic. In the paper, the re-description of the order Ammodiscida is represented; the synonyms are listed; the scheme of the stratigraphic distribution of some genera is developed, using the papers by many other scientists (Rauzer-Chernousova, 1993; Culver, 1991; Sepkoski, 2002; Kaminski, Setoyama, Cetean, 2008) and the data of the present author. The description of the superfamily Tolypamminoidea is represented, the synonyms are listed; the description of a new family and re-description are included. Refined is the taxonomic position of genera and of stratigraphically important species of Tolypamminoidea occurring in the Jurassic deposits of Western Siberia; their stratigraphic distribution is described with due regard to literary sources and own data. The images of the studied genera and species of the super-family Tolypamminoidea are represented as photos within the Table.

Представлены результаты исследования современного состояния развития региональных инфраструктур. Представлены методические подходы к оценке инфраструктурного каркаса северных приграничных регионов России. Выявлены особенности развития инфраструктурного каркаса северных приграничных регионов России. Результаты могут быть применены при исследовании вопросов развития региональной инфраструктуры, а также принятии управленческих решений., In this paper, for the presentation of infrastructure in the regions it is suggested to use the infrastructure framework that allows to evaluate the main characteristics of the state of the regional infra-structure, priorities and perspectives of its development. The infrastructure framework in the region means the totality of the optimal number of different types of infrastructures that form a spatially organizational subsystem of the regional socio-economic system, which is sufficient to ensure a reliable, exchange of the results of activities in social production and normal life of the population. This space-organizational sub-system is an integral part of the regional economic system to ensure effective functioning of the regional economic space. Taking into account that this framework is based on the infrastructure system of regional markets functioning, including reproduction, consumption, exchange and distribution, the value of this space-organizational system is more and more increasing every year. In this paper, the proposed model of infrastruc-tural framework is presented based on a study of 14 north (extreme environmental conditions) border regions of Russia. The study found that in order to perform the functions of a northern border region, it is enough for a region to have 11 kinds of infrastructure in their totality forming the infrastructural framework in the region. According to the results of the calculations, the integral index of the level of infrastructure development for the northern (extreme) border regions of the Russian Federation (0.858, 2012) shows the gap of 14% of the average Russian level. At the same time, there is a significant indicator of differentiation across regions. Of the 14 northern border regions, only two regions have the level of infrastructure development at the level of the national average (Sakhalin Oblast and Primorsky Krai). The level of the development of infrastructure framework in Kamchatka Krai and Altai Republic is close to the average value, accounting for more than 0.8. The lowest level of infrastructural framework (less than 0.6) was observed in five of the northern border regions (Tuva Republic, Tyumen, Murmansk and Magadan Oblasts, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug). In summary, it should be stressed that the findings highlight the need for attention from the federal government to the issues and problems of infrastructural framework of the border regions. It should be emphasized that the findings may be used by regional governments to identify strategic priorities for the development and targeting of infra-structural investments and by federal authorities for monitoring. In recent years, the implementation of infrastructure projects is creating a new infrastructure framework of regions that, on the one hand, provides the foundation for innovation and investment links with new qualities, and, on the other, improves the socioeconomic space of the territory, providing new opportunities for the development of local communities.

Рассматриваются основные определения экономической безопасности региона и сформулировано авторское определение. Предложен подход к анализу экономической безопасности региона через оценку её компонент: защищённости, независимости и развития. Показана роль государственных программ в процессе оценки и обеспечения экономической безопасности региона, предложены варианты распределения функции по анализу социально-экономических показателей региона между ответственными исполнителями госпрограмм и методическим центром по анализу экономической безопасности региона. Выявлены проблемы в формировании и оценке госпрограмм Омской области и предложены пути их улучшения., Scientific and practical significance of economic security of a region lies within the ability to assess the level of this security to enable regional government or ministries make management decisions, which involves building models, algorithms and methods for economic security evaluation. Specialized literature provides an established list of terms, such as threats, indicators, level of economic security, safety, risk, danger. Scientific discussions are underway to clarify interpretations and classification of these concepts, as well as formulation of definitions and semantic content. This paper proposes a definition of the economic security, which comprises such components as safety, independence and development. The role of each component can vary based on the socio-economic situation in a region and in the country. It is proposed to monitor the "safety" component based on the dynamics of socio-economic indicators in the region, "independence" based on the degree of approximation of the indicator to its threshold, and the "development" component based on the assessment of the implementation of plans by the executive authorities, which greatly comports with the activities they implement within state programs. Responsible implementers of state programs form a list of indicators and state programs expected results; monitor the socio-economic indicators within their field of expertise; have well-established relationships with companies and organizations in the industry, an access to highly specialized departmental statistics and a fair view of the factors influencing the given socio-economic sphere. At the same time, they do not monitor the broad picture of what is occurring. An authorized body could engage in compiling information from different agencies and conducting an analysis of the economic security of the region based on it. The effectiveness of state programs was given special consideration, since they are viewed in the paper as a part of the mechanism for analysis and provision of economic security. Decisions to adjust the volume of financing for state programs and a list of target indicators of the expected results, including other activities are made based on how well the state programs are structured and how fully and objectively the assessment of their effectiveness is carried out. The study of legal documents of the federal and regional level has revealed peculiarities and disadvantages of the process of formation and evaluation of state programs, which enabled to propose ways to improve them. They involve constructing a hierarchical system of indicators and expected results of state programs, specification of the significance ratio for expected results using the statistical method of principal components, reducing the possibility of adjusting target indicators of state programs.

