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In field experiments, an insect was trained to choose one of two visually different figures – A or B – in reference to situation (“situational learning”). Bees and wasps were shown to be able: 1) to choose A and to reject B at one location (place) of presentation of test figures and vice versa at the other location (at a distance of 1–8 m); 2) to choose A and to reject B at C-colored background and vice versa at D-colored background (at constant location). It is the first evidence of bees’ ability to make decisions depending on background color and the first evidence of wasps’ ability to perform situational learning. The described behaviors resemble “conditioned switching”, which is well known in vertebrates. Statistically significant individual differences between conspecifics have been recorded

The paper deals with the application of the theoretical concept of the recently deceased American psychologist Susan Carey. Carey was devoted to the study of the development of cognitive functions in early and school-age children, as well as the cognitive processes that make scientific knowledge possible. The theory is part of the conceptual apparatus used by the quoted author. It is based on the assumption that children, as they develop cognitively, form theories about how the world works and, to some extent, test them in a similar way to scientific theories. One of the most important results of her research is what we now know about the origin of concepts. According to her, concepts are not just aggregate ideas about a particular class of entities, events, relations, etc., as is usually claimed. They are tools and as such make knowledge possible. Understanding concepts in Susan Carey’s terms makes it possible, among other things, to understand how it is that some people persist in beliefs that are obviously contrary to reality for others, such as the belief in a flat earth. The concept also has interesting methodological implications. Aristotelian logic, as it was practically developed until the end of the nineteenth century, was understood as the rules of right thinking. As such, it included psychological and ethical questions. The conception described here precisely develops the psychological component of the former logic. The final section of the paper then proposes hypotheses on which to base the study of adults, including those who hold some extreme views.

Introduction. The article demonstrates the logical vulnerability of the opinion that ‘language categorizes the world in different ways’, and considers the existing idea of language motivation as interrelation and interdependence of various phenomena — and as proof of inseparability of the cognizer, what can/is to be cognized, and what has been cognized. Goals. Based on the fact that the common beginning of cognition for various linguistic collectives is neither some objective external world nor the inner world of a person, but rather the presence of the cognitive ability inherent in all humankind, the work articulates and tests a hypothesis that cognitive bias be a predetermining factor of linguistic categorization and incomplete interlanguage equivalence. Materials and methods. The paper provides comparative insights into groups of situations involving the use of signs denoting a result of an object’s position shift in Russian and Chinese. The main research method is deduction. Results. The non-equivalence of the considered signs from the two languages is predetermined by that Russian is characterized by the strategy of a person who ACTS and concentrates directly on the dynamics of his/her movement. The signs associated with the preliminary assessment of the initial arrangement of objects and the selection of an appropriate direction of movement become significant. Chinese is dominated by the strategy of a person who OBSERVES, which includes the latter’s own position in the coordinate system and shows much more interest in the relocated object’s position to the subject proper. The two strategies can be sometimes compatible and sometimes contradictory. Accordingly, there is both a zone of conditional equivalence and a zone of lacunarity for the examined signs. Conclusions. The paper shows that language categorizes no world independent of a person but rather — the person’s experience from interacting with the environment. And since at the moment of interaction with the environment a person necessarily performs a certain role, cognitive bias proves inevitable. Awareness of the features underlying linguistic categorization depends on the role of the individual in this interaction.

The term system of cognitive linguistics is formed from different areas of knowledge and discursive practices. These terms are usually of English origin. But this system also includes Russian-language words of a commonly used nature, which, as a result of systemthesaurus connections with other terms in scientific communication, acquire the status of a cognitive term. The paper discusses the methodological foundations for understanding these integration processes, which is possible only when considering a system of terms as a form of explication of knowledge at the mental and linguistic levels. The nationwide existence of Russian-language words, possible shades of meaning, which allowed such lexemes to move into a group of terms and replenish the cognitive terminological system, are analyzed. The object of analysis is the original Russian lexemes knowledge and consciousness. The subject of analysis is the components of semantics that have become the basis of the terminological meaning of the indicated lexemes; new systemic connections that arose in the words knowledge and consciousness already as in terms of Russian origin when entering the cognitive terminological system: synonymous, antonymic, hyper- and hyponymic, derivational-epidigmatic. Observation of the functioning of the lexemes knowledge and consciousness in popular and scientific discourses, as well as analysis of the interpretation of these terms in scientific discourse, made it possible to clarify the process of terminology of the commonly used vocabulary of the Russian language. The paper presents the results of using corpus and software tools for modeling the functionality of this knowledge format. The collected information is supported by the results of an associative experiment to verify the data sources obtained through automatic processing. The revealed frequency and specificity of the use of cognitive terms on modern material will allow us to draw meaningful conclusions about a qualitatively new state of cognitive terminology.

