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Low intake of micro- and macroelements and vitamins in food negatively affects the health of more than two billion people around the world provoking chronic diseases. For the majority of the world’s population, these are soft and durum wheats that provide beneficial nutrients, however their modern high-yielding varieties have a significantly depleted grain mineral composition that have reduced mineral intake through food. Biofortification is a new research trend, whose main goal is to improve the nutritional qualities of agricultural crops using a set of classical (hybridization and selection) methods as well and the modern ones employing gene/QTL mapping, bioinformatic analysis, transgenesis, mutagenesis and genome editing. Using the classical breeding methods, biofortified varieties have been bred as a part of various international programs funded by HarvestPlus, CIMMYT, ICARDA. Despite the promise of transgenesis and genome editing, these labor-intensive methods require significant investments, so these technologies, when applied to wheat, are still at the development stage and cannot be applied routinely. In recent years, the interest in wheat biofortification has increased due to the advances in mapping genes and QTLs for agronomically important traits. The new markers obtained from wheat genome sequencing and application of bioinformatic methods (GWAS, meta-QTL analysis) has expanded our knowledge on the traits that determine the grain mineral concentration and has identified the key gene candidates. This review describes the current research on genetic biofortification of wheat in the world and in Russia and provides information on the use of cultivated and wild-relative germplasms to expand the genetic diversity of modern wheat varieties.

One of promising areas of wheat breeding is the creation of varieties with a high concentration of anthocyanins in the grain for the production of functional food products. Nonetheless, the question of how these compounds affect seed viability after long-term storage has remained unexplored. A comparative study on seed viability was conducted using a set of near-isogenic lines on the background of spring wheat variety Saratovskaya 29. These sister lines carry different combinations of recombinant DNA regions (on chromosomes 2A and 7D) containing dominant and recessive alleles at loci Pp3 and Pp-D1 (Pp: Purple pericarp), which determine the anthocyanin color of coleoptiles and of the pericarp. Seeds were germinated on two layers of water-moistened filter paper in a climatic chamber at a constant temperature of 20 °C on a 12-hour daylight cycle. During long-term natural storage of the seeds for up to 9 years in a dry ventilated room in Kraft bags at 20 ± 2 °C, the tested wheat samples experienced a loss of seed germination capacity of ~50 %; anthocyanins were found to not participate in the preservation of germination capacity. Nonetheless, anthocyanins contributed to the preservation of seed viability under unfavorable short-term conditions of a temperature rise to 48 °C at 100 % humidity. The accelerated aging test did not predict poor germination capacity after long-term seed storage. The results showed a neutral role of anthocyanins in the maintenance of seed germination capacity for 6–9 years under natural storage conditions at 20 ± 2 °C. A small statistically significant increase in grain germination capacity during natural aging was associated with the presence of a recombinant region containing the Pp-D1 gene on wheat chromosome 7D.

Genomic selection is a technology that allows for the determination of the genetic value of varieties of agricultural plants and animal breeds, based on information about genotypes and phenotypes. The measured breeding value (BV) for varieties and breeds in relation to the target trait allows breeding stages to be thoroughly planned and the parent forms suitable for crossing to be chosen. In this work, the BLUP method was used to assess the breeding value of 149 Russian varieties and introgression lines (4 measurements for each variety or line, 596 phenotypic points) of spring wheat according to the content of seven chemical elements in the grain – K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu. The quality of the evaluation of breeding values was assessed using cross-validation, when the sample was randomly divided into five parts, one of which was chosen as a test population. The following average values of the Pearson correlation were obtained for predicting the concentration of trace elements: K – 0.67, Ca – 0.61, Mg – 0.4, Mn – 0.5, Fe – 0.38, Zn – 0.46, Cu – 0.48. Out of the 35 models studied, the p-value was below the nominal significant threshold (p-value < 0.05) for 28 models. For 11 models, the p-value was significant after correction for multiple testing (p-value < 0.001). For Ca and K, four out of five models and for Mn two out of five models had a p-value below the threshold adjusted for multiple testing. For 30 varieties that showed the best varietal values for Ca, K and Mn, the average breeding value was 296.43, 785.11 and 4.87 mg/kg higher, respectively, than the average breeding value of the population. The results obtained show the relevance of the application of genomic selection models even in such limited-size samples. The models for K, Ca and Mn are suitable for assessing the breeding value of Russian wheat varieties based on these characteristics.

Originality/Value: Farmers must use sprinkler irrigation and avoid surface irrigation because it harms the soil and increases its salinity, also represents a waste of water resources.Research limitations: Limited availability of sufficient numbers of sprinkler irrigation devices in Iraq, their high prices, and the lack of experience of farmers to use them.The Purpose of the research is to evaluate the effect of the appropriate irrigation method and the amount of fertilizer specified for urea fertilizer that achieves the best growth for the plant and increase its productivity while avoiding a negative impact on soil properties.Research Method: Two types of irrigation: spraying and flooding, and four mineral fertilization treatments (0. 50.100. 150) kg.ha-1 were used in the work to study the apparent characteristics of wheat and the amount of productivity, using statistical analysis (Gen Stat) and simple correlation coefficient to find strength of association between variables. The experiment was carried out in 2023 at Al-Khatib Farm, located in Al-Numaniyah District, it is bordered to the south by Wasit Governorate, 50 km away, and to the north by Baghdad Governorate,160 km away (Iraq).Results and Discussion. Sprinkler irrigation showed significant differences with the surface irrigation in the length of the spike, number of seed per spike,1000 seed weight, number of spikes per square meter, grain yield kg .ha-1 and the harvest index, while the plant height was not significant. The study also showed that the correlation coefficient between the apparent characteristics of the plants was stronger in the case of using sprinkler irrigation compared to the surface irrigation.

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The most important part of the plant antioxidant system is the ascorbate-glutathione cycle (AGC), the activity of which is observed upon exposure to a range of stressors, including lack of O2, and oxidative stress occurring immediately after the restoration of oxygen access, hereafter termed reaeration or post-anoxia. The operation of the AGC (enzymes and low-molecular components) in wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv. Leningradka, non-resistant to hypoxia) and rice (Oryza sativa, cv. Liman, resistant) seedlings after 24 h anoxia and 1 h or 24 h reaeration was studied. Significant accumulation of oxidized forms of ascorbate and glutathione was revealed in the non-resistant plant (wheat) after 24 h of anoxia and reaeration, indicating the development of oxidative stress. In the resistant plant (rice), reduced forms of these antioxidants prevailed both in normoxia and under stress, which may indicate their intensive reduction. In wheat, the activities of ascorbate peroxidase and dehydroascorbate reductase in shoots, and monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase in roots decreased under anoxia and reaeration. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was maintained in rice under lack of oxygen (ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase) and increased during post-anoxia (AGC reductases). Anoxia stimulated accumulation of mRNA of the organellar ascorbate peroxidase genes OsAPX3, OsAPX5 in shoots, and OsAPX3-5 and OsAPX7 in roots. At post-anoxia, the contribution of the OsAPX1 and OsAPX2 genes encoding the cytosolic forms of the enzyme increased in the whole plant, and so did that of the OsAPX8 gene for the plastid form of the enzyme. The accumulation of mRNA of the genes OsMDAR2 and OsMDAR4 encoding peroxisomal and cytosolic monodehydroascorbate reductase as well as the OsGR2 and OsGR3 for cytosolic and organellar glutathione reductase was activated during reaeration in shoots and roots. In most cases, O2 deficiency activated the genes encoding the peroxisomal, plastid, and mitochondrial forms of the enzymes, and upon reaeration, an enhanced activity of the genes encoding the cytoplasmic forms was observed. Taken together, the inactivation of AGC enzymes was revealed in wheat seedlings during anoxia and subsequent reaeration, which disrupted the effective operation of the cycle and triggered the accumulation of oxidized forms of ascorbate and glutathione. In rice, anoxia led to the maintenance of the activity of AGC enzymes, and reaeration stimulated it, including at the level of gene expression, which ensured the effective operation of AGC.