Показана ключевая роль прессы и радио в сплочении и мобилизации жителей Тувинской Народной Республики на помощь СССР в 1941-1945 гг. СМИ обеспечили быструю перестройку работы предприятий на военный лад, участие населения в соцсоревнованиях и кампаниях по оказанию помощи. Несмотря на перебои с электричеством, недостаток финансовых средств, бумаги и другие трудности, они регулярно освещали события с фронта, подвиги участников войны, вызывая тем самым рост патриотических настроений. Весомая материальная помощь Красной армии и освобожденным от фашистов районам, моральная поддержка солдатам явились в немалой степени результатом их агитационно-пропагандистской деятельности. Упрочение чувства советского патриотизма и интернационального долга среди тувинцев сделало неотвратимой интеграцию двух государств., On June 22, 1941, the Tuvan People''s Republic expressed solidarity with the USSR in struggle of the Soviet people against Germany. Adoption of allied commitments demanded reorganization of work of all social institutes, including the press and radio, for the conditions of war. Following the example of the Soviet Union, the main emphasis was made on the development of oral propaganda and radio. Radio, being more responsive to the challenges of wartime, was available to illiterate people as the most operational mass media. On July 8, 1941, the Radio Committee at the Council of Ministers of TPR was created. Improvement of hardware, development of the radio network in districts, recruiting of correspondents, organization of the Tuvan Telegraph Agency allowed establishing a constant broadcasting network, increasing its volume and diversifying its content. The introduced regime of economy of paper limited the possibilities of periodicals development. On August 25, 1941, the format of newspapers Shyn, Areve Shyny, Hostug Arat was reduced according to the resolution of the Central Committee of the Tuvan People''s Revolutionary Party. Magazines Revoly-ustun Khereli, Ertem oruu merged. Release of several periodicals was suspended and then terminated. Despite the difficulties of wartime (interruptions in electricity, lack of finance and necessary materials, including paper, etc.), the development of the periodical press did not stop. During the war, the first regional newspaper in the Tuvan language was issued. This made the press more accessible to villagers. For the rapid development of methods of teaching new writing a journal was issued for Tuvan teachers. The significant financial and moral support by the small people of Tuva to the Soviet people in the years of war were largely the result of agitation and organizing activities of the press and radio. On June 28, 1941, newspapers had a heading "From the Soviet Information Bureau" for covering events from the front. Rulings, resolutions of the party and the Government of TPR, materials about life and work of the people were regularly printed. Letters, songs, slogans, dedications and messages in verse by young Tuvan writers (S. Pyurbyu, S. Saryg-ool, O. Sagan-ool, L. Chadamba, S. Tamba, S. Samba-Lyundup, K. Idam-Syuryun and others) were published. In literary works courage, heroism and valor of the Soviet soldier were praised. In the years of war there was a genre of political satire founded by B.D. Hovenmey. Centralization of management and toughening of control, introduction of plans in the work of editorials created a basis for the strengthening of the ideological orientation of the press and radio. They provided fast reorganization of the national economy in military conditions, the rise of patriotic sentiments among Tuvans, successful conducting of socialist competitions and campaigns for fund raising. It became a factor of further strengthening of the Soviet-Tuvan relations and unification of the two states.