There is no doubt that the digital economy has brought much convenience to our work and life, improving productivity and optimising social service and government efficiency. However, there are also quite a few problems in the development of the digital economy, such as fake and even malicious information flooding the internet and new media, counterfeit e-commerce, and the shocks to the economy and society brought about by the extensively advanced development of internet technologies and fintech. People lack an understanding of the digital economy, leading to criminal offences and economic offences. This paper presents an accurate review of the development of the digital economy and its extensive effects on social economic growth. It begins with the introduction of the digital econ- omy, with a profound influence on human productivity and people’s lives, plus an essential literature review. It explains the research materials and methods, as well as the structure of the article. It then explores the development law of the digital economy and inteprets the essence of the accurate cognition of the digital economy. Further, it traces the impact of the digital economy on society and emphasises the normalisation of the development of the digital economy. This is followed by a deep assessment of the service efficiency of the digital economy and building a new area for attracting investment. It examines the importance of the information transmission mechanism in avoiding the overlapping of digital isolated islands. The paper concludes with the premise of precisely defining the development stage of the digital economy so as to stimulate the iterative innovation of social economic development.

The importance of studying neurological and mental changes in aged non-human primates, in particular rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), is due to their genetic and physiological similarity with humans, which in preclinical studies of age-dependent cognitive decline correction makes them preferable to rodents. In this paper we study the behavior of three older monkeys in solving conditioned-reflex task of image differentiation. The obtained values of several cognitive characteristics were compared with those determined for the same subjects in their youth more than 15 years ago. It is shown that aging of experimental monkeys, solving the cognitive tasks, was accompanied by increase in number of errors, time of decision, events of refusal to work, as well as by weakening of the spatial working memory estimated by a method of «delayed response». The procedure of three repeated 2-hour sessions of moderate hypobaric hypoxia at 360 mmHg significantly improved these characteristics. The cognitive status, corrected by moderate hypoxic stress, significantly approached the cognitive level, which these subjects possessed in youth. This positive effect was maintained for 2 to 6 months.

In this paper, the authors substantiate the specificity of a new method and methodological and technological procedures for a complex qualitative-and-quantitative description of the results of non-traditional interdisciplinary lingual-and-energetic studies of stochastic self-developing cognitive processes of human speaking-and-thinking activities. Methodological possibilities and rules of a comprehensive assessment of qualitative and quantitative aspects of these processes’ self-development are described in the paper. Using a theoretical principle of preserving the utterance’s emotional-and-pragmatic potential as well as the dimensionless K-criterion for defining the level of the utterance emotional-and-pragmatic potential, the authors work out the analysis method based on a psycho-energygram that presents the self-development of cognitive processes of speaking-and-thinking activities in the individual’s spiritual sphere. The trajectories of the analyzed processes’ self-development are considered from the standpoint of synergetic knowledge and thus are interpreted in the form of corresponding attractor structures with bifurcation points that acquire the cognitive status of concepts. The methodology described in the paper opens up new possibilities for a scientific quantitative description of the dynamics of self-developing processes of the individual’s speaking-and-thinking activities. These activities are viewed by the authors in their direct correlation with the reasons that actualize qualitative and meaningful acts generated by psychic and physiological bases of a person’s communicative behavior.

