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This article presents the information on the valorization of waste generated during the production of tissue paper. The possibility of bioconversion of the polysaccharide part of paper sludge into simple sugars has been evaluated. The options for processing the paper sludge before enzymic hydrolysis to achieve the maximum yield of monosaccharides have been considered. Pretreatment with acids has been found to be a key step before the biocatalytic cleavage of waste polysaccharides. An additional yield of enzymic hydrolysis products after pretreatment with acids has been obtained by pre-extraction of the paper sludge with spirit or acetone. It has been established that the most intense enzymic hydrolysis of readily available fractions of the paper sludge takes place in the first 10–12 hours. Further, the process slows down, probably due to the action of the remaining components of the fillers, as well as an increase in the proportion of the difficult-to-hydrolyze polysaccharide part. In all cases, the proportion of absolutely dry non-hydrolyzed residue has been about 43±2 % of the dry matter of the paper sludge. The main products of enzymic hydrolysis have been glucose and xylose. The resulting sugars have been used for mixotrophic cultivation of the Tetradesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris algae. Yeast strains have been selected for the conversion of monosaccharides from the paper sludge. In a series of experiments on non-sterile yeast cultivation, the Candida utilis PAL D and Debaryomyces hansenii SWING R cultures have turned out to be the most productive (within 2.10±0.14 g of air-dry yeast weight/dm3 per 24 hours). The degree of conversion of hydrolysate sugars has been 70±2 %. Most of the remaining sugars (about 80 %) have been represented by xylose. Complete utilization of the sugars has taken place on the 2nd day when having added an extra nitrogen source to the medium. On the other hand, the spent nutrient medium after yeast separation has been suitable for mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae. It has been revealed that the economic costs of pre-treatment of the paper sludge with nitric acid can be leveled by using the resulting salts as a nitrogen source for cultivating yeast. In doing so, the yield of yeast biomass increases by almost 2 times.

The article introduces attraction marketing methods employed by Russian monthly popular science magazine Diletant. The authors compared the printed version and the website. The paper magazine attracts the reader mainly by the topic name printed on its cover as a unique creolized text. The further semantics of the front media text includes various aspects of the main topic. Color highlights both topical issue and regular features. The comparative analysis with the online version revealed some significant differences. The website has a muted color scheme and minimal animation; it contains neither video nor audio materials. Like in the printed version, the function of attraction belongs mainly to illustrations and subtitles. Online Diletant is interactive in navigation, tests, and surveys, which are, however, the only form of interactivity: the site does not provide comments, forums, “likes”, etc. Such limited use of attention-seeking tools makes the digital version of Diletant uncompetitive and inferior to its paper issue.

Most paper mills in the Russian Federation consume around 40 % more electrical power than they actually require. The reasons are a low level of technical, scientific, and proficient assistance. Moreover, the produced goods have non-competitive consumption characteristics. The urgent current measures in this matter contain constructional and technological optimization, including drying temperature modes. The drying section of a paper machine is the most energy-consuming, while it significantly affects the mechanical strength and supplementary properties of the resulting paper goods with their structural and dimensional characteristics. Drying the paper web takes 72–77 % of the total energy of the paper machine. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of the temperatures of the drying process on the strength and structural-dimensional properties of the paper, with the perspective for further application of the results in the practice of industrial companies and additional scientific investigation. The presented results show the influence of pulp type, beating degree, mass of 1 m2, and drying temperature on the strength and structural-dimensional properties of laboratory samples. Within the investigational process, laboratory samples from sulphate-bleached softwood and hardwood pulp were created and tested. The weights of the samples varied from 60 to 120 g/m2, and the beating degrees ranged from 20 to 50 °SR. The drying temperature extended from 80 to 140 °C. The analysis of the acquired paper samples revealed that the drying temperatures had a considerable impact on the strength, structure, and dimensional qualities of the material. Namely, while sulfate-bleached softwood and hardwood pulp types were used as a raw material, increasing the drying temperature from 80 to 140 °C had the greatest effect on the structural-dimensional properties of the paper made from a pulp with a higher beating degree and the greatest effect on the strength properties of the paper made from a pulp with a lower beating degree. For citation: Prokhorov D.A., Dubovy V.K. Influence of Drying Temperature on Paper Properties Made of Sulfate-Bleached Softwood and Hardwood Pulps. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 173–184. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-173-184