Рассматривается проблема двух различных интерпретаций определённых дескрипций, как она представлена в статье Е.В. Борисова «О двух интерпретациях определённых дескрипций», где последние могут рассматриваться как сингулярные термины и индивидуализирующие предикаты. Этим интерпретациям, с точки зрения Е.В. Борисова, соответствуют идентификационная и предикативная интерпретация связки. Анализируются возможности такого подхода и обосновывается тезис, что этот подход возможен только приусловии игнорирования различия первичного и вторичного вхождения логических констант в высказывания, содержащие обозначающие фразы. Обосновывается, что реляционное понимание связки в общем случае не устранимо, если необходимо сохранить различие первичного и вторичного вхождения логических констант в высказывания, использующие определённые дескрипции., The subject of the paper is the problem of the two various interpretations of definite descriptions as it is presented in the article of E.V. Borisov "On Two Interpretations of Definite Descriptions". In this article definite descriptions are considered both as singular terms and individuating predicates. From the point of view of E.V. Borisov these interpretations demand to interpret the sentence copula as expressing the identity or the subject-predicate relation. The possibilities of such approach are analyzed in the paper. It is proved, that approach of E.V. Borisov is possible only under the condition of ignoring of the distinction between primary and secondary occurrence of logical constants, which denotation phrases contain. It is proved that the relational understanding of the copula is not removable generally, if it is necessary to keep distinction between primary and secondary occurrence of logic constants in the statements which are used definite descriptions.

В настоящее время для России особенно важно решение актуальной проблемы обеспечения экономического роста отечественных компаний в долгосрочной перспективе. Научную основу внутрифирменного менеджмента реализации стратегии роста составляют методологические принципы управления. В статье излагаются классические и специфические принципы стратегического менеджмента, применимые для исследования области реализации стратегии роста компании, разработки и научного обоснования адекватного экономического механизма в соответствии с теоретическими положениями концепции системно-интегрированного управления. Использование предложенных автором принципов в деятельности отечественных компаний позволит им обеспечить эффективный экономический рост и высокую степень достижения стратегических целей., This paper appears particularly relevant in the context of the transition of the Russian economy to the economic growth model. Its relevance is justified by the fact that it investigates ways of improving the effectiveness of economic entities through extensive use of a new economic mechanism for successful implementation of the growth strategy. This paper contains corresponding methodological principles of managing the implementation of a company's growth strategy. The studies conducted by Russian and foreign scientists show that the existing background theoretical provisions are either applicable primarily to the elaboration of a company's strategy or are of general nature, that is to say, cover strategic management in general. At the same time, some issues still have not been properly studied. These include the influence of a chosen strategy on the specifics and priorities of managing the implementation of a company's development strategy, the correlation of organizations' growth objectives with other strategic objectives have not been reflected in an appreciable way and are not summarized in the scientific literature. The proposed principles are based on the scientific provisions of the author's concept of scientific integrated system management, which are presented in detail in the author's paper "The modern concept of the implementation of a transport organization's growth strategy". These principles are divided into two groups. The first group comprises the classical principles of strategic management, modified for the implementation of the growth strategy of an organization, the second one is composed of specific principles elaborated in accordance with the author's concept of integrated system management of the organization's growth strategy implementation. The classical principles are comprehensiveness, integration, systematicity, consistency, responsiveness, centeredness, hierarchy, delegation, measurability, relevance, flexibility, specialization. The group of specific principles comprises the principle of restraining the economic growth by the criterion of increasing value of a company; the principle of differentiation of economic growth models depending on the priorities and the range of management factors; the principle of paramount importance of the formation and use of investment potential for the purpose of implementing a company's growth strategy; the principle of decomposition of the main objective in the framework of the growth strategy; the principle of harmonization; the principle of developing strategic value-based thinking, the principle of monitoring the implementation of the, the principle of proactivity. The outlined set of principles pre-determines the methodology of justifying managerial decisions and ensures scientific basis for the formation of an economic mechanism of the implementation of the growth strategy and the synthesis of its constituent management tools in the management system of an organization. Introduction of these principles to Russian companies will provide effective economic growth at the micro, mesoand macroeconomic levels and high performance at achieving strategic objectives within an innovative scenario of the long-term socio-economic development of Russia.