This paper discusses the playworlds of the Playworld of Creative Research (PWCR) research group. Play¬worlds are created from a relatively new form of play that can be described as a combination of adult forms of creative imagination (art, science, etc.), which require extensive real life experience, and children’s forms of creative imagination (play), which require the embodiment of ideas and emotions in the material world. In playworlds, adults and children (or teenagers or seniors) enter into a common fantasy that is designed to support the development of both adults and children (or teenagers or seniors). The PWCR understands play¬worlds and the study of playworlds as ways of being. In this paper we present unique, individual playworlds that we truly love from the perspective of researchers, artists, teachers, children, administrators, and imagi¬nary characters, who participate in playworlds. We use a master fiction writer’s words on the love of literature to frame our discussion of playworlds, focusing on truth, time, human magic, infinite possibilities, fun, and the enriching and intensifying (and so, creating) of the real in playworlds in Japan, Finland, Sweden and the US.

This paper presents a contrastive linguo-cognitive study of the phraseological semantic field, here viewed as a means of manifesting the corresponding fragment of the phraseological picture of the world built in consciousness and defined as a semantic unity of phraseological units which are connected with some phenomenon of the real or imagined world and reveal the phraseological concept of this phenomenon. The paper focuses upon three main aspects of a contrastive linguo-cognitive study of the same phraseological semantic fields in different languages, highlighting their cognitive value: 1) a semantic inventory of the phraseological semantic field; 2) a phraseological representation of individual phraseological semantic groups as components of the phraseological semantic field and manifestants of separate features of the phraseological concept; and 3) a configuration of the component structure of the phraseological semantic field. The paper presents a method of contrastive linguo-cognitive study which is carried out in the three mentioned directions and allows explication on the basis of language data, as well as comparison and characterization of the contents of the different languages' concepts and accents available in these contents. The method emphasizes the need to process language data and the importance of employing statistical procedures, both to estimate the relevance of possible interlanguage differences and to assess the possibility of their interpretation in terms of cognitive and cultural specificity. Use of the method is demonstrated through the example of a contrastive linguo-cognitive study of the Russian and English phraseological semantic field of arguing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents original study results of cognitive changes associated with aging in the absence of neurodegenerative, vascular and other significant for cognition disorders in period from 50 to 85 years. It was shown that aging is associated with moderate memory decrease predominantly because of retrieval deficit but not acquisition insufficiency. It was also shown that aging is associated with non-severe executive dysfunction (lack of planning and control). According usual neuropsychological approaches pattern of cognitive changes described above reflects anterior cortical dysfunction or/and impaired interaction between frontal lobes and subcortical basal ganglia. Shows what physiological changes occur with age in the field of memory and executive functions, which is of great clinical importance for the differential diagnosis of normal aging and early stages of common in the elderly cerebral diseases.

Th e objective of the article is to scientifically evaluate supply chain reliability (SCR). We argue that this problem relates to two aspects - the cognition and expression of SCR. Th e paper considers SCR as a unification of a fuzzy and random meaning in a dynamic environment. Furthermore, intrinsic relationship between the theoretical foundation of SCR evaluation and the cloud theory is discovered, accordingly to which, the cloud theory is applied to study the evaluation of SCR from a holistic perspective. According to the comprehensive invalidation degree of a supply chain, SCR is diff erentiated as six grades and the influencing factors of SCR are classified taking into account fi ve aspects. A comprehensive performance model is developed to measure fi ve aspects of influencing factors and to evaluate the exact class SCR belongs to. As we know, the cognition of SCR depends on human mind while the natural language is an appropriate medium to express human mind. Th erefore, linguistic terms are adopted to express uncertain transformation between qualitative concepts and their corresponding quantitative values. Th is method is further demonstrated using a numerical example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we evaluate the clinical effectiveness of rehabilitation of 92 patients who survived after acute ischemic stroke and received the combined treatment with the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (the study group, n=32). The first control group (n=30) included the patients given transcranial magnetic stimulation in the function of placebo (n=30) and the second control group was comprised of the patients who received low-frequency magnetic therapy (n=30). The course of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) resulted in the significant regression of the locomotor deficiency in the patients of the study group compared with those in both control groups (χ2>3,8). In addition, a significant decrease in anxiety and depression was documented in the patients of the study group. Dynamics of these characteristics in the patients of the control groups group was significantly less pronounced (χ2>3,8). The well apparent improvement of the cognitive function evaluated with the help of the MMSE test was observed in the patients of the study group and control group 2, but this effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation was significantly more pronounced than that of low-frequency magnetic therapy (χ2>3,8). Transcranial magnetic stimulation significantly normalized cerebral hemodynamics on the side of the stroke-affected hemisphere and improved the daily activities of the patients. Studying the long-term results within 6 months after the onset of rehabilitation in the hospital environment, most patients rated their health with improving. The evaluation of long-term results of the treatment during the 6 month rehabilitation period demonstrated that the majority of the patients reported the marked improvement of their health status.