The article considers insufficiently studied problem of preservation underwater archaeology paper objects. The author shares good practical experience conservation and restoration of unique artefacts found by archaeologists on the merchant ship « Die Engiel Raphael » (Archangel Raphael) sanked almost 300 years ago. The main attention is focused on an integrated approach and consolidation of the efforts of restorers, underwater archaeologists and divers, researchers to determine the conservation method. In constant close collaboration with specialists from the workshop for graphics, books and documents conservation of the Grabar Art Conservation Center and of the Center for Underwater Research of the Russian Geographical Society has been developed a method for the conservation of four underwater archaeology paper objects. The article presents the results of research and restoration. Various techniques for drying, separating of cemented book-pages and ultrasonic cleaning for removing sandy-clay pieces, deeply embedded from the paper structure, are described. In developing main guidelines emphasized of conservation work for underwater artifacts, highlights the need for a special approach to each object and creation an individual program for restoration activities, taking into account its specifics. In forming the general basic principles of conservation of underwater artefacts, the necessity of a special approach to each object and drawing up an individual program of restoration measures, taking into account its specifics, is noted.

The process of recycled pulp refining is usually associated with a significant change in the morphological characteristics of the secondary fiber and the formation of additional amounts of fines. It is well known that fines have a great impact on the pulp properties, the papermaking process and the quality of the resulting paper. At the same time, the effect of fines both on the paper properties and on the papermaking process depends on the morphological characteristics of the fines. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in the morphological characteristics of the fines during gentle low-consistency refining of the recycled pulp. The recycled pulp was obtained from commercial wet-strength tissue paper, consisting of 100 % bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) made from pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The repulping of wet-strength paper was performed at 60 °C in three ways, namely, repulping with sodium hydroxide (indicated as RP (NaOH)), repulping with sodium hydroxide and sodium persulfate (RP (NaOH + Na2S2O8)), and finally repulping with sodium hydroxide and potassium monopersulfate (RP (NaOH + KHSO5)). Using an optical fiber analyzer, L&W Fiber Tester, it was found that accelerated persulfate and monopersulfate repulping of the wet-strength paper led to an increase in fines content after pulp refining by 0.20…0.28 % on length and by 0.9…1.5 % on number of particles. In addition, some fines were not detected due to the limited resolution of the measuring device. The morphological characteristics of the recycled pulps showed that the studied fines were relatively straight particles (Sl = 93.5...94.0 %) with low length polydispersity ((Ll/Ln) = 1.08...1.09). Fines had a mean slenderness ratio (L/W)l and (L/W)w of about 7, which in some length classes reached 8...9. Taking into account the experimental data on fines length (Ll = 132…134 µm) and fiber width (Wl = 29.7…30.0 µm), as well as SEM images of recycled paper, we can conclude that these particles can form fines-assisted bridges between several close deposited fibers in the fiber network, thus strengthening the paper web. For citation: Penkin A.A., Kazakov Y.V. Changes in the Morphological Characteristics of Secondary Fiber Obtained from Wet-Strength Paper During Gentle Refining of the Recycled Pulp. Part 2. Fines Characteristics. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 4, pp. 169–179. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-4-169-179

In 1921 Mellin published a Comptes Rendu paper computing the principal solution of a polynomial using generalized hypergeometric functions of its coefficients. He used an integral transform nowadays bearing his name. Slightly over three pages, the paper is written in French in a terse style befitting the language. This article makes Mellin’s landmark result accessible to people who are not experts in hypergeometric functions and complex analysis by deriving detailed proofs that were omitted in Mellin’s paper.

Printing companies play a central role in the exercise of general elections. However, there have been some issues in the number of printed ballot papers not relevant to the quantity requested by the General Election Commission, and this situation is considered election crime. Article 529 of Election Law implies that the printing company concerned may be subject to imprisonment or fines, but the legislation declares that a jail sentence cannot be imposed on the company. Departing from this issue, this research aims to analyze and find the ratio legis of criminalization of a printing company responsible for producing ballot papers for general elections. With a normative method and statutory, conceptual, and historical approaches, the research discovers that a lack of inaccuracy of drafters in the making of an academic draft on elections, where the drafters ruled out the notions of experts of criminal law and Supreme Court as delivered in a legislation-making session, seemingly gives Article 529 impunity. That is, the criminal sanction that should be imposed on a printing company following ballot paper manufacturing issues governed in Article 529 of Election Law does not guarantee any legal certainty and democratic general elections with integrity. The sanctions imposed on the company concerned should only be restricted to administrative measures like fines and no incarceration should be involved.