Анализируется информация газеты «Le Moniteur universel» о Русско-шведском договоре о дружбе, торговле и мореплавании 1801 г. Автор дает краткую характеристику газеты «Le Moniteur universel», являвшейся рупором наполеоновского правительства, оценку полноты и достоверности французской версии документа, высказывает предположение о причинах его публикации., The article analyzes the information value of the newspaper «Le Moniteur universel» on Russian-Swedish treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation, as well as the comparative analysis of the French and Russian versions of this agreement. International relations of the past are closely related to the present. They do not become outdated, do not lose their value, while continuing to influence on the political and economic contacts between the two countries. Currently, there is an increasing interest in the history of European politics in Russia, it has been studied extensively by both domestic and foreign scholars. In this regard, there is a neсessity to attract new sources. Expansion of information is possible due to francophone periodicals, in particular thanks to the newspaper «Le Moniteur universel». This is one of those sources, which gives a possibility to glance at Russia and its foreign policy through the eyes of Europeans. The advantage of this periodical is the fact that its materials have not been studied and analyzed by majority of Russian researchers. The newspaper «Le Moniteur universel» paid special attention to the signing of a treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation between Russia and Sweden in March 1801. For the first time the central governmental French newspaper published such a big article about Russia, the whole column in the "foreign state" section was devoted to it. Previously that section covered the political situation in 3 or 4 countries on the principle of the greatest interest or concern of the ruling elite in France on events in one country or another. The Treaty includes a preamble, 36 articles, a joint declaration, Russian and Swedish samples, naval papers that had to regulate the conditions (terms) of mutual control. Comparison of documents in French and Russian languages shows that the French side does not publish the full version, there are no additional samples of naval papers on Russian and Swedish languages, as referred in Article 29. The purpose of this agreement was the regulation of trade relations between Russia and Sweden. The treaty was aimed at providing friendship, peace and harmony between the two countries. It fixed the creation of a free trade zone, unimpeded movement of citizens of the contracting states, regulated the movement of ships. Most probably, the attention of the French ruling circles to the Russian-Swedish trade treaty was connected with a growing maritime conflict between France and England in the northern seas, and with clarifying the international situation in this region of Europe.

Анализируется освещение конфликта вокруг проекта платной автотрассы Москва Санкт-Петербург в российской прессе. Исследование основано на конструк-ционистском подходе социологии социальных проблем. Предложен анализ федеральной прессы, для понимания, насколько федеральная пресса как «публичная арена» дает возможности интерпретации спорной ситуации различными акторами. При исследовании текстов газет использован анализ фреймов., The paper deals with a presentation of a conflict over a project of paid highway Moscow-St. Petersburg in the Russian federal press. The conflict began as a local environmental clash, but later it became a federal issue to a large extent due to attention of the federal media. A theoretical basement of the paper is the constructionist approach in the sociology of social problems. Mass media greatly define our understanding of social problems. They are 'public arenas' of struggle among different groups over a definition of a certain issue as a problem situation, which requires or does not require a specific solution. The very fact of a depiction and interpretation of an actor of a conflict situation in mass media seriously influences at a success of this actor. On this premise, social movements that want to influence public opinion and political agenda significantly depends on the press. The purpose of the study was to investigate possibilities of different interpretations for disputable situations by opposite sides of the conflicts because of presentations of the situations in the 'public arena' of mass media. For our analysis of newspaper articles we employed diagnostic and prognostic frames. The diagnostic frame identifies problems, while the prognostic frame offers solutions of these problems. The analysis uncovered four different approaches towards depiction of a conflict: 1) mainly ignoring of the conflict; 2) a strong support of a debatable project and a negative attitude towards members of protest actions; 3) a concern with the project and a positive attitude towards members of protest actions; and 4) a neutral approach towards a description fo the conflict. The study showed that the environmental movement by dramatizing the situation could draw attention of the federal press towards the problems, which required a solution. At the same time, the analysis found that a political position of a periodical influence a character of its publications to such an extent that even dramatic events fall out of the journalists' field of vision. The case of the highway Moscow-St. Petersburg shows us that the Russia federal press is highly pluralistic discussing sharp social problems.

