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Introduction. New innovative technologies make food industry more effective. The present paper introduces a new method of hopped wort production based on novel mash filters. Study objects and methods. The research featured two new designs of mash filters. The study of the mashing process involved malt, hops, drinking water, and beer wort. The research included generally accepted methods of physicochemical and sensory research. Results and discussion. Both models differed from the traditional design. Mash filter I had a cylindrical filtration vat at its bottom with filters in the lower and upper parts of the vat. A pump was installed on the outer side of the steam jacket to produce forced circulation of the liquid medium flow through the vat. The steam jacket was covered with Corundum Classic superfine liquid thermal insulation. Mash filter II had a filtration bottom made of perforated sheet and provided intensive liquid circulation. It also had a regulated mixer that moved the mash, which significantly improved the mashing process. After the mashing, the mash passed through the filtration bottom, separating the liquid phase from the solid phase. The crushed material was discharged through a hatch in bottom. The physicochemical and sensory profiles of the obtained beer wort and beer samples complied with State Standard 30060-93 “Beer. Methods for determination of organoleptic indices and product’s volume”. Mash filter II produced beer wort of higher quality and improved the sensory properties of the finished product. This model proved more effective in extracting proteins and digestible sugars during amylolysis due to a better mixing and circulation of liquid medium flow during the wort preparation. Conclusion. The new modified mash filter made it possible to reduce the brewing time by 28.6%. Not only was it more user friendly, but it also was less heat and electricity consuming. In addition, it reduced the production area as it combined the stages of mashing and filtering.

the article explores the ways to optimize the size of the printed guide. As a result, being an edition with creolized text, the guide has components, which modernization will facilitate the introduction of interactive features into traditional genre model. As specific examples, the author offers to use activity elements in the printed guidebook from the formats that are widely used in children's literature, namely from the panorama book (three-dimensional images, inserts, paper engineering) and travel diary («journaling»).

The possibility of using local materials in the construction of structural layers of pavement is considered in the paper. The paper presents a method of technical and economic analysis, for which it is necessary to know the calculated deformation moduli of the materials being compared. Knowing the turnaround time for each of the options under consideration, it is possible, by comparing them with the payback periods, to more fully identify the technical and economic features of such options. The main criterion for the admissibility of the use of local material in the corresponding structural layer is the equal strength of pavement structures or individual structural layers made of local and imported materials. The criterion of economic feasibility of using local material can be written as an inequality. Using the principle of equivalence of systems, it is possible to replace individual structural layers of pavement, made of certain materials, with equivalent layers of stiffness from other materials, increasing or decreasing their thickness, depending on the strength characteristics of the materials themselves. The main condition for the technical feasibility of using local material has been determined on the basis of the condition of equal strength structures made from local and imported materials. A schedule for preliminary determination of the technical and economic feasibility of using local materials in the structural layers of road pavements has been built. The total value of the investment costs can be used as an additional criterion for the economic benefits of the compared options.

The paper proves that speech genres as forms of text production and interpretation claim to be one of the main objects of formal linguistic analysis in comprehensive papers on cognitive modeling – an intensively developing trend of artificial intelligence. Understanding a speech genre as a form of spiritual socio-cultural activity (artistic, scientific, political, ideological, etc.) at the level of its objectification through a system of speech actions in the text as a communication unit allows to describe the systems of speech genres in various spheres of communication. The authors analyze speech genres which objectify the main stages of an academic theoretical research. By means of artificial intelligence, the research solves the problem of recognition of the speaker’s intentions while performing cognitive-speech actions forming the genre form of a text. It contributes to the development of the fundamental problem of “understanding” the meaning of an utterance by a machine. The research is based on the interdisciplinary complex method of text analysis. In terms of software implementation, the offered approach obtains a small set of high-level linguistic features of the clauses with the templates and then trains classifiers on these features. In order to create templates, the authors carry out linguistic and psychological analysis that deals with identifying markers of cognitive and speech actions as accurately as possible in accordance with the standards of perception. In the course of our study, the authors have obtained high indexes of cognitive and speech action identification, ranging from 0.78 to 0.99.

The paper is devoted to explaining the key cognitive distinctions characteristic to translation process and its teaching. Among them are linguistic interpretation of the input text’s contents, its conceptual adaptation to the accepting culture, etc. To demonstrate them, multiple examples are given to show that translators, particularly not trained enough, often choose for basic translation dominants in the accepting culture those equivalents that are primarily purely linguistic, ignoring conceptual and cultural background of the original and the accepting culture’s notions and forms. Meanwhile, the latter help avoid such translation failures as literal / word by word translation, etc. Special attention in the paper is paid to the translation into the foreign, English, language, its contrastive culture-specific and communicative features as compared to those in the Russian language: to their cognitive dominants in communication and their cross-linguistic asymmetry and in-congruency which generate quite «natural» cross-linguistic interference in Russian-English translation. It is particularly obvious when there are extensive textual nominal ex-pressions, especially terminological, which demonstrate at present an active, extensive and productive usage in English, but present a serious problem in teaching English as a foreign language and translation into it. It is also shown that in Russian their cross-linguistic idiomatic analogues are language specific and show different patterns, but still can be adequately matched with their foreign counter-parts.