On the basis of video records of church attendance, in which 'thinking aloud' was used as a method of collecting data, this paper analyses the similarities and differences in the church attendance of Aurelia, Saskia and Anton. They viewed the same church and – this was the explicitly stated task – accompanied their visual perception by verbal comments and descriptions of the church interior. The ultimate goal of the analysis of 'thinking aloud' was the reconstruction of the underlying concepts of the attendance, which are largely based on relevancies that the viewers bring along. After outlining the focus of this paper and placing our approach within the context of relevant research, we identify the similarities of the forms of 'thinking aloud' and their functions exhibited in the three church attendances. We then focus on the differences and particularities of the three attendances and identify three independent, inherently conclusive concepts of attendance. These concepts are each characterized by their independent constitution of the church interior during its attendance. We've shown that the church interior is constituted as a religious functional space (Aurelia), as a place of representations of Christ (Saskia) and as an architectural historical context (Anton). The model-like independency of the concepts became clear exclusively through the use of 'thinking aloud'. This method of verbally addressing topics alongside one's visual perception is therefore an important tool for data collection and a technique to access situated cognition within the context of multimodal cultural practices.

It is shown in the paper, polymodal rhythmic sensory influences (light, sound, vibrating-tactile etc), in combination being measures of neuro-correction, can be used for correction of a human psychophysiological condition. Efficiency of a method is shown in positive effects on mental sphere of a person, causing decrease in level of uneasiness and improvement of subjective self-assessment, in influence on cognitive and autonomic functions. Polymodal rhythmic sensory influences are means of increase in human intellectual activity efficiency: attention' concentration is increased in proportion with the increase of parasympathetic activity induced by sensory polymodal stimuli.

The paper discusses the problem of language and cognitive specificity in humans as compared to other species. The main hypotheses of human evolution and the emergence of language seem to be well researched on genetic basis of higher functions. Cognitive abilities of other animals and their communication signals and the main views on basic principles of brain underlying these functions are described.

The paper discusses the problem of cognitive evolution and the basis for the origin of language and mind, genetic history of Homo sapiens and whether the basic concepts are inborn or effected by experience, sensory or cognitive per se. The problem of localization of higher functions and Theory of Mind in norm and pathology is analyzed.

In this paper some new methods for studying of general cognitive ability, g, and their experimental testing on mice are proposed. Instead of techniques based on learning processes with application of many trials and gradual elaboration of a habit, the proposed methods allow to assess behaviour by using only one or a few trials and to compare such behaviour with conceptual activity.

The paper reviews general cognitive ability (g), the ways of its measurement, and genetic and behavioural aspects of its investigations. The criteria for assessment of cognitive abilities in animals are also suggested and described. Based on these criteria the new behavioural methods and procedures are developed for investigation of general cognitive ability.

The paper shows that formulated by I. P. Pavlov principles of higher nervous activity are quite fruitful even today in investigations into the problems associated with contemporary new physiological trends as, for instance, cognitive processes. Special attention is paid to study of the principles of neurophysiological organisation of the mechanisms carrying out analysing and synthesising activities. I. P. Pavlov was the first to indicate the important role of frontal cortex in these processes.

A prevalence of some neurotoxicants, the salts of the heavy metals in particular, in the environment of many Russian towns is threatening. The aim of this paper was to work out the separate epidemiologic tests for the estimation of neuro-psychic development in children of 2-5 years old on the basis of the native elaborations as well as the determination of their reproductivity and informativity in terms of neurotoxic influence. There were examined 155 children which lived in the region of a tractor plant with intensive polymetallic contamination or in a relatively "clean" central part of a town (Lypetsk). There was estimated a reproductivity of the methods used. Good and satisfactory indices of the reproductivity were obtained about questionnaire concerning the level of intellectual and social-psychologic maturity (85%), about the test concerning the behavorial-emotional peculiarities (76.9%), a transitory memory. A test concerning a reciprocal coordination of the movements revealed low reproductivity, but it was informative in the comparative study of the regions investigated. The following approbation of the tests is necessary, especially of those, characterising cognitive peculiarities of children, their validity by means of the analysis of contents of metals in biological fluids of the children examined.