Современное состояние финансового сектора в России можно охарактеризовать как «виртуальный» по причине его значительного отрыва от реальной экономики. В статье рассматриваются предпосылки и условия развития виртуальной экономики, проводится анализ проблем, которые создает виртуальная экономика для финансовой системы России. Определены принципы государственного регулирования виртуального сектора экономики в рамках модернизирующейся финансовой политики, направленные на повышение конкурентоспособности национальной финансовой системы., The problems of modernization and innovatization of the Russian economy defined by the non-oil and gas development model are directly related to addressing the challenges of competitiveness improvement of the national financial system. The actual economic practice of recent years has shown that Russia's financial system is inefficient and does not provide a sustainable allocation of economic resources. A substantial gap between the financial sector and the real economy allows defining it as "virtual" economy. The purpose of this paper is to identify the problems that virtual economy creates for the Russian financial system and identify the ways of addressing them based on an analysis of the prerequisites and conditions for the virtual economy's development. The term virtual economy in this paper describes the financial sector's condition, which is characterized by such level of financial institutions' functioning that does not provide the required attraction of long-term investment into the real economy. The redundancy of the virtual sector in the domestic economy leads to structural and functional changes in the national system, which is indicated by the increasing gap between the virtual economy and the real. This results into an imbalance in the strategic development benchmarks of Russia, which is characterized by a shift from the development of the non-oil and gas model to a speculative one. This paper lists factors leading to a growing trend of accelerated development of the virtual economy. Given that market institutions cannot solve all the problems in the financial market functioning, in order to overcome the negative trends, it is proposed to strengthen the regulatory role of the state as an institutional intermediary that maintains the virtual economy. In this case, it is not a direct state control, but a co-regulation. The paper also defines the principles of state control of the virtual economy within financial policies undergoing modernization, which are aimed at improving the competitiveness of the national financial system. Within the country's financial system, an implementation of these principles requires adaptation and correction of forms, methods and technologies ensuring the strategic management of regional finances developed to support the non-oil and gas sectors of the economy. The proposed measures were suggested as an imperative for modernization of the financial system of Russia and its regions. This will provide stable, innovation-driven growth of the real economy in the long term, as well as competitiveness improvement of the national financial system at the global scale.

Публикуются материалы исследования двух исторических мусульманских некрополей XVII-XIX вв., располагавшихся в окрестностях г. Томска, Старого Мусульманского Кладбища и Кладбища на Юрточной горе. Впервые вводятся в научный оборот материалы полевых дневников А. П. Дульзона, содержащие важные сведения о мусульманском погребальном обряде. Проведен анализ погребального обряда, уточнена хронология некрополей. Сделан вывод о полном соответствии погребального обряда этих кладбищ мусульманскому канону., The article presents research materials of the two historical Muslim cemeteries of XVII-XIX centuries in the suburbs of the city Tomsk Old Muslim Cemetery and the Cemetery on the Yurt Mountain. For the first time, A.P. Dulzons’ field diaries introduced into scientific circulation., containing important information about the Muslim funeral rites. The burial rites is analyzed, also chronology of the cemeteries is refined. The authors came to the conclusion that the burial rites are fully met the Muslim canon. The paper analyzes funeral rites of two Tomsk necropolises the Old Muslim Cemetery and the Cemetery on the Yurtochnaya Mountain. By now, these historical cemeteries have been completely destroyed by the urban development. The paper analyzes the Muslim burial grounds on the Yurtochnaya Mountain investigated by S.M. Chugunov in 1898. The dating of necropolises is based on historical maps, numismatic materials, and written sources. The Tomsk Muslim Cemetery was established in the early XVIII century. At the same time, the Tatarskaya Sloboda the special historical district of Muslims in the neighborhood of Tomsk was established. The Tomsk Muslim Cemetery was located on the eastern margin of Tatarskaya Sloboda. It existed until 1892 and was closed when places for new graves were not available anymore. Based on archaeological sources, it was concluded that the funeral rite of these Muslim necropolises was markedly different from the rite of the Tomsk Tatars of the previous period (XVI-XVII centuries). The occurrence of the funeral rites in strict compliance with the Muslim canon is associated with the migrations of the Kazan Tatars and the Bukharans. The Yurtochnaya Mountain and the Tatarskaya Sloboda are the first historical districts of Muslims. Taking into account that the Islam penetrated into the culture of the Tomsk Tatars in the XVII-XVIII centuries, the Muslim necropolises could be abandoned both by the Tatar migrants and local Tomsk Muslims. In the XVIII century they lived together in the neighborhood of Tomsk, which is well supported by evidence. The close cultural contacts, the similar languages and the shared territory facilitated the rapid propagation of the new religious doctrine into the community of the Tomsk Tatars.