This study was conducted to identify yield and yield contributing attributes of wheat genotypes in response to heat stress. In this respect, eight wheat genotypes viz., Pavon-76, Prodip, BARI Gom-25, BARI Gom-26, BAW-1143, BAW-1146, BAW-1147 and BAW-118 were used as study materials. The experiment was evaluated in relation to heat tolerance in field condition by seeding them at November 27 (normal), December 17 (late) and January 7 (very late growing condition) over two successive years. Spike length, spike number per plant, floret number per spike and grain number per spike, floret/spike, spike dry weight and individual seed weight (seed size), grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were observed highest at normal growing condition. At late and very late growing heat stress conditions, all the genotypes showed reduced performance in those parameters at different magnitudes. Heat tolerant genotypes had higher relative values in those attributes than the MHT and heat sensitive genotype at late growing condition. Late and very late growing heat stress conditions increased the sterility in all the genotypes. HSI calculated in stress environments to assess their stress potential on the basis of grain yield. The HSI values of Prodip, BAW-1146, BAW-1147, BAW-1148 and Pavon-76 were higher than 1.0, indicating that these genotypes were susceptible to heat stress. The HSI values of the remaining three wheat genotypes indicate their various levels of tolerance to high temperature. Among them BARI Gom-25, BARI Gom-26 and BAW-1143 were tolerant to heat stress.

Background. The problem of mineral deficiency is solved by introducing the main types of fertilizers into the soil: nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. But at present, it is firmly established that sulfur is another most demanded macronutrient - an important element of plant nutrition, which improves the absorption of nitrogen compounds by agricultural crops and ensures its high quality. The article presents the results of pre-sowing and foliar treatment with sulfur nanoparticles on the yield and grain quality of soft spring wheat at various stages of growth. Purpose. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of presowing and foliar treatment with sulfur nanoparticles on the yield and grain quality of soft spring wheat of the Ekada variety at various stages of growth. Materials and methods. As a source of sulfur nanoparticles, a preparation based on calcium polysulfide was used, which, diluted to a concentration of 2%, leads to obtaining sulfur hydrosol. The sulfur particle sizes were determined using a laser particle size analyzer and a probe microscope, and the X-ray phase analysis was carried out on a diffractometer. We used soft spring wheat "Ekada 70", the characteristics of which were determined using laboratory and field experiments, which were carried out according to a completely randomized block scheme with three repetitions. Results. It was found that the treatment of wheat with sulfur nanoparticles at all stages of growth led to an improvement in the main indicators of wheat, including a higher yield and an increase in the protein content in wheat grain. Conclusion. Laboratory and field tests have shown that the treatment of soft wheat with a calcium polysulfide preparation has a positive effect on all key characteristics, from germination and number of productive stems to yield and protein content. The drug can be recommended for use as an environmentally friendly product that stimulates plant growth and increases the yield and quality of wheat.

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Experiments for the study of symptoms of the powdery mildew pathogen on wheat leaves showed that induced oxidative stress caused changes in conidial germination and appressorial formation of the wheat powdery mildew fungus. The oxidative stress was brought about by treatment with hydrogen peroxide and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. It has been shown that prooxidants have a prominent role in regulating fungal development, leading to abnormal conidial germination, thus preventing the fungal penetration into plant cells. Treatment of wheat plants with 5 mM H2O2 and 4 mM 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole resulted in a significant reduction of powdery mildew disease severity compared to the control. In most cases, on samples of infected plant tissues there were anomalies in the elongation of germ tubes and globe-shaped appressoria. From the data which was obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the result of the interaction of powdery mildew fungus with wheat is affected by the increased generation of reactive oxygen species, leading to suppression or disruption of the pathological process.

Background. Presently, a selection of environmentally friendly technologies for pre-sowing treatment of wheat seeds is conducted in agriculture. Ozone, an allotropic form of oxygen, is highly reactive, acts as an effective insecticide, promotes seed improvement, and reduces soil contamination. The impact of ozone on seeds is one of the promising technologies to improve the quality of seedlings. It is known that the field germination of winter wheat may be less than 50%, depending on the environmental conditions, and therefore the quality of seedlings is very important. Purpose. To evaluate the effect of different ozone concentrations on morphological parameters and synthesis of fatty acids (FA) in winter wheat seedlings. Materials and methods. The object of the study was the seeds of soft winter wheat (variety Irkutskaya). The ozonation was conducted with ozone concentrations of 2, 4, 6 and 8 g/m3 during 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. The germination of treated and control seeds was carried out for three days in the dark in a thermostat (24±1°C). On the third day, the morphometric characteristics were measured. The extraction of lipids from shoots and roots was carried out according to the method of Bligh, Dyer [14]. The methyl esters of lipid fatty acids were analyzed by chromato-mass spectrometry. Statistical data processing was conducted with the use of R programming language and SigmaPlot v. 12.5. Results. Ozone in concentrations of 2, 4, 6 g/m3 has a stimulating effect on seedling germination, the length of the shoots and roots increases. At ozone concentration of 8 g/m3, the length of the shoots and roots decreases. There is a general trend in the content of fatty acids, in the shoots of seedlings there is some decrease in lipid unsaturation, and in the roots - some increase in lipid unsaturation. Conclusion. Ozone in concentrations up to 8 g/m3 is suitable for pre-sowing seed treatment and improves seedling performance.

To study the remobilization rate affected by growth regulators in wheat a field experiment was carried out in the south of Iran over 2017-2019 with a split-split plot design and three iterations in completely randomized blocks. The main plots were two irrigation regimes (full irrigation and irrigation interruption at the grain-filling stage), two wheat cultivars (Chamran 2 and Durum Karkheh cv.s) were as sub plots, and four growth regulators (control (no growth regulator), salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and cytokinin) placed in sub-sub plots. Results revealed the significant impact of the triple interaction on grain yield. The highest grain yield (4803 kg/Ha) was observed for Chamran 2 cv. treated with complete irrigation and salicylic acid. Although grain yield declined by 15.5% in the Karkheh cv. with irrigation interruption at the grain-filling stage and non-administration of growth regulators, treatment with salicylic acid managed to attenuate the adverse impact of drought stress in grain yield. The highest current photosynthesis and its contribution were observed in cultivars treated with complete irrigation. Moreover, irrigation regimen and growth regulators each had significant impacts on proline, catalase enzyme, and stomatal conductance. Overall, results suggested that using salicylic acid in Chamran 2 cv. would be advisable to increase growth and grain yield and reduce decline under stress.

The biochemical composition, physical and technological properties of amaranth grain determine the possibility of its use to improve the consumer properties and nutritional value of bakery products. The obtained experimental results of the acidity and moisture content of samples of dough pieces with the addition of wheat-amaranth bran (5–15 %) and a control sample of wheat dough with 5 % content of wheat bran are within the normative values established in the standards. The addition of 5, 10 and 15 % wheat-amaranth bran improves the nutritional value of the finished product due to the high content of protein, micro- and macroelements, and highly unsaturated oil in the seeds, which contains squalene. Adding wheat-amaranth bran does not change the structure and properties of bread. The resulting samples of tin bread containing 5, 10 and 15 % wheat-amaranth bran have a smooth surface without any special deformations, a soft, elastic crumb, uniform thin-walled porosity without breaks; the taste and smell correspond to this type of wheat bread. The most pronounced taste and smell of wheat bread with 5 % wheat bran content is in tin bread containing 15 % wheat-amaranth bran. The physicochemical parameters of wheat-amaranth test samples, with the exception of moisture and acidity, do not exceed the values of the control sample. Based on the results of the research, technology for preparing enriched wheat pan bread with the addition of wheat-amaranth bran in amounts of 5, 10 and 15 % has been developed.