Biological view of the development of mental disorders was described back in the days of Hippocrates in his humoral theory considering the brain as a place of origin of all emotions and therefore rejecting the earlier theories suggesting that psychic phenomena resulted from divine intervention. Later his ideas transformed to produce, inter alia, the Kraepelin’s allegation. Kraepelin described mental disorder as a “natural biological process” and suggested to divide mental disorders into two large groups, dementia praecox and la folie circulaire, based on this allegation. Differentiation was based on intellectual impairment that was more severe in patients with schizophrenia than in patients with bipolar disorder. Current research has revealed considerable clinical and genetic similarity of two disorders. However, in contrast to schizophrenia, the data of patients with bipolar disorder indicate no intellectual impairment. Furthermore, the risk of bipolar disorder is associated with higher premorbid IQ. Can we suppose that the genes that determine such cognitive differences are just genes and their mutations that determine lower IQ in the general population, but not the disease-associated genes? High efficacy of antipsychotics against both disorders is the other common phenomenon revealed in modern times. Modern antipsychotics that will be discussed in this paper show higher efficacy and safety.

In the paper are considered the questions on the interaction of realized and unrealized information as well as the means of its processing during cognitive activity of a man. The results of investigations carried out and analysis of the data from the literature testify that the use of unrealized information is an important condition for non-standard task solving. It is provided by a cooperative activity of both hemispheres being manifested electrophysiologically as an activation of the "cognitive axis" (i.e. the foci of increased potentials' synchronization in the rostral areas of the left hemisphere and the caudal areas of the right one, revealed by means of topographic mapping of electrical processes recorded from 48 cortical points). Some cognitive styles were shown to play an important role in the organization of cooperative activity of the hemispheres at the individual level. Combination of a high synthetizing ability with a flexibility of the cognitive control provides a possibility of successful change from the work under the standard conditions to that in the non-standard situations. At the high indices of searching, intuitional activity as well as extrasensory stimuli perception the "cognitive axis" with the dominance of the focus in the right hemisphere is more expressed than that at the low indices of efficiency of the activity.

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Drawing on non-Darwinian cultural-evolutionary approaches, the paper develops a broad, non-representational perspective on narrative, necessary to account for the narrative “ubiquity” hypothesis. It considers narrativity as a feature of intelligent behaviour and as a formative principle of symbolic representation (“narrative proclivity”). The narrative representation retains a relationship with the “primary” pre-symbolic narrativity of the basic orientational-interpretive (semiotic) behaviour affected by perceptually salient objects and “fits” in natural environments. The paper distinguishes between implicit narrativity (as the basic form of perceptual-cognitive mapping) of intelligent behaviour or non-narrative media, and the “narrative” as a symbolic representation. Human perceptual-attentional routines are enhanced by symbolic representations: due to its attention-monitoring and information-gathering function, narrative serves as a cognitive-exploratory tool facilitating cultural dynamics. The rise of new media and mass communication on the Web has thrown the ability of narrative to shape the public sphere through the ongoing process of negotiated sensemaking and interpretation in a particularly sharp relief.

Just as every culture is autonomous in the creation of its social values, it is likewise self-governing in the creation of customs and beliefs that define it. Some of those self-defining creeds are strongly entrenched in the use of language and communication. When an American executive places his/her feet on the desk, the message of authority and relaxation that is being sent is readily understood, while the same gesture in an Arabic country would have a totally different implication, one of disdain and insult. Such implications can be culture specific or culture ubiquitous. To better illustrate the dichotomy, it would be useful to recall Grice’s views on the efficiency of communication as being dependent on adherence to four maxims. In his portentous article ‘Logic and Conversation’ (1975), he shows that prudence and intellect empower human kind in an obliging way to successfully generate and construe messages that are sent via conversational implicatures. This paper aims to explore the fine line that balances these two facets within the realm culture and translation.

