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In this paper some of the philosophical problems of the history of neurophysiology are discussed, paying special attention to the credit going to Hegel, Rene Decart, to the Russian materialistic school, led by I. P. Pavlov and others. Of particular interest is the interpretation of the following problems: the historical consistency of the appearance of the basic conceptions with which the pre-Pavlov neurophysiology was chiefly concerned, the logical subordination of its categories and ideas, the creation of the basic concepts in the study of the higher nervous activity by I. P. Pavlov, their logical and practical substantiation and the like. An attempt is made, proceeding from dialectic materialism positions, for interpretation of the problems posed, which are of paramount theoretic and practical importance for science and life.

The paper describes the feat of the Russian Navy medical officers and marines of the Baltic Guard-Marine repart, which gave medical aid to the victims of the earthquake in Calabria (28 December, 1908). The first psychiatrist offering psychiatric assistance to the affected and investigated the psycho-pathological sequelae of the disaster was the Russian research Bachenov. The high assessment by and gratitude of the Italian public for the heroism and self-denying attitude of the Russian medical personnel under the conditions of the earthquake was extensively reflected in the Italian press.