The article is devoted to the paper of Dagestan Arabic manuscripts and epistolary documents of the 19th — early 20th centuries, as an important aspect of source study. This work allows you to get an idea of the history of Russia’s cultural and economic ties with Dagestan and the countries of the East. In the course of the study, a comparative historical method was used. The authors analyzed the works of domestic and foreign experts on this issue, highlighted the main identification features of the paper of these written documents. The relevance of the ongoing research is due to the need for a comprehensive study of the writing material of the Arabographic monuments of Dagestan origin. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the paper of these historical sources for the first time became the object of study in domestic source studies. It has been established that in the Dagestan manuscripts and epistolary documents of the 19th — early 20th centuries, the marked paper of Russian manufactories and factories is mainly represented. The article notes that for a full-fledged study of Dagestan Arabographic sources, it is necessary to use advanced digital technology and modern natural scientific developments. The study of historical sources paper is of great importance in the preservation and restoration of monuments of the written culture of the Dagestan peoples.

ABSTRACT: Introduction. Activated sludge is one of thepulp-and-paper industry waste types. Within the framework of the rational natural resources’ utilizationand the waste recycling, due to its composition, activated sludge could be subjected to certain technological solutions for the production of nanofertilizers, since it has been previously the basis for making of various soils and biological products. However,occasionally the composition of activated sludge may contain different toxic compounds, heavy metals, and their impact on soil fertility and plants vital state is profound. Thus, the purpose of our research is to study the effect of the activated sludge introductionas a basis for nanofertilizers on the heavy metals contentin podzolic soils of various granulometric composition in agricultural exploitation. Methods and materials. Research was conducted under the conditions of dummy experimentin vegetation vessels. We have used podzolic soils of various granulometric composition (clayey, loamy, sandy) and pulp-and-paper industry waste – activated sludge in concentrations of 1; 2.5; 5 and 10% of the dried soil weight. Determination of the heavy metals gross content has been carried out by the atomic absorption method with measurement on the AA-7000 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan); mobile fraction of heavy metalsdetermination (подвижныеформы) – utilizing acetate-ammonium buffer solution by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry methodology. Results and discussion. The paper presents the results of the research on mobileand gross forms of heavy metals in podzolic soil of various granulometric composition when applying activated sludge as the basis of organic nanofertilizer under the dummyexperiment. Conclusion. It was shown that the content of mobile and gross forms of the studied metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ti, Al, Ni, Co, Cr, Cd and Mo) were within the health-based exposure limits, with the exception of Cd gross form, where the maximum excess was 2.5 MAC (maximum allowable concentration).

The paper proposes a method of infrared spectroscopy for objective control of the adhesive composition in the production of paper. For sizing paper, in order to increase mechanical strength and reduce water absorption, water-repellent materials are used. One of the most effective and used water-repellent material is ordinary pine resin rosin which is in short supply for the Republic of Uzbekistan. The paper investigates the properties of a new adhesive based on rosin from cherry resin for use in mass sizing in order to expand the range of sizing agents and reduce the share of imported components in the structure of local paper production. Infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the rosin-based glue from the resin of the cherry tree. The built-in device with a diamond crystal of the universal and compact Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS50 IR Fourier spectrometer made it possible to register spectra in the mid and far IR ranges up to 100 cm–1. The efficiency of sizing paper samples was studied by standard methods and evaluated by the following properties: density, tensile strength at stretching on a tensile machine, surface absorbency with one-sided wetting. Infrared spectra revealed the identity of the sizing agent from the resin of the cherry tree to the glue from the pine resin, taken for comparison, because their chemical composition is the same. A comparative analysis of the mechanical and surface properties of paper samples confirmed the possibility of using the studied sizing agent, since the obtained values are close to each other, while it is advisable to add in the range from 1 to 1.5 g per 100 g of dry cellulose raw materials. The use of infrared spectroscopy for express analysis of the composition of the sizing agent is promising, since it becomes possible to control the technological process and create glued types of paper products with desired properties that ensure print quality without loss of fine image details.