The paper analyzes theoretical and practical features of the cognitive process, which opens new perspectives in social and anthropological problems. The author argues that the results of thinking -- ideas, theories, concepts, projects are always in change, they reveal a new understanding and meaning. In this situation, socio-diagnostic and constructive-communicative strategies unite in decision-making process, they help to overcome the existing gap between empirical and theoretical levels of social cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparative analysis of the translation of basic epistemological terms and attempts to analyse cognitive factors underlying the construction of meaning in the translation process. Apart from linguistic expertise, the translation of philosophical texts re­quires a profound understading of the subject matter. Ambiguity of philosophical terms, which appears as a result of the development of a particular concept within a specific philo­sophical school of thought, may lead to inconsistencies in the translation decision-making. The paper aims to apply a cognitive approach to the translation of epistemological terms into the German and English language: Erkenntnis/cognition vs knowledge. In this study, context is interpreted as a verbalization of a specific conceptual frame facilitating the identification of the appropriate meaning of the term on a deeper, conceptual level. The article contains nu­merous examples from the works of Immanuel Kant translated into English as well as the data from multilingual translation corpora which are used to describe translation-relevant aspects of conceptual integration in philosophical discourse.

Wh-questions are among the most important and the most frequent types of utterance, which presumably reflects the role of questions in everyday life in gathering various types of information. There is a limited body of research on the exhaustivity comprehension in multiple wh-questions in children (such as, for example, Who drives what, Who gives something to whom?). However, previous results suggest that exhaustivity emerges at the age of four, although there is considerable variability depending on the language. In this paper two aims were proposed: first, to explore when typically developing Serbian speaking monolingual children comprehend exhaustivity property within multiple wh-questions, and, second, cognitive relevancy of structural complexity of multiple wh-questions. 40 typically developing Serbian speaking monolingual children subdivided in three age groups from 3,6-7,1 years participated in this study. The question-after-picture test, which consists of 20 tasks with pre-vocabulary check, was used. The tasks were classified according to com-plexity index into paired and triple wh-questions. Results indicate that children acquire comprehension of exhaustive wh-questions gradually, first in paired wh-questions and then in triple wh-questions. The research provides data on language development, and also offers guidelines for diagnostic and clinical work with children with specific language impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the interpretation of the basic linguophilosophical views of S.N. Bulgakov set out in his work Philosophy of the Name (1920, 1953). Philosopher and theologian S.N. Bulgakov expresses opinions on the essence of a word from the point of view of cogitology. The author interprets S.N. Bulgakov's explanations of such integrative terms as "word-thought", "logos" and "sound word". S.N. Bulgakov declares that a word is equated to an enlightened logos as a unity of words and thoughts, words and deeds, words and things. According to the philosopher, the meaning of a word is an idea embodied in the sound form of a word. In speech, the word-meaning turns into a word-thought. A thought comes true due to a speech-word. Language as a means of expression exists in its complete form long before the act of its designation. A thing is revealed in its name. The article also reveals the views of S.N. Bulgakov on words from the root, verbs-linker and pronouns that do not have their own content. The author believes that the results of the analysis in the article can enrich our ideas about language as an instrument of naming, designation and expression (cognitive aspect), and as a means of speech activity (communicative aspect).

Aim. To identify the significance of the category of modality for the semantic unity of philosophical text in the development of a system of its adequate interpretation.Methodology. Based on structural-functional, descriptive, and conceptual methods and the method of segment analysis, this paper analyzes several abstracts from classical academic philosophical text from the point of view of one of the main text-forming categories which is the category of modality.Results. The article proves that the selected invariant signs of modality should serve as a basis for modeling the type of philosophical text.Research implications. The results of the research might prove useful for development of the language theory as well as for modeling of various types of texts. They are of interest for linguists, philologists, journalists, and philosophers engaged in the problems of philosophical text generation.

The state of awareness was studied over time in 449 patients with various forms of mental diseases: borderline, endogenic and organic psychoses, delirium tremens and chronic alcoholism. The clinical and psychopathological examinations of patients were supplemented with a number of new and modified methods of research into awareness whose description is given in the paper. It is established that the study into the pathology of awareness expands considerably the clinical examination of patients and contributes to the development of the optimal therapeutic and restorative measures.