Wheat is one of three main food crops around the world, which has the largest distribution area due to its adaptation to the different environments. This review considers polymorphisms and allelic variation of the vernalization response genes Vrn controlling the major adaptation traits in wheats (the genus Triticum L.): growth habit (spring vs. winter) and length of vegetative period (earliness). The review summarizes available information on the allelic diversity of the Vrn genes and discusses molecular-level relationships between Vrn polymorphisms and their effect on growth habit (spring vs. winter) and earliness (length vegetative period in spring plants) in di-, tetra- and hexaploid wheat species. A unique attempt has been made to relate information on mutations (polymorphisms) in dominant Vrn alleles to the values of the commercially most important trait “length of plant vegetative period (earliness)”. The effects of mutations (polymorphisms) in the recessive vrn genes on vernalization requirement in winter wheats are considered, and this trait was formalized. The evolution of the winter/spring growth habit in the genus Triticum species is discussed. A scheme of phylogenetic interactions between Vrn alleles was constructed on the basis of these polymorphisms; the paper considers the possibilities to enhance the diversity of polymorphisms for the dominant Vrn genes and their alleles using wheat related species and rarely used alleles and discusses the prospects of breeding for improved earliness for concrete agroecological zones.

Introduction. The amino acid composition of compound feed is of great importance in feeding all kinds of animals. The lack of one or another amino acid limits the assimilation of other amino acids, resulting in excessive compound feed consumption, deterioration of the metabolism in the bodies of animals and increasing of their susceptibility to diseases. The use of grain heaps of wheat in the early ripening stages as feed raw materials is a promising direction for the development of the fodder base that will provide a balanced amino acid composition of compound feed with a lower content of expensive fish meal, which is the main source of protein in compound feeds. Aim of the Article. The article is aimed at determining the optimal ripening stage of spiked cereals, at which a high content of protein and proteinogenic amino acids is observed. The proposed technology and technological tools for early harvesting of spiked cereals will reduce agrotechnical terms of harvesting, reducing losses from shatter losses, and get grain of enhanced nutritive value. Materials and Methods. To study the amino acid composition, 4 samples of a winter wheat grain heap were taken: the winter wheat varieties Admiral and Luchezar, the perennial winter wheat (trititrigia) variety Pamyati Lyubimovoy and the gray wheatgrass variety Sova. Harvesting the wheat of these varieties was carried out by a combing-threshing unit in 5 phenological stages (growth stages are presented on the BBCH scale): 77 – late milk ripeness, 83 – early phase of wax ripeness, 87 – gold wax ripeness, 89 – full ripeness, 92 – overripeness. Results. The results of analyzing amino acid composition of 4 samples of wheat grain heap showed a high content of almost all the amino acids studied in the phase of gold wax ripeness, except of aspartic acid and asparagine, glutamic acid and glutamine, and tryptophan. Discussion and Conclusion. Grain heap of waxy ripeness wheat is a promising grain raw material for the production of compound feeds, which will reduce the amount of expensive components, such as fishmeal.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple food and major source of dietary calories in Pakistan. Improving wheat varieties with higher grain yield and disease resistance is a prime objective. The knowledge of genetic behaviour of germplasm is key. To achieve this objective, elite wheat varieties were crossed in 4 by 3, line × tester design, and tested in 2019 in a triplicate yield trial to estimate genetic variance, general and specific combining ability, mid-parent heterosis and stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis L.). High grain 3358 kg·ha–1 was recorded in F1 hybrid (ZRG-79 × PAK-13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant genotypic variance in grain yield. Broad sense heritability (H2) was recorded in the range of 28 to 100 %. General combining ability (GCA) significant for grain yield in parents except FSD-08 and PS-05 was recorded, while specific combining ability (SCA) was recorded to be highly significant for grain yield only in two crosses (ZRG-79 × NR-09 and ZRG-79 × PAK-13). Mid-parent heterosis was estimated in the range of –28 to 62.6 %. Cross combinations ZRG-79 × PAK-13 depicted highly significant mid-parent heterosis (62.6 %). Highly significant correlation was observed among spike length, spikelets per spike, plant height and 1000-grain weight. Rust resistance index was recorded in the range of 0 to 8.5. These findings suggest exploitation of GCA for higher grain yield is important due to the presence of additive gene action and selection in the filial generations will be effective with improved rust resistance, while cross combinations ZRG-79 × PAK-13 high GCA are best suited for hybrid development.

Background. Among wheat breeding trends, the Research Institute of Agriculture for the Northern Trans-Ural Region prioritizes selection of new source material and development of cultivars with improved agronomic traits and higher resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental stressors. The breeders also pay attention to environmental plasticity of the cultivars.Materials and methods. A field study of 362 spring bread wheat accessions from VIR was performed in the fields of the Research Institute of Agriculture for the Northern Trans-Ural Region in 2011–2016 under contrasting climate conditions. Thirty genotypes were identified for a set of useful agronomic traits. The data were processed using mathematical statistics methods. Rank correlation coefficients, plasticity indices (bi), yield ranges (d, %), homeostaticity (H-st), homeostasis (Hom), and responsiveness coefficients (Kp) were calculated.Results. It was established that cultivars with potentially high yield, plasticity, and strong response to changing environmental conditions: ‘Altaiskaya 110’ (k-65128), ‘Bashkirskaya 28’ (k-64852), ‘AC Pollet’ (k-64975), ‘Chelyaba 75’ (k-64871), ‘Aletch’ (k65011), and ‘Struna Mironovskaya’ (k-65016), may be recommended for breeding intensive cultivars. Accessions with low levels of plasticity and less pronounced environmental variability indices, but tolerant to deteriorated environmental conditions: ‘Tarskaya 10’ (k-64996), ‘FPCh-Рpd-0s’ (k-65123), and ‘Novosibirskaya 44’ (k-64867), can be used to produce climateresistant cultivars.Conclusion. The Ymax, d, V and Kp indicators should be applied for preliminary assessment of cultivars for yield variability, as they are positively correlated to each other and provide quite significant information. Such complementary indicators as bi and S2di, H-st and Hom, positively associated with each other and having a multidirectional effect, are effective for comprehensive assessment of cultivars for environmental variability.

Background. Leaf and stem diseases of cereal crops are among the most harmful in the agrocenoses of Tambov Province, significantly reducing grain yield and rapidly progressing in many regions of Russia. The aim of the study was to identify spring bread wheat lines and cultivars developed at the Middle-Russian Branch of the I.V. Michurin Federal Science Center that show resistance to leaf and stem diseases.Materials and methods. The target material was represented by 3 cultivars and 23 breeding lines of spring bread wheat. Disease resistance in seedlings was assessed in the laboratory, while for adult plants the process was carried out in the field in 2020–2022. The presence of the Tsn1 allele controlling susceptibility to the PtrToxA fungal toxin was detected using the Xfcp623 molecular marker.Results and conclusions. Accessions with high levels of resistance to Zymoseptoria tritici were identified: L-8252, L-82/60, L-8107, L-8078(23), L-43-9, L-43-1, L-4, Stb-8/15, Stb-7/15, and Stb-92. Accessions Stb-97, Stb-89, Stb-89(a), Stb-90, Stb-34, and Rl-6-22 were resistant to Parastagonospora nodorum; L-8134, L-8114, L-82/60, L-8107, Stb-10/15, Stb-9/15, Stb-8/15, Stb-7/15, Stb-97, Stb-89, Stb-89(a), Stb-90, Stb-34, and Rl-6-22 to P. pseudonodorum; L-8252, L-8107, L-43-9, L-43-1, L-4, Stb10/15, Stb-9/15, Stb-97, Stb-92, Stb-92(a), Stb-89, Stb-89(a), and Stb-34 to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis; and L-8114, L-82/60, L-43-9, L-43-1, L-4, Stb-90, Stb-34, and Rl-6-22 to Bipolaris sorokiniana. The cultivars and breeding lines showed group resistance to two, three or four pathogens. It was Lines L-8252, L-8134, L-82/60, L-8107, L-8078 (23), L-43-9, L-43-1, L-4, Stb-89, Stb-90, Stb-34, and L-33809-7-3 were observed to carry the recessive allele of the tsn1 gene.