Background. The process of establishing the first federal state and its propagandistic design is of both theoretical and practical interest. Moreover, the Federalist papers is not an individual, but a collective work of major ideologists of the late 18th century. The purpose of the study is to trace not only the logic of the authors, but also random deviations from it in the heat of controversy and the implementation of the plan, as well as the most interesting fragments of the popularizers of the federalist idea – A. Hamilton, J. Madison, J. Jay. Materials and methods. The article uses the minimum necessary biographical data of American publicists, allowing them to give some socio-psychological assessments, as well as materials from all 85 articles. Methods of socio-political analysis and comparison are used. Results. The conducted study shows a more complex structure of articles than is commonly believed, going beyond the textbook important publications No. 10, 39, 51. The first articles clearly play the role of some kind of exposition – they show the geopolitical opportunities and dangers for the emerging country in its former, non-federal state. At the same time, Articles 18–20 outline the negative experience of past confederations. Starting with publication No. 23, a positive program is given: the possibilities of a common defense for all states, a tax system, and separation of powers are considered. There is a demand for the weakening of the legislative and strengthening of the executive power, the independence of the judiciary. The final articles reveal the details of the functioning of the future mechanism of the state. Conclusions. It is impossible to make an absolutely verified conclusion about the degree of impact on contemporaries of 85 articles published in New York newspapers in late 1787 – the first half of 1788, but given the high intensity and drama of the ratification campaigns in the country and the complexity of the situation in New York itself, it does not could be insignificant. Moreover, about three dozen newspapers of that time from different states were inclined to reprint each other's materials, that is, we are dealing with the effect of a propagandistic echo.

Background. In modern realities, the issue of import substitution and modernization of existing domestic equipment and control systems in all branches of production and industry of the Russian Federation is becoming more acute. The purpose of this work is to find ways to modernize and improve the automated control system of paper production on the example of the current paper-making machine of the Penza paper mill of JSC "MAYAK". Materials and methods. The paper uses methods of modern theory of automatic control and automation of technological processes, methods of digital image processing, computer modeling. Results. A computer model of an automated process control system has been created that regulates the weight of a paper web on a paper machine. Conclusions. The considered ways of improving the automated process control system of paper production have proved their viability. The use of an automated process control system with a speed ratio regulator allowed to improve the quality of process control, reducing the effect of time lag on the system.

The relevance. The waste of Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill causes a real danger of a social and environmental disaster for Lake Baikal and the entire Southern Baikal region, therefore, the problem of developing integrated solutions for dumping the accumulation of lignin-containing waste is especially acute. One of the promising areas for processing this type of waste is the use of natural processes, for example, freezing in winter, temperature detection or self-overgrowth of the occurrence of natural succession. The main aim of the research is to develop an environmentally friendly technology for processing colloidal lignin-containing waste from the pulp and paper industry. Methods: pilot tests at the Solzan industrial site of Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill for freezing lignin-containing wastes and obtaining soils from them by mixing with additives; performing quantitative chemical analysis using the methods of atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography, toxicological analysis. Results. Pilot tests have shown that after freezing, the colloidal structure of lignin-containing sediments is destroyed with a decrease in volume up to 40 %, humidity up to 60 %, and also with a decrease in toxicity – from the third (moderately hazardous) to the fourth (low hazardous) and fifth class (practically non-hazardous) of hazard of the waste depending on its composition. After freezing, the resulting sludge with the introduction of various additives (CHP ash, sewage treatment plant sludge) can be used as soil ground and fertilizers for reclamation of disturbed lands and crops. Thus, an environmentally friendly technology was developed for processing waste from the pulp and paper industry to obtain soil ground, which is low-energy and does not contain expensive imported equipment.

The prospects for the use of artificial intelligence (AI) are one of the most discussed topics in medicine today. The very possibility of having an omniscient virtual assistant at hand soon seems incredibly tempting, so it seems quite normally to see numerous reports on the application of each newly emerging advanced neural network technology in various fields of medicine and biotechnology. Of course, the emergence of ChatGPT caused the greatest public outcry in recent times, because the new natural language processing algorithm underlying it has allowed human to bring communication between man and machine to a whole new level. Of course, despite the myriad benefits of using AI, the use of ChatGPT and other AI tools in medicine raises many ethical and legal questions. However, it is worth remembering the history of the emergence of any other breakthrough technology to accept the existing controversy as an integral part of progress. The desire of a person to make his work easier and shift part of the work onto a computer always makes him take a step forward in the development of technologies, which, in the end, do not allow a person to work less, but make him work in a new way.