The paper is devoted to the organization, theory and practice of gerontological pathopsychology, including questions of differentiation between normal and pathological in gerontopsychiatry, validity and reliability of experimental-psychological methods. With special reference to a variety of forms of the insight of the disease in elderly age the author shows a multi-factorial nature of personality symptom complexes. The design of a pathopsychological study and the selection of experimental techniques are shown to depend on the nature of clinical tasks facing the investigator.

This paper aims to give an overview of the expanding interdisciplinarybranch of cognitive science in which music psychology and cognitive / generative linguistics overlap. The field, sometimes labelled 'musicolinguistics', aims to describe a number of phenomena in music perception within the linguistic epistemological framework and methodological apparatus. The discussion first introduces theprecursors of the discipline, from the earlier musico-theoretical, aesthetic and psychological schools, such as Schenker, Cooke, or Langer. Further text covers the research of properties common to language and music dominant in the period of the Chomskyan revolution of the late twentieth century. Approaches of Bernstein, Keiler, Lerdahl and Jackendoff are analyzed, followed by attempts at empirical confirmation – psychological and neurophysiological. The final section of the paper concentrates on present dilemmas in the domain, where the issue of biological foundations of music andlanguage is once again raised. The conclusion points to a possible reconciliation within the new approach in cognitive science applicable to both language and music, knownas optimality theory.

On the basis of analysis of scientific papers and personal experience, the authors represent their own understandings of the capacities of the interactive teaching (IT) and its components in the context of incessantly increasing influence of information technologies. IT is interpreted as a complex system of hierarchically interrelated interactive teaching strategies, technologies and techniques, giving priority to the scientific approach to teaching and to reflexive cognition. Reflecting upon the situation in schools and the requirements of the social life, the obstacles and difficulties in the practical application of IT are analyzed and the causes are explored and found in the shallow interpretation of the theoretical foundation and in the lack of active professional competency. Due attention is given to the resistance of routine practices of all interacting participants and to the significance of sound pedagogical qualification. The possibilities for overcoming the obstacles and difficulties in the application of IT are sought in the accurate understanding and use of the achievements of cognitive psychology and the new interpretation of the essence of human cognitive architecture, first of all in the complex interactions between sensory, working and long-term memories when constructing new knowledge. The attempted analysis and interpretation of the key concepts and essential characteristics of constructivist philosophy open wide possibilities for scientific rethinking and successive use of IT. The summary of the critical remarks upon constructivism, made by some authors, challenge us to think and look for new ways of improving the methodologies and practices in the IT of concrete school subjects in order to insure effective organization of students learning, full achievement of the expected results and of the complex educational goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with problems of cognitive and cross-cultural approach in theory and practice of translation. Translation is viewed as human cognitive activity in the context of its socio-cultural functions. The author points out correlation between verbal and mental structures within national cultural space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents developmental, cognitive and psychometric tradition in research of personal epistemologies. Instead of a "neutral" approach, we offer the analysis of research metaphors underlying the studying of personal epistemologies. Metaphor "pilgrim's progress" assumes understanding epistemological development as a "temptation" leading towards "enlightenment" and abandoning faith in Absolute truth. Metaphor "regulatory software" narrows down researcher's subject of interest to epistemic cognition in the specific problem situation, whereby evaluation of functioning of "regulatory software" and its improvement are observed as the most important tasks. Finally, within the metaphor "decent outfit" the starting assumption is that epistemological beliefs are relatively fixed and that personal epistemologies which are "balanced" and "decent" are privileged. By analysing research metaphors, light was shed on basic assumptions and implications of research of personal epistemologies. The following questions were explored: which ways of "seeing" were pledged in the approaches to research of personal epistemologies, which methodological choices arise from those ways of "seeing", as well as which are the functions or effects of different ways of "seeing". In this way, a new perspective was offered for the assessment of multiple conceptualisations in research of personal epistemologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article analyses the true nature of CLIL on a practical level. It begins with stating the CLIL pedagogic framework and explains the mutual relation between language and content in CLIL settings. All these facts have been presented in order to fully account for CLIL methodology which is deeply rooted in the dual focus nature of CLIL. The features of CLIL methodology have been consecutively listed and thoroughly discussed in the paper. Each of the points analysed is followed by some practical considerations