Legumes, in particular beans, differ significantly from cereals in protein content, amino acids, micro- and macroelements, so it can be argued that the addition of beans to the composite mixture will improve the nutrient composition and use the final products (pasta or bakery products) as specialized with increased protein content. The purpose of the work is to study the effect of red bean flour on the rheological properties of dough from a composite mixture based on durum wheat grits, as well as to confirm the possibility of using this product for the production of pasta with high protein content. The influence of beans has been determined by establishing a correlation between the qualitative characteristics of the components of the composite mixture and the rheological properties of the dough based on them. The objects of research are grains of durum wheat variety Krasnokutka-13, whole-ground flour from red food beans and composite mixtures based on them in a percentage ratio: 90 : 10, 80 : 20, 70 : 30, 60 : 40, 50 : 50, 40 : 60, 30 : 70, 20 : 80, and 10 : 90, as well as pasta from composite mixtures. The expediency of using bean flour for the production of pasta has been confirmed. The data obtained are applicable for the preparation and conduct of clinical trials of universal mixtures with high protein content based on bean flour in patients with diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome.

March 12, 2023 is the anniversary of Lyubov Vladimirovna Khotyleva, Academician of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) of Belarus, one of the world’s largest specialists in the field of genetics of agricultural plants. She published more than 400 scientific works, received 18 copyright certificates for varieties and inventions. Lyubov V. Khotyleva directed the Institute of Genetics and Cytology of the NAS of Belarus for almost a quarter of a century, raised several generations of scientists. Under her leadership, six Doctors and 43 Candidates of Sciences defended their theses. In different years, Lyubov Vladimirovna was the Vice-President of the N.I. Vavilov All-Union Society of Geneticists and Breeders, the President of the Belarus Society of Geneticists and Breeders, was a member of the presidium of the Higher Attestation Commission (VAK) of Belarus and VAK of Russia, was an Academician-Secretary of the Biological Department of the NAS of Belarus. L.V. Khotyleva carries out important scientific and organizational work as one of the prominent experts in the field of plant genetics, member of the editorial boards of several specialized periodicals.

The response of 250 common winter wheat breeding lines was investigated for resistance to the causative agent of Puccinia triticina under conditions of an infected field on the territory of Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute – General Toshevo, Bulgaria, during three successive seasons. Twenty lines with different degrees of resistance under field conditions were selected. Multi-pathotype testing was used to study the response of these lines at seedling stage under greenhouse conditions to individual pathotypes of P. triticina. Based on the response of the lines at seedling and adult stages, we found out that 20 % of them carried race-specific resistance. One of the lines (99/08-52) reacted with full resistance to the pathotypes used under greenhouse conditions. The reaction demonstrated by this line coincided with the response of isogenic lines carrying the genes Lr9, Lr19, Lr22a, Lr22b and Lr25. The other three lines (19/06-108, 82/08-43 and 82/08-35) showed a resistant reaction to 6 or 5 of the pathotypes used in the study. Their response partially coincided with the reaction of 5 isogenic lines, and the presence of some of these genes in the above lines is quite possible. Lines carrying this type of resistance are to be subjected to further genetic and breeding investigations to prove the presence of a race-specific gene. Twenty-five percent of the lines combined partial race-specific resistance at seedling stage with the resistance of race non-specific nature at adult stage. Forty percent of all studied lines carried race non-specific resistance, and 15 % of the lines possessed resistance of the “slow rusting” type. As a result of the study we carried out, the lines that demonstrated stable resistance to leaf rust can provide sufficient protection of the host and can be included in the breeding programs for developing varieties resistant to P. triticina.

Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) is a common wheat disease of economic importance in all world wheat production regions. In most of the regions stripe rust causes yield losses of 10-70 %, depending on the time infection occur, host susceptibility, disease development, and the duration of the epidemics. In South Russia even in unfavourable conditions for the pathogen, stripe rust occurred in the region every year, and in some areas there are foci of the disease with of up to 50% severity. Phytopathological testing is one of the least expensive and most effective methods for the rapid identification of juvenile resistance genes in varieties against pathogens. It allows to obtain detailed information about the genetics of the host and pathogen in a short time. In the research Yr resistant genes and its combinations were postulated in winter wheat varieties of Russian breeding to North-Caucasus population of stripe rust by this method. Purpose of this study was identification of known stripe rust resistance genes in 12 commercial winter wheat cultivars by phytopathological testing. Material and methods: The postulation of known resistance genes was carried out in a greenhouse complex (seedling stage) and at the research station (adult plant stage) of the Laboratory of Plant Immunity to Diseases of the Federal Scientific Center for Biological Plant Protection (Krasnodar). For postulation, we chose the method by Dubin et al. (1989), based on the comparison of response types of differential cultivars and studied varieties to Pst isolates. Results. In 10 out of 12 winter wheat varieties of Russian breeding, 13 stripe rust resistance genes and their combinations were postulated.: Yr3, Yr3a, Yr6, Yr32, Yr2+6, Yr2+9, Yr39+Alp, Yr4+12, Yr4b, Yr3a+4a+H46, YrA, YrSp, YrSU. The following resistance genes have not been identified: Yr2, Yr5, Yr10, Yr10+Mor, Yr24, Yr27, Yr25+32, since no isolates virulent to carriers of these genes were isolated from the North Caucasian population of P. striiformis; and they are highly effective against this population. Highly effective (Yr3, Yr2+9, Yr3a, Yr4+12, Yr3a+4a+H46) resistance genes were identified in the Kurs, Morozko, and Step’ varieties. We note a combination of effective Yr2+6 genes in the Gurt variety. In field conditions, high resistance (degree of damage up to 10%) to the North Caucasian population of the stripe rust pathogen was shown by lines and differential cultivars containing the following resistance genes: Yr2, Yr3, Yr8, Yr10, Yr24, Yr25, Yr27, Yr10+Mor, Yr3a, Yr25+32, Yr3a+4a+H46, Yr3с+Min, Yr4+12, Yr7+25, Yr8+19, 8+6+25, YrSp. Due to the low degree of damage, these genes and their combinations are classified as highly effective and can be involved in the breeding process to create new resistant varieties. Varieties containing these genes can also be recommended for breeders and used in production for effective disease control.