Представлен анализ основных подходов к интерпретации проблемы следования правилу в аналитической философии права. Рассмотрены наиболее известные примеры о возможности применения аргументов Витгенштейна в сфере философии права, в частности при толковании содержания юридических правил и их интерпретации в правоприменении. Обосновывается позиция о том, что специфика философской аргументации Витгенштейна требует уточнения философско-правовых понятий «правило», «правовая норма», «правовая интерпретация» для корректного объяснения проблемы следования правилу в юридическом языке., The paper presents an analysis of the main approaches to the rule-following problem in the analytic legal philosophy. The most famous examples of the possibility to apply the arguments of Wittgenstein in legal philosophy, in particular the interpretation of the content of legal rules and their interpretation in law enforcement are considered. The paper substantiates the position that the specificity of philosophical argumentation Wittgenstein requires clarification of philosophical and legal concepts of "rule", "rule of law", and "legal interpretation" for the correct explanation of the rule-following problem in legal language.

Даны историко-философский анализ понятия гармония «Хэ» как общественного идеала в конфуцианстве, даосизме, буддизме, а также ее интерпретации в современной социально-философской мысли Китая. В качестве существенного вопроса социальной гармонии рассматривается проблема социальной справедливости. Рассмотрены институциональные особенности современного периода развития китайского общества, препятствующие достижению социальной справедливости., This paper is devoted to the problem of social harmony. Although we believe that from this study comparative conclusions can be easily made. The focus of the study is China, one of the most rapidly developing countries today. Fast economic development of East Asian countries, the appearance of the East Asian model of modernization on its own basis revealed some advantages of eastern culture which is based on the teachings of Confucius. In the 13th century Western thinkers were delighted by the organically holistic worldview of eastern teachings. This paper presents a historical-philosophical analysis of the "harmony" concept as a social ideal in Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and its interpretation in the modern Chinese philosophy. In Buddhism, the question of social harmony is not distinguished as an abstracted system, but implicitly contains original ways to resolve social contradictions through awareness of not-existence of the single "I" and of correlation of all phenomena. According to the tenets of Taoism, harmony is a mechanism by which all things through struggle come to the correlation and unity. From the view of Confucianism, harmony is the highest value and the most important law of life. Harmony appears in concord of all the inhomogeneous, in achieving through this of a new harmonious unity, in the birth of something new in the process of interaction of the opposites. In modern Chinese science, the notions of social harmony, harmonious society are studied, first, in the context of the concept of building a harmonious society proposed in the early 20th century by former President of China Hu Jintao; second, from the view of the so-called Chinesized Marxism. On this basis, the author defines social harmony as a form of resolving social conflicts, achievement of the unity or coherence between the parties to conflict. An essential issue of social harmony is the issue of social equity. The legal aspects of social equity in China are also examined. The institutional features of the modern period in the development of Chinese society hindering the achievement of social justice are considered. The author also makes an attempt to analyze social justice in the political and economic dimension. In conclusion, the important role of the state in the ideological and moral education of the people in order to harmonize social relations is emphasized.

Проведён анализ решений многомерного уравнения в частных производных первого порядка, содержащего степенные функции от производных. Для исследования данного уравнения применяется метод двухуровневого функционального разделения переменных (РП), являющийся новым вариантом метода функционального РП. В результате получены новые решения рассматриваемого уравнения в неявной форме, содержащие некоторые обобщенные полиномы от независимых переменных., Investigations of nonlinear partial differential equations of the first order with an arbitrary number of independent variables are an important part of up-to-date mathematical physics. For many equations of this class, only solutions of the simplest kind are known, in particular, solutions of the travelling wave type. The present work is devoted to finding solutions of a more complex form for the multi-dimensional equation of the first order with power-law non-linearity in derivatives. To solve this problem, in this paper we propose a new variant of the method of separation of variables the method of two-level functional separation of variables. The characteristic feature of this method is that the desired function depends on a superposition of functions of the first and second levels of one variable, and these functions are determined as the result of solving some ordinary differential equations. Based on the method proposed in the paper, new exact solutions of the considered equation are obtained in an implicit form. The solutions contain some generalized polynomials of independent variables. Conditions of the existence of these solutions are specified. The results of this work can be generalized to other non-linear first order equations and equations of higher orders with many independent variables.