The paper deals with the names of plants, constituent units of compound geographic names attested in the territory of the urban district of Khulun-Buir (New Barga Eastern khoshuu, New Barga Western khoshuu, and Old Barga khoshuu) which is situated in the north-eastern part of the Autonomous Region Inner Mongolia of the People’s Republic of China. The analysis of phytonyms’ internal form leads the author to conclude that visual perception of the plants plays the leading role in the process of their naming. In this logic, feather grass and sedge received their names due to the sticking-out and long stalks, willow was entitled due to a curly crown, and pea shrub — for its sharp spines. The local hydrographic term üyet ‘piece of water’ is revealed. It originated by metaphorical transfer from the plant name üyet ‘saltmarsh-grass’. The Bargut orographic term qurγalj ‘defiladed hollow’ is a homonym of the plant named qurγalj ‘low love grass’ but these happen to go back to different etymons: the orographical term is connected with the verb *qurɣ- ‘to disappear, hide’ while the phytonym derives from a figurative root *qurɣ ‘something long, extended’. It is revealed that phytonyms (as the main component of compound geographical names) generally designate a forest or an underbrush. Only the word khailaas ‘elm’ is used to define a separate tree. Such trees are believed to have their own spirits or masters, and therefore, as a rule, serve as objects of honoring described in multiple legends of Bargut folklore. The study of phytonyms can provide information on the dynamics of Mongolian peoples’ migration and settlement at the northeast of China, the way they transformed the geological system and formed the picture of the physically and spiritually reclaimed space.

The article is devoted to the investigation of the mechanisms underlying the increase in the effectiveness of the cognitive activity of subjects of learning, by including digital media with non-linear information representation in cognitive process. The authors propose a model for designing students’ experimental work, where computer science tools are used not only for training but also for managing the expected results of cognition. The paper proves that the proposed digital environments will create additional factors for the development of algorithmic and systemic thinking, the formation of skills for formalization and structuring of information, etc., which will have a direct impact on the cognitive development of man. Among the main advantages of the proposed model, the authors consider the possibility of creating a personal educational trajectory of cognitive activity that has the flexibility and allows transforming its components in accordance with the goals, content and planned educational results, learner’s needs and abilities, challenges of the future. The study describes first model of practical and transformational activity based on the functional possibilities of new digital technologies, which allows not only planning and predicting the process of cognition, but also provides psychological factors for the formation of a cognitive picture of the world that is adequate to the requirements of society and the trends of future professions. Using the example of modeling a personal development trajectory in a digital environment with the possibility of non-linear information presentation, the effects in terms of competence formation provided by foresight are described: project management, system thinking, common work, work in conditions of uncertainty, programming, knowledge of artificial intelligence, creativity, inter-industry communication and focus on the long-term result. The authors formulate recommendations that can be used, firstly, to change the traditional methodological systems of instruction on the trajectory "preschool education-school-university-additional education", taking into account the requirements of the future professions; secondly, developing and improving specific Foresight technologies on gaming platforms in order to improve the quality of management, social integration and vocational guidance.

The paper presents an analysis of communicative, cognitive, and educational potential Kalmyk folklore in general, and the epic «Djangar» particularly in relation to the modern school and preschool education in its regional dimension, which will more clearly present the specifi cs of folk communication, will help the teacher to fi nd the most appropriate and adequate methods and ways for organizing the study of folklore in the school.

This article discusses the relationship between cognition and language.According to the cognitive linguistics approach, the study of language is the study of language use. The languages of the world vary dramatically. They encode fundamentally different logics and structures. This paper also focuses on the phenomenon of linguistic pictures of the world, and using the Russian and Turkish languages as an example, demonstrates that absolute equivalence in translation is never possible. The results of the analysis of this issue has shown, that language does not “represent” meaning, but instead constructs meaning in particular contexts with particular cultural models and cognitive resources, while translation is the replacement of the signs encoding a message by signs from another code.The difficulties of translating from Russian to Turkish and vice versa are primarily due to the dissimilar nature of the two languages. However,the difficulty of translation does not only exist between distinctively different languages. Surprisingly, even more complexity may sometimes arise when translating between two languages within the same family with much in common.Thus, one may conclude that languages are structuring structures, which influence the way people think, and create linguistic habits for language users, resulting in fundamentally different ways of understanding the world.