Relevance. Currently, the relevance of studying to identify the ability of many micromycetes to synthesize phytotoxic substances that reduce seed germination and lead to huge losses in the yield of strategic agricultural crops is increasing. To solve the problem, the development of new methodological approaches is required, which is significant for immunologists and phytopathologists.The purpose of this work is to determine the phytotoxic activity of micromycete strains from the genera Fusarium, Alternaria, Bipolaris, parasitizing on all agricultural crops cultivated in Russia.Materials and methods. The strains, the methods of their cultivation, the bioassay method were used, and the statistical processing of the results obtained was carried out. A modification of some methodological approaches for assessing the phytotoxicity of micromycetes has been carried out. The selection of representative concentrations of culture fluid filtrates (FCF) of strains for phytotoxicity evaluation was carried out.Results. A correlation was established for all variants of the experiment between two independent parameters: the development parameters of wheat seedlings and the concentration of cultural liquid filtrates. New results have been obtained on the study of the phytotoxic activity of 70 strains of hemibiotrophic micromycetes and the optimal concentrations of fungal FAs for classifying fungal strains into toxicity groups have been established. The most variable toxicity values were found when using a 40% solution of FCL. It was shown that, under these conditions, fungal strains can be divided according to the degree of toxicity into significantly different groups. This circumstance is an important reason for including strains of micromycetes with certain toxicity properties in the State Collection of Phytopathogenic Microorganisms. Fungal strains are necessary and appropriate for use in breeding to create resistant and tolerant varieties to phytopathogens from the genera Fusarium, Alternaria, Bipolaris.Conclusion. New methodological approaches have confirmed that the most variable toxicity values were found with the use of FCF in a ratio of 2:3. This concentration of FCF strains are divided into 4 groups with characteristic differences in the degree of toxicity, which is an important reason for including such strains of micromycetes in the State Collection of Phytopathogenic Microorganisms and will be further used in breeding to create resistant and tolerant varieties of agricultural crops.

On June 3, 2023, we celebrated the 75th birthday of Olga Pavlovna Mitrofanova, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Chief Researcher of the VIR Department of Wheat Genetic Resources.

Subject. Effectiveness of state interventions aimed at stabilising domestic prices. Objectives. To study the effectiveness of procurement and commodity interventions in the grain market regarding their ability to stabilise grain prices within Russia. Methodology. Correlation analysis, economic and mathematical modelling based on regression models, calculation of statistical indicators of variation. Conclusions. Procurement and commodity interventions conducted in Russia are not effective enough to ensure price stability in the grain market, which was confirmed by the low values of average linear deviations of actual market prices from the values calculated by regression equations for the periods of interventions. Building economic and mathematical models of the relationship between grain prices and significant factors showed that domestic prices considerably depended on global grain prices and were also highly influenced by the dynamics of production factors in grain-consuming industries. Thus, it is necessary to supplement the mechanism of interventions used in Russia, specifically through measures that help to reduce the dependence on external factors with a high influence. The results of the conducted study may be further used to determine a wider range of factors that affect domestic grain prices and, based on this, to improve the conducted state interventions.

Drought is a global problem, limiting crop production and quality, and it is more detrimental under climate change conditions. It decreases crop yield by affecting the key plant metabolic pathways. Drought triggers a wide variety of plant responses, ranging from cellular metabolism to changes in growth rates and crop yields. Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops and extensively cultivated in wide ranges of altitudes in Afghanistan. With an alarming population growth in the era of climatic change, there is a need for further crop improvement for sustainable production. Understanding the physiological and biochemical responses wheat to drought is essential for a holistic perception of resistance mechanisms to drought conditions. This review article has been divided into two parts, i.e., Physiological and biochemical responses of wheat to drought stress, and drought stress mitigation approaches. I+n the first part, physiological and biochemical responses of wheat to stress were discussed. Drought stress reduces relative water content of leaves, chlorophyll content, and membrane stability. It adversely affects photosynthesis by changing the inner structure of chloroplasts, mitochondria, and chlorophyll content and minerals. Drought stress induces generation of active oxygen species, and the production of antioxidant enzymes in response to water stress as an adaptive mechanism against oxidative damage. This review article elucidates the physiological and biochemical responses of wheat to drought stress conditions and provides drought mitigation options that could contribute in food security under changing climate.

Background. Global climate change and excessive nitrogen application has become a significant issue and inevitably threatens sustainable wheat production, not only with direct negative effects on crop growth but also with profound impacts on biology and pest and disease management. Purpose. This review addresses the current challenges, namely the negative effects of climate change and the forms and excess of nitrogen-rich fertilizers on the development of fungal diseases in wheat, as well as management strategies. Materials and methods. To achieve the stated objective of the study, the scientific literature published during the last 20 years on the impacts of climate change and the forms and excesses of nitrogen fertilizers on the development of fungal diseases and on the yield of wheat were reviewed. Results. Thus, in mitigating these challenges, it is necessary to optimize the dose of nitrogen fertilizers, apply nitrogen in the form of nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, and coated urea fertilizers, to use silicate fertilizers such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium silicate, and to perform a long rotation of wheat through perennial legumes and leguminous crops, as well as to develop, through genome editing, varieties with high yield potential, resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses, and of good end-use quality, or plant new cereals that have needs for heat and a longer reproductive growth period. Conclusion. To develop an effective agricultural management strategy, future research should be based on the study of the interactions among crops, pests, pathogens and farming system under climate change, taking into account all parameters such as temperature increase and CO2, extreme precipitation, etc. A sufficient number of results must be published to be able to draw meaningful conclusions.

Wheat is a major cereal crop grown worldwide. Mutation breeding with the objective to improving grain yield was performed for selection of mutant lines. Dry dormant seeds with approx. 11 % moisture of three Australian genotypes (Mendos, Coorong and Egret) were treated with 100, 160 and 200 Gy Co-60 gamma radiation and mutants were selected between the M1 and M5 generations for yield production under field experimental conditions. Decrease in survival rate (%) of plants was observed. Five seeds from each spike per plant of M1 plants were collected, bulked dose-wise and grown separately as M2. Fifteen promising mutant lines retested in a M5-trial for yield in comparison with the parent cultivars. Significant differences (P

Deep processing of grain bran is an important, promising direction that allows the use of by-products (secondary products) of flour milling in order to obtain valuable food components for the creation of enriched food products, as well as specialized grain-based products. Polycomponent bran, obtained during the joint processing of cereals (wheat), legumes (lentils) and oilseeds (flax), in terms of its chemical composition and the state of the proteinproteinase complex, is a unique raw material that can be used for further processing. In particular, it is suitable for the use in producing hydrolysates and other structurally modified products using enzymatic biocatalytic methods. An assessment of the chemical composition and biochemical characteristics of new types of bran showed a high protein content, in which the proportion of the albumin-globulin fraction predominated (78.5-86%), while a significant part of the protein (7.6-10%) was strongly bonded to other biopolymers. The bran proteolytic enzymes acting in the neutral (pH 6.8) and acidic (pH 3.8) pH zones were isolated and studied. It was shown that lentil-flax bran was characterized by the highest proteolytic activity, while the activity of neutral proteinases exceeded the activity of acid proteinases in all three variants: 1.32, 1.37 and 1.56 times, respectively. It was established that protein inhibitors of trypsin and their own proteinases were present in all studied bran types. They inhibited the activity of acid proteinases to a greater extent than neutral ones (% inhibition): 37.5 versus 28.2 (option 1); 32.3 versus 24.5 (option 2); 48.6 versus 32.4 (option 3). The molecular weight, according to gel chromatography, was as follows: neutral proteinases 250,000 200,000 Da, acid proteinases 100,000 75,000 Da. Protein inhibitors isolated from multicomponent bran had a molecular weight of 25,000-20,000 Da. The data obtained will be used in experimental studies on targeted biocatalysis in order to obtain products of a given composition and properties.

Food safety all over the world is largely dependent on production of grains that are cultivated in 60% of agricultural lands. Wheat is the main food for millions of people and one of the three most commonly cultivated grain cultures worldwide, along with corn and rice. Modern wheat is a product of gene engineering interventions aimed at increased productivity, yields, nutrient quota, and storage time, as well as immunogenic properties. However, the consumption of gluten, a proline and glutamine-rich wheat, rye and barley protein, triggers gluten-dependent disorders, such as celiac disease, wheat allergy, baker's asthma and wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. This group of disorders are curable provided the correct diagnosis has been made and strict lifelong gluten-free diet is implemented. Continuous patient's adherence to the gluten-free diet is associated with a number of medical and paramedical challenges, and the adherence level of the most compliant patients does not exceed 80%. The paper discuss other treatment strategies to improve the nutrition of people with gluten-sensitive disorders, in particular, the reduction grain gluten content, gluten sequestration in the gut before its digestion, prevention of gluten absorption and subsequent immune cell activation, and administration of tissue transglutaminase 2 inhibitors.