Проблема рейтингования коммерческих банков активно вышла на первый план в последние десятилетия, но основное внимание в рейтингах уделяется, как правило, суммам активов, размерам кредитного и депозитного портфелей. Поэтому чаще первые места стабильно удерживаются крупными финансовыми учреждениями. Авторская методика позволяет коснуться рейтингования банков по их отношению к риску, что зависит исключительно от политики риск-менеджмента данного коммерческого банка. Она может быть применена при формировании межбанковского рейтинга конкретных банков, а в отдельном банке для анализа его деятельности (тренда) в разные периоды. В статье рассмотрены научные аспекты рейтингования коммерческих банков по соблюдению ими обязательных нормативов, устанавливаемых ЦБ РФ, методом многомерного сравнительного анализа. Представлены результаты апробации данной методики для Амурской области. Сделан вывод, что на протяжении пяти анализируемых лет (2009-2013 гг.) кредитные учреждения в своем большинстве соблюдали требования регулятора по выполнению экономических нормативов. В данном исследовании методика многомерных сравнений впервые применена к построению рейтинга банков по их отношению к соблюдению нормативов. Кроме того, данная методика пригодна для расчетов по новым периодам. Соответственно, рейтинг будет постоянно видоизменяться, и те банки, которые занимают лидирующие места сегодня, через несколько кварталов могут уйти вглубь рейтинга по различным причинам. К тому же методика позволяет более взвешенно подойти к построению рейтингов вне зависимости от размеров и территориальной разветвленности банка, так как лишена субъективизма (отсутствуют экспертные оценки и весовые коэффициенты). По итогам анализа 2009-2013 гг. выявлены три лидера (ООО «Внешпромбанк», КБ «Европейский Экспресс» и ООО «Хоум Кредит энд Фи-нанс Банк»)., The problems associated with commercial banks rating have gained prominence over the recent decades, but most ratings focus on the amounts of assets, the credit size and the deposit portfolios. Therefore, large credit institutions as a rule consistently hold the leading positions. The author's method makes it possible to consider bank rating based on their attitude to risk, which solely depends on the risk management policy of a commercial bank. It can be used for the elaboration of bank-to-bank rating and for the analysis of the performance of a single bank (the trend) in different periods. The paper considers the scientific aspects of commercial banks rating based on their compliance with the statutory requirements set by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation using the method of multidimensional comparative analysis. In addition, the authors identified the pass/fail compared to other methods, and in particular, the methods of Banki.ru and the methods of Russian and international agencies. The analysis is focused on the system of statutory economic requirements for commercial banks with the internal structural units in the territory of the Amur region. Public financial statements of these commercial banks posted on their official websites were used for sampling and analysis. The paper presents the results of approbation of this methodology for the Amur region. For instance, it has been concluded that during the analyzed period of five years (2009-2013), the credit institutions mostly complied with the regulatory requirements for the implementation of prudential regulations. This study pioneers the use of multivariate comparison method to elaborate banks' rating based on their attitude towards compliance with the requirements. What's more, this method can be applied in calculations for the new periods. Accordingly, the rating will be constantly modified, and the banks that hold the leading positions today, can be pushed into lower positions due to various reasons a few quarters later. In addition, this method ensures a more balanced approach to the elaboration of ratings, regardless of the size and territorial branching of the bank, as it is devoid of subjectivity (no expert evaluations and weighing coefficients), which makes all the statutory requirements of the Central Bank equally important and enables assessing the overall resilience of commercial banks. The analysis of 2009-2013 revealed three leaders ("Vneshprombank" Ltd, CB "European Express" and of "Home Credit and Finance Bank"). Presumably, the experience of these credit institutions to implement the requirements of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation can be studied within the best practices of benchmarking.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы использования метафоры в процессах номинации естественнонаучных терминов. Английская и русская терминосистемы физики плазмы используются в качестве примера для демонстрации моделирования терминологического аппарата при помощи концептуальной метафоры. Проводится фреймовый анализ терминосистемы физики плазмы, который позволяет выделить опорные концепты логико-понятийной структуры. Выделяются основные концептуальные метафоры, участвующие в процессах порождения терминов., This paper considers the role of metaphor in the processes of natural-science term formation. English and Russian terminological systems are analyzed of how conceptual metaphors model and generate formation of the terminological units in the natural-science system. The paper also presents initial findings of the frame analysis of physics of plasma terminology, examining the key concepts of the logical conceptual structure. The main conceptual metaphors generating physics of plasma terminology are described.