Background. In modern conditions of digitalization of education and the spread of the digital format of reading, it becomes especially relevant to refer to the scientific heritage of Academician of the Russian Academy of Education G.G. Granik, in particular, to her concept of text comprehension. Objective. To analyze and summarize the results of the fundamental and practice-oriented research on the problem of text comprehension, carried out by G.G. Granik and her colleagues during forty years (1980–2020); to present a new empirical study of adolescents’ comprehension of text in the process of reading from paper and from screens. Methods. Methods include theoretical analysis and generalization of research results on the problem of text comprehension, carried out in the scientific school of G.G. Granik. In order to conduct the empirical study, the authors’ diagnostic toolkit was used, aimed at identifying the level of understanding of factual and conceptual textual information. Sample. The total sample consisted of 173 students in grades 7–8 of the secondary schools in the Moscow region. Results. It was found that students who read from paper demonstrate better diagnostic results than those who read from screen, however, the differences are statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). This may indicate that modern adolescents are rather quickly becoming better adapted to the digital format and the differences in reading from paper and from screen are gradually being erased. However, the level of understanding of a long and complex text remains quite low: almost half (49.7%) of the students were unable to formulate the main idea of the text, only 30.6% coped well with this task. Conclusion. Conceptual ideas about text comprehension, generated in the scientific school of G.G. Granik in relation to traditional paper reading have an undoubted development potential and can be used as the basis for research on digital reading.

Subject and Purpose. Results are presented of the solar corona investigations performed with the world famous Ukrainian radio telescopes. The work has been aimed at offering a consistent review of recent achievements in observations of a variety of low-frequency radio emissions from the Sun. Methods and Methodology. The studies of the quiet (thermal) and sporadic (burst-like) radio emissions from the Sun have been carried out with the decameter-wavelength radio telescopes UTR-2, GURT and URAN-2. Specific features of the low-frequency solar radio emissions from a variety of sources are presented, with characterization of the optimized techniques that were applied in each case for evaluating physical parameters of the corona in the areas of decameter-wavelength radio wave generation. Results. The analysis of temporal, frequency and spatial characteristics of solar radio emissions has allowed suggesting a number of models for the coronal electron density distribution, and evaluating magnetic field strengths in the corona. Also, our experimental results have proven to be consistent with the observational data obtained in different frequency ranges and with the use of both ground based and space-borne instruments. Conclusions. The radio observations performed with Ukrainian radio telescopes have permitted studying, with high temporal, frequency and spatial resolutions, solar radio frequency emissions from various localized sources. Along with the large effective area and high sensitivity of the antennas, this permits application of a wide range of methods and tools aimed at detecting and analyzing solar bursts, of both strong and weak intensity, against the background of terrestrial interference of natural or artificial origin.

The article presents an overview of research literature on the etiquettical conventional speech genre “wish” in Russian and foreign linguistics. The author compares definitions of the lexeme “wish” in various lexicographic sources, considers researchers’ approaches to determining the status of a wish and identifies some debatable problems of studying the genre. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of wishes within the theory of speech acts and the theory of speech genres. The article also compares researchers’ viewpoints on the debatable problems concerning pious wishes and evil wishes, as well as gives an overview of the works concerning grammatical and syntactic means of making wishes and typical models of the genre. The article provides the analysis of works with the existing classifications of wishes based on their structure and on being etiquettical/non-etiquettical, stereotypical/non-stereotypical, etc., as well as the analysis of works based on ideas about the field structure of the genre, where the core consists of clichéd wishes, and the periphery – of non-standard statements, or (according to another theory) explicit statements and imperative/modified wishes, respectively. The research points out the importance of investigating extralinguistic factors (gender, age, status-role relations of communicants) in the study of wishes. The paper reviews articles which deal with the comparison and collation analysis of wishes in different languages (Russian, English, German, Chinese, etc.). The conclusion outlines some directions for the further study of this genre in various areas and situations of communication.