Proper nutrition can give us health, longevity and beauty. It assumes that the body regularly needs the necessary amount and many nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, water, minerals, vitamins should be supplied in optimal proportions. In Kazakhstan, wheat is industrially produced only millet and semi-artisanal products such as "tari", "talkan" and "zhent" are produced. And wheat is an ideal product that can be attributed to the right raw materials, since the fact that it does not contain gluten, the raw materials are rich in B vitamins and protein. The research and development of the technology of the national cereal product talkan, creates an opportunity to expand the range of products, enrich the food market and the consumer's diet with a new cereal product rich in irreplaceable components, and developed taking into account forgotten original traditions and national culture. The analysis was carried out in the laboratory of Almaty Technological University. The calculated part of the finished product was analyzed to determine the chemical composition, the content of micro and macroelements. We have developed the technology of PN Talkan preserving all the useful properties. At the stage of approval of regulatory and technical documents for the production of PN Talkan. In this research work, the traditional product was improved in a new, most useful format. The technology of low-calorie millet talkan has been developed.

Background. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that, despite the breeding achievements in releasing cultivars with high potential yield and resistance to the most common stressors in the regions, it is almost impossible to foresee and accurately predict the reaction of cultivars under production conditions. Besides, extreme weather events, including heat waves, droughts and downpours, will increasingly manifest themselves under global climate warming. To reduce the risk of a significant decrease in gross grain harvests in dry years and achieve high results under favorable conditions, the goal was to develop a comprehensive indicator for assessing the agroecological adaptability of genotypes to some consequences of global climate warming.Materials and methods. The results of a competitive test of 5 cultivars and 9 promising lines of spring wheat for their yield across six years contrasting in moisture availability by calculating the indicators of responsiveness to favorable conditions, grain yield depression under unfavorable conditions and the relative yield index were used to develop a complex indicator proposed to assess the agroecological adaptability of a genotype to contrasting environmental conditions.Results. The proposed method makes it possible to perform a comprehensive assessment that takes into account the responsiveness of an accession to improved agroclimatic conditions and the degree of its reaction to adverse environmental factors, taking into account the yield index in the studied set. The method is recommended for evaluating the source material and identifying the diversity of its responses to changes in agroclimatic conditions as well as for the stage of competitive variety testing in plant breeding for adaptability.

The historical path from the analysis of morphological adaptation to morphogenetic, but with a new information content: morphogenetic → molecular → supramolecular → ... is increasingly acquiring not only a physico-chemical interpretation, but also the path to ecological biotechnology, aimed at the goals and objectives of the developed protective equipment , which contribute to the development in the understanding of the general patterns that biology faces. In this paper, the features of the biological specificity of morphogenesis and structural stability are considered from the perspective of supramolecular biochemistry of the genetic and proteomic basis of total chromatin. It is noted that in the model system, collection germs of wheat seeds, and in the process of their organ-specific, coordinated-regular growth when switching development subprograms: "donor" spring → winter "donor" → again spring, respectively, positioning occurs, in the time period of growth, core histone (Н3+Н4)'': spring-mesocotyl (42 h) → winter-root system (42 h) → spring-whole highly differentiated embryo (24 h, 30 h). Based on the data obtained, a targeted approach to assessing and predicting the prospects of ecogenetic-biotechnological developments is possible.

Throughout history, Puccinia graminis tritici, Ug99 has been regarded as a significant danger to the production of wheat because it causes the stem or "black rust" disease. The main biotic factors limiting wheat yield are the three rust diseases that affect wheat: stem, leaf, and stripe rust. Stem rust, which can result in losses of up to 70%, is a significant threat to global food security. In cultivars that are susceptible, stem rust mostly parasitizes the surface of the leaf and stem, but it can also attack the leaf sheaths, spikes, glumes, awns, and grains. Heavy dews, high humidity, and warm temperatures (24–30 °C) are all favorable for the development of stem rust. Urediniospore production occurs in these circumstances 7–14 days following infection. Its expansion to other nations in Africa, Asia, and beyond is evident, whether caused by the wind or human intervention. The issue caused by rust can be solved by understanding the illness, locating resistance lines, and subsequently creating resistant types with the aim of shortening the disease. Cultural traditions, the use of pesticides, and the use of resistant varieties like Vijaya, Tilottama, Banganga, Gaura, Dhaulagiri, Danphe, Swargadwari, etc. are all part of management techniques.

Wheatgrass (Th. intermedium) has been traditionally used in wheat breeding for obtaining wheat-wheatgrass hybrids and varieties with introgressions of new genes for economically valuable traits. However, in the 1980s in the United States wheatgrass was selected from among perennial plant species as having promise for domestication and the development of dual-purpose varieties for grain (as an alternative to perennial wheat) and hay. The result of this work was the creation of the wheatgrass varieties Kernza (The Land Institute, Kansas) and MN-Clearwater (University of Minnesota, Minnesota). In Omsk State Agrarian University, the variety Sova was developed by mass selection of the most winter-hardy biotypes with their subsequent combination from the population of wheatgrass obtained from The Land Institute. The average grain yield of the variety Sova is 9.2 dt/ha, green mass is 210.0 dt/ ha, and hay is 71.0 dt/ha. Wheatgrass is a crop with a large production potential, beneficial environmental properties, and valuable grain for functional food. Many publications show the advantages of growing the Kernza variety compared to annual crops in reducing groundwater nitrate contamination, increasing soil carbon sequestration, and reducing energy and economic costs. However, breeding programs for domestication of perennial crops are very limited in Russia. This paper presents an overview of main tasks faced by breeders, aimed at enhancing the yield and cultivating wheatgrass efficiency as a perennial grain and fodder crop. To address them, both traditional and modern biotechnological and molecular cytogenetic approaches are used. The most important task is to transfer target genes of Th. intermedium to modern wheat varieties and decrease the level of chromatin carrying undesirable genes of the wild relative. The first consensus map of wheatgrass containing 10,029 markers was obtained, which is important for searching for genes and their introgressions to the wheat genome. The results of research on the nutritional and technological properties of wheatgrass grain for the development of food products as well as the differences in the quality of wheatgrass grain and wheat grain are presented.

Wheat rusts caused by Puccinia spp. is economically significant foliar syndrome in the main wheat-growing areas of Ethiopia. Safeguard of wheat from rust diseases has very exceptional worth to be profitable and reduce hunger. Screening of wheat genotypes against rust and monitoring of race development and monitoring of variability in wheat rust pathogens by international trap nurseries is vital to mitigate rust impact. In this experiment, resistance to wheat yellow rusts of 119 wheat germplasm comprising varieties, advanced lines along with 19 international yellow rust trap rust nurseries were studied under natural infection in 2018-2019 years in different geographic zones of Ethiopia. The information of this finding revealed that majority of the test cultivars displayed susceptible reaction to the prevalent yellow rust races. However, few cultivars and candidate lines exhibited lower diseases severities. Among the differentials, Yr5+, Yr10 and Yr15 are still effective to the prevalent yellow rust races. Thus, those candidate wheat genotypes tested in this experiment and showed lower diseases severities will contribute a significant role to wheat breeding program in diversification and development of cultivars with durable or long lasting resistance.