Разработана унифицированная модель сценария варианта использования, поддерживающая различные его представления. Реализовано упрощение одновременной поддержки нескольких различных способов представления сценария варианта использования, например текстовых и графических. Предложена собственная графическая нотация модели. Построен прототип инструмента для работы с моделью, поддерживающий двустороннее преобразование в текстовую нотацию R.J. Wirfs-Brock., Use case is a specification of actions sequence executed by system for achieving a significant result for any or all actors. The use cases model is used for capturing both structural and behavioral parts of product's functional requirements in current developing processes. Unified Modelling Language offers several graphical representations of use cases scenarios, such as activity diagrams, rather than textual formats. Nevertheless, there are many different textual formats used for use cases scenarios specifications, e.g. Wirfs-Brock's two-column table style and Cockburn style. Different stakeholders may prefer a different specification format, e.g. customer may prefer textual formats, while developers may prefer graphical formats. In addition, use cases can be used for subsequent development stages (e.g. analysis, design, testing). For use cases to be automatically traced into these stages they must be formally defined. Such definition is usually possible in the graphical representation but not in textual. When several formats are required, following approaches can be applied: 1. Use case should be created manually in every required formats and every change should be to be synchronized between used formats to keep requirements specifications up to date. Such synchronization is time consuming and error-prone process due to the human factor. To simplify this process, the development of the unified use cases model that will support different formats of use cases scenarios is proposed. 2. Use case is specified in a single format. Then transformation into required formats is performed by special tools. Any changes in the use case are made in the primary format of use case thus limiting an ability to edit derived formats (subsequent transformation will cause a loss of derived formats edits and these edits will not affect primary format). 3. An approach proposed in this paper is to create the unified use case model that will support different formats of use cases scenarios and not restricting scenario editing to one of them. There are the following use cases features: 1. Use case has multiple scenarios that can either succeed or fail. 2. Each scenario is described by actions sequence. 3. Each action is executed by a specific actor. 4. A set of these scenarios can be infinite due to loops and cannot be applied. To make scenarios more useful, a main success scenario can be selected and other scenarios can be defined as extensions to specific actions of a main success scenario. The model proposed in this paper is an extension of UML 2.4.1 (formally published as ISO/IEC 19505-1 and ISO/IEC 19505-2). It is based on the following packages: Classes::Kernel and CommonBehaviors::BasicBehaviors and consists of the following: 1. Scenarios::Kernel package that contains the unified model kernel. In this package use case scenarios, scenario nodes and flows are defined. 2. Scenarios: :Nodes package that contains specific scenario nodes, such as scenario actions, triggers, handlers, decisions, etc. 3. Scenarios::Partitions package that defines partitions used for scenario nodes grouping. 4. Scenarios::EventTypes package that define events types, e.g. generic errors, system events, user events, time events, etc. As a result, the unified use case model that has its own graphical notation is developed. In addition, prototype of a tool that supports editing use cases in the developed model and transformation between Wirfs-Brock's textual format and model's graphical notation is implemented.

Предлагается ограничение области применимости «Гильотины Юма» с помощью точных дефиниций эпистемических модальностей «априорное знание бытия» и «априорное-знание-ценности». Взаимосвязи между этими модальностями графически моделируются с помощью квадрата и гексагона. Абстрактные логико-философские выводы иллюстрируются конкретными примерами из физики. При этом всеобщие законы классической физики рассматриваются с точки зрения двузначной алгебры метафизики как формальной аксиологии, The paper submits a formal limitation of the domain of relevant applicability of "Hume's Guillotine" by means of precise definitions of epistemic modalities "a-priori-knowledge-of-being" and "a-priori-knowledge-of-value". Logical interconnections between these modalities are graphically modeled by means of the logical square and hexagon. The abstract logical-philosophical corollaries are illustrated by concrete examples from the classical physics. For the first time in the world literature on nature-philosophy the three laws of classical physics, which are well-known as "the ones of Newton", are considered from the viewpoint of two-valued algebra of metaphysics as formal axiology. At the very beginning of the paper the author submits a logical square and hexagon of opposition of epis-temic modalities "a-priori knowledge" and "a-posteriori one". The two kinds of knowledge and their contrariness are precisely defined by means of compositions of epistemic, alethic, and axiological modalities. Systematically exploiting the hypothetic-deductive method the author investigates the set of logic consequences of accepting the above-mentioned hypothetical precise definitions of the epis-temic modalities "a-priori-knowledge-of-being" and "a-priori-knowledge-of-value" and of the graphic representation of their logical interrelations. Accepting the submitted definitions (and the square-and-hexagon-of-opposition) of epistemic modalities implies a set of nontrivial consequences to be examined by comparing with specific materials of concrete sciences. In the present paper the consequences are compared with the material of classical physics, namely, with "the three laws of Newton". Being for-mally-axiologically interpreted and precisely formulated in terms of two-valued algebra of metaphysics as formal axiology the laws in question have passed the examination successfully: they are (formal-axiological) laws of nature-metaphysics in that special meaning of the term "law" which is precisely defined in two-valued algebra of metaphysics as formal axiology.