Wheat production and productivity is significantly constrained by multiple pathogens of which Septoria tritici blotch is an economically important foliar disease in the major wheat-growing areas of the world including Ethiopia. Host plant resistance rests the first mark of protection to mitigate this foliar disease, principally in developing countries for economically humble farmers and the most eco-friendly and lucrative strategy for profitable farmers. Thus, the present experiment was executed with the aim of screening of wheat genotypes against septoria leaf blotch. A total of 451 wheat genotypes comprising 436 advanced bread wheat genotypes and 15 commercial released varieties were incorporated in the study. The study shown that none of the genotypes were displayed immune reaction. Close to half (47.1%) of examined wheat genotypes showed good tolerance to the diseases, while the remaining, exceeding half of test genotypes displayed moderately susceptible to susceptible reaction. Therefore, those genotypes which express highly to moderately resistant reaction to septoria tritici could have an imperative role in resistance breeding to septoria leaf blotch which intern play key role for maximizing yield and reduce hunger.

This article explores the use of unconventional herbal raw chia seeds. We studied bread made from whole wheat and rye grains with the addition of moistened chia seeds. According to the recipe for making bread, an optimal sample of bread was selected, all indicators of the quality of the dough and finished bread were determined. According to the results of the study, a sample with the addition of 10% chia seeds as an additive to the wheat dough was chosen as the most optimal option. In general, it was found that the consistency of a semifinished product prepared from the optimal variant, in terms of dryness and in general, in terms of rheological properties, does not impair the quality of the finished bread. According to the research data, in the optimal variant, the content of antioxidants is higher than in the control sample. In the raw materials used, the amount of starch is less, and the presence of proteins is greater, based on this, the total starch content decreases, this helps to slow down the hardening of bread, which is proved by the research results.

April 2, 2022 marks the anniversary of Lyudmila Andreevna Bespalova, an Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, one of the prominent wheat and triticale breeders, the author of many varieties introduced into agricultural practice both in our country and abroad, which are cultivated in areas encompassing millions of hectares, thus making a significant contribution to solving the global food security problem. Lyudmila A. Bespalova is a recognized classic in the field of wheat breeding and seed production, she has published over 300 scientific papers, and received about 120 copyright certificates and patents. Acad. Bespalova is a bright representative of domestic breeders, who maintains the traditions of one of the largest scientific schools and takes an active part in the life of the community of geneticists and breeders in this country by training young specialists and increasing the prestige of and demand for the profession of a breeder.

An infrared thermometer was first used to assess drought and heat tolerance in plant breeding more than 40 years ago. Soon afterward, this method became widely used throughout the world. However, Russia has not yet applied the described method for evaluating stress tolerance. This paper presents an overview of using infrared thermometry in plant breeding. Taking wheat as an example, it shows major advantages and disadvantages of canopy temperature depression (CTD) values measured by the infrared thermometer. The paper also demonstrates that genotypes with higher CTD values, and therefore with a lower canopy temperature, use more available soil moisture under drought stress to cool the canopy by transpiration. It refers to CTD as an integrative trait that reflects an overall plant water status. Its coefficient of variation lies in the interval of 10 to 43 %. A large number of publications illustrate a close relation between CTD values and yield and indicate a high heritability of the former. Meanwhile, the same works show that yield has a higher heritability. Moreover, some researchers doubt that CTD should be used in applied wheat breeding as there are many factors that influence it. CTD has a high correlation with other traits that reflect plant water status or their adaptation to drought or heat stress. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with CTD are localized in all chromosomes, except for 3D. These QTLs often explain a small part of phenotypic variance (10–20 %, more likely less than 10 %), which complicates the pyramiding of canopy temperature genes through marker-assisted selection. The paper concludes that the evaluation of CTD appears to be a reliable, relatively simple, labor-saving, objective, and non-invasive method that sets it apart from other methods as well as shows the best results under terminal drought and heat stress conditions.

The accumulation of proline in response to the adverse effects of heavy metals on plants has been studied. To elucidate the role of proline in the plant response to stress induced by heavy metal, the effect of this amino acid on the inhibition of nitrate reductase in vitro was studied. The ability of proline to protect NR from the action of zinc, copper, lead and cadmium was found. Other protective mechanisms of heavy metal-induced proline accumulation are also discussed. In addition to antioxidants, compounds called osmoprotectants also play a special role in relieving the negative effects of oxidative stress that occurs in plants. These include glycinbetaine, proline, and mannitol. Among them, the biological role of proline is most common among plants. The results of this study are related to the development of pre-sowing processing (priming) of grains of various varieties of spring wheat to increase its resistance to heavy metals, yield and seed quality. The study is aimed not only at increasing seed germination, growth and development of their seedlings under heavy metal exposure, but also at determining the amount of proline in sprouted seeds after priming. It was carried out under the above-mentioned conditions of different concentrations of priming and copper salt solution and studied how Proline levels change in wheat sprouts. The obtained results show for the first time that the relationship between antioxidants and osmoprotectants changes during oxidative stress caused by heavy metal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of the study of the composition of fungal species that cause staining, necrotization of grain tissue, stems to common wheat leaves, durum wheat, barley. The fungi with the highest incidence were Alternaria alternata (33.8 %), Fusarium avenaceum var. herbarum (20.6 %), Helminthosporium avenae (19.4 %). Culture filtrates of the F. avenaceum var. herbarum isolates involved in the study inhibited the germination of the kernels, the growth of the embryonic root with different intensity, the largest share in the source of variation of the growth of the embryonic root returning to the isolate factor of the fungus (65.7 %%). The role of genotype and isolated genotype x interactions was 25.5 % and 5.7 %, respectively

The population is increasing day by day and agricultural land is occupied by urban cities because of the shortage of residential areas and by increasing the industries the pollution is at peak level that causes climate change and uses of chemical fertilizers the soil fertility is decreased. Due to these environmental conditions the overall yield of cereals crops is reduced. The wheat is a major food source for all over the world. But the production of wheat nowadays is more far from the requirement. After the availability of whole genome sequence of bread wheat opens many new opportunities for scientists. This whole genome helps in deep analysis and to formulate new breeding technology and to develop an advanced variety of bread wheat that fulfills the need of requirement. The environment conditions (abiotic and biotic stresses) have a severe impact on wheat growth and development that reduces the overall yield. In winter wheat the cold stress causes delay in the fruiting process and break in growth. After the availability of the whole genome of wheat the deep analysis showed the presence of some frost tolerance genes. The over expression of these genes in Arabidopsis showed the increase in frost tolerance. This deep analysis helps breeders to come up with more stress tolerance variety. It also helps in finding new molecular markers that help in marker assisted breeding and in speed breeding. The advancement of Genomic and Proteomic drive the crop biotechnology to resolve the shortage of food for a large population.

The molecular-genetic dynamics of the proteome reorganization of the total chromatin matrix of winter wheat removed from the spring wheat is considered from the perspective of the concept of supramolecular chemistry, which is emerging as an interdisciplinary science. The zones of localization of linker and core histones of nucleosomes in genetic subsystems (mesocotyl, root → coleoptile) are shown. A morphogenetic feature of the localization of the core histone (H3 + H4) ꞌꞌ, which claims to be structural stability under stress conditions, was revealed. Perhaps, through the analysis of the physicochemical points of localization of the interaction of histones with the "linker" and "core" DNA of nucleosomes, an approach can be developed according to R. Tom's terminology: "logical and mathematical schemes of the theory and practice of biological specificity."

Introduction. Durum wheat is vital for high-quality pasta production. The present research tested the high technological potential of durum wheat varieties developed in the Saratov region. The research objective was to study the effect of the quality of durum wheat on the quality of pasta. Study objects and methods. The study featured durum wheat of the following varieties: Saratovskaya Zolotistaya, Valentina, Nik, Krasnokutka 13, Luch 25, Pamyati Vasilchuka, Bezenchukskaya 182 and Annushka. The experiment involved an original PSL-13 press for standard spaghetti with a diameter of 1.8 mm. The content of protein, raw gluten, and their quality were determined by standard methods. The cooking properties of the pasta were evaluated according to the method developed in the South-Eastern Federal Agricultural Research Center. Results and discussion. The indicators of raw gluten and protein are known to correlate. The samples of Saratovskaya Zolotistaya and Luch 25 had a high protein content of 15.3 and 15.6%, respectively, as well as a high content of raw gluten (33.2 and 35.1%, respectively). The raw gluten of Saratov varieties proved to be much better than in the control samples. The indicator of microSDs sedimentation was 30–36 mm. The strength of spaghetti followed the increase in crude gluten (33–35%) and protein (15.3–15.6%), which is typical of this type of pasta. The strength, coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.98), and sharing force (R2 = 0.92) depended on the protein content. Conclusion. The study established the following optimal selection criteria for durum wheat varieties to be used in strong spaghetti production: virtuosity – 80%, raw gluten – 33–35%, protein content – 5–7% higher than normal, raw gluten – 72–80 units.

The aim of the work was a comparative study of the activity level and composition of β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase and protease inhibitors in grains and seedlings of wheat, barley and oats. These proteins play an important physiological role and are also involved in plant defense against pathogens. Experiments on germination, isolation, and analysis of proteins were carried out under the same conditions, which contributed to an objective assessment of the defense potential of the studied cereals. Barley grains and seedlings were characterized by the highest activity and degree of heterogeneity at IEF β-1,3-glucanase, while oats were characterized by a relatively low level of the enzyme. Oat grains and seedlings had high chitinase activity. The activity and isozymic composition of POX varied greatly among the three cereals, both in dormant grains and in the organs of the seedling. Wheat grains had the highest content of protease inhibitors, whereas oats had the lowest content. The studied properties of the enzymes β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase and serine protease inhibitors subtilisin and trypsin in norm as constitutive can be useful in studying their variability and induction of new isoforms under stressful conditions, including those induced by pathogens. These data can also be used to evaluate some quality characteristics of grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triticale and spelt grains are non-traditional types of plant raw materials that are promising for expanding the range of everyday products, healthy foods, as well as for the manufacture of food additives. A promising and relevant direction of scientific and practical research is the use of methods of biomechanical impact on the products of processing grain triticale and spelt grain in the form of flour, crumbs and bran to obtain food for general, functional and therapeutic purposes. The aim of the research is a comparative characteristic of the milling properties of new varieties of grain of wheat, triticale and spelt and the possibility of theit using for grinding into flour at existing grain processing enterprises. A comparative characteristic of the cereal-forming ability of new varieties of wheat, triticale and spelt has been carried out and it is revealed that the best cereal-forming ability belongs to the spelt grain of the "Gremme 2 U" variety, equal to 79.8 %, which is 4 % more than that of the wheat grain of the "Timiryazevskaya Jubilee" and 4.8 % of triticale grain of the "Timiryazevskaya 155" variety. It has been found that the highest flour yield under the same grinding regimes is obtained when grinding the grain of a new type of spelt "Gremme 2 U" amounted to 79.3 %. The largest amount of triticale flour of the highest grade T-60 is obtained from triticale grain of the "Timiryazevskaya 155" variety. The grain of wheat "Timiryazevskaya Jubilee" occupies an intermediate position both in terms of the total yield of flour and its quality compared to spelt and triticale. All three given new varieties of various crops have good flour-grinding properties and can be recommended for processing into high-quality bakery flour at flour mills when making grinding mixtures.

The paper dwells on the results obtained via long-term monitoring over food grain contamination with such a mycotoxin as deoxynivalenol (DON); monitored grains include wheat, barley, corn, oats, and rye. From 1989 to 2018 6,800 grain samples were analyzed; they came from Zentralny, Juzhniy, Privolzhskiy, Uralskiy, Sibirskiy, Severo-Kavkazskiy, Dalnevostochniy, and Severozapadniy Federal Districts (FD) in the RF. Depending on a year when a specific crop was gathered, frequency of DON detection in food grain samples varied from 0 to 42 % and maximum toxin contents reached 6.65 mg/kg. Over the whole examined period 10 % samples turned out to be contaminated and one forth of them contained the toxin in quantities exceeding maximum permissible levels (MPL). DON detection frequency amounted to 24–42 % in years when mass epiphytoties occurred (1989, 1992 and 1993) as well as in crops gathered in 2014 and 2017; DON was detected in quantities exceeding MPL in 9–27 % examined samples in those years. 78 % contaminated samples came from Juzhniy and Severo-Kavkazskiy FD and another 10 % were from Dalnevostochniy FD. An authentic correlation between frequency of toxin detection and a number of rainy and sunny days in May was established on the example of wheat samples that came from Krasnodar region. Analysis of contamination dynamics has revealed that over the last years there has been an ascending trend in frequency of DON detection in wheat that came not only from regions where Fusarium head blight was widely spread but also from regions in Severozapadniy, Sibirskiy and Privolzhskiy FD. Health risks related to DON introduction with products obtained via wheat grains processing were assessed; the assessment revealed that DON was introduced in doses higher than conditional acceptable daily intake (ADI) for people living in Juzhniy and Severo-Kavkazskiy FD in 1992, 1993, 2014 and 2017. Average frequency of DON detection amounted to 4.2; 11.9; 3.0 and 0.6 % for barley, corn, rye, and oats samples and its maximum contents amounted to 8.95; 0.95; 0.96 and 0.44 mg/kg accordingly. Just as it was the case with wheat, the greatest share of contaminated samples came from Juzhniy, Severo-Kavkazskiy and Dalnevostochniy FD. Contamination tended to grow for all the examined grains and it calls for relevant measures aimed at controlling food grains safety.

The effect of calcium silicate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and their mixture on the adaptation of wheat and corn to simulated acid rain has been evaluated in the pot experiments. Acid rain was simulated by watering twice with distilled water acidified with sulfuric acid to pH = 2. Test plants were grown in a plant growth chamber under controlled conditions of temperature, illumination and relative humidity for 18 days. The physiological state of the test plants was assessed by characteristics of growth (shoot height, root length, dry weight of shoots and roots), the content of photosynthetic pigments, flavonoids, and proline in leaves. For the corn, the content of anthocyanins in shoots and roots was also evaluated. In parallel, the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil (pH, electrical conductivity, redox potential, content of soluble carbonates, and nitrates) were determined. It was established that simulated acid rain inhibited the growth and accumulation of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of wheat and corn. The content of protective metabolites (proline, flavonoids, and anthocyanins) increased. Wheat showed greater sensitivity to the inhibiting effect of acidification compared to corn. The application of CaSiO3 was more effective than GABA in restoring pH value and HCO3- concentration in soil, while the application of GABA more effectively promoted the accumulation of NO3- anions in soil. Combining CaSiO3 with GABA was the most effective in restoring soil physical and chemical properties altered by simulated acidification and stimulating the growth and photosynthesis in the test-plants. Thus, the mixture of CaSiO3 with GABA is promising for further studies of the possibility of its application to mitigate the negative impact of acid depositions on vegetation and soil.

A comprehensive study in grain yield potential is crucial in the selection among wheat genotypes. Grain weight alone doesn’t decide the portion of economic yield in a harvest index as grain yield is the subtractions of many yield components. Information of associations among traits and yield implies their relative importance for selection in yield improvement. Correlation study is a widely used measure to determine the degree of relationship between various traits. The path analysis is a powerful measure which partitions the correlation coefficient and deals with the relative importance of yield contributing traits on yield. The correlation and path coefficient analysis of grain yield in wheat is reviewed in the paper.