Objective. The purpose of the article is to analyse the existing methodology used to assess the efficiency of automated information security systems by studying open literature sources, international and industry standards of the Russian Federation on information security of automated systems, guidelines and orders of the Federal Service for Technical and Expert Control of Russia, as well as departmental orders, instructions and regulations on information security at informatization facilities of internal affairs bodies. The analysis results in identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the specified methodology, as well as the possibilities of its use when conducting a quantitative assessment of the efficiency of access control subsystems of information security systems at the informatization facilities of internal affairs bodies. Methods. To achieve this goal, the method for system analysis of approaches used to assess the efficiency of information security tools and systems has been applied. Results. The paper presents results of analysing the main approaches used to assess the efficiency of tools and systems for information security of automated systems. The paper determines the relationship between the efficiency indicator of access control subsystems of information security systems and the main disadvantage of their use in protected automated systems of internal affairs bodies. The paper substantiates main directions of improving the existing methodology, proposes methods and indicators for quantifying the efficiency of access control subsystems (including those modified on the basis of using new information and communication technologies) of information security systems in protected automated systems of internal affairs bodies. Conclusion. The results obtained can be used to quantify the security level of existing automated systems and those being developed at informatization facilities of internal affairs bodies.

Objective. One of the most effective ways to assess thermal protection of construction facilities of various applications is thermal control. Methods. According to the national standard “Method for thermal imaging quality control of thermal insulation of enclosing structures” in force on the Russian Federation territory, the results of thermal imaging monitoring of capital and completed construction facilities are divided into qualitative and quantitative depending on set goals and objectives. Qualitative assessment involves computer processing and visual interpretation of thermograms using specialized software. Quantitative analysis of thermograms involves determining and numerically comparing parameters of reference areas and characteristics of defects detected in an object being under thermal control. Results. The paper describes particular characteristics and results of qualitative and quantitative analysis of thermograms (thermal images) obtained via thermography of fragments of external enclosing structures of a completed construction facility—an apartment building. The paper analyses existing methods of a quantitative assessment of thermograms described in regulatory documents and methodological recommendations, and presents specific examples of their application. Conclusion. Thermal imaging diagnostics makes it possible to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the level of thermal protection of the outer shell of an object under control by “decoding” thermograms and comparing calculated parameters with standard indicators.

The article presents an analysis of modern methodologies that are successfully used for the development of innovative products and ecosystem platforms. The paper describes the tools of the “Jobs To Be Done” approach. The author highlights the differences between the two concepts “Jobs-As-Activities” and “Jobs-As-Progress”. The study emphasizes the importance of studying the digital client path. The publication presents by step-by-step an algorithm for constructing a strategy for bringing a new offer to the market based on the “Jobs To Be Done” method. The article presents examples of filling in the Job stories Canvas, interview framework in “Jobs To Be Done” format, Process Making Forces Canvas.The study shows the tools that are successfully used in creating a business strategy based on an ecosystem platform. The paper substantiates the importance of customer-oriented approach and switching to an ecosystem approach to the development of a business model. The author highlights the benefits from the ecosystem of the user, business owner and partners.The study gives an overview of ecosystem types according to the Gartner classification with examples in Russian ecosystems. The author provides tools of the Platform Design (Platform Innovation Kit) which allow you to develop an integrated environment for the development of the customer experience, to improve consumer goods and services: VRIO framework, a Matrix of Motivation, the Ecosystem Platform Relations Canvas, Training Mechanism Canvas, Value Proposition Canvas and Platform Business Models Canvas. These tools expand the design thinking portfolio.

The article considers the integrated Lean Six Sigma methodology. The author shows that today enterprises use the Lean Six Sigma methodology to improve production indicators, optimize the product portfolio, achieve strategic goals. The paper clarifies the essence of the American (Six Sigma) and Japanese (Lean) enterprise management methodology. The study highlights some features, system tools and methods of continuous improvement in the framework of the implementation of the integrated Lean Six Sigma methodology at the enterprise. The article highlights a number of key success factors for the implementation of this methodology. The paper proposes the criteria for assessing the readiness of the enterprise to its implementation. The scientific novelty of the study is that the author identified the advantages and problems of implementing the Lean Six Sigma methodology at enterprises. The author made a proposal on the need for mandatory assessment of the company's readiness to work on the Lean Six Sigma methodology using fuzzy logic tools, and also highlighted the stages of its implementation. The practical significance of the work done is that it can serve as a basis for further scientific research in the field of the Lean Six Sigma methodology.

In recent years, intensive research on urban transport has been observed. The search is about finding such solutions that will enable, among others: increasing the importance of public transport, matching transport for the needs of people with reduced mobility, increasing capacity, reducing emissions, energy efficiency (technical and organizational dimension through the organization of transport on demand), increasing the vulnerability to recycling and remanufacturing. The paper presents the main concept and technical solutions of the innovative transport system – HMASSUT Prometheus (Hybrid Modular Autonomous System for Sustainable Urban Transport), which combines the concepts of personal rapid transport and an electric vehicle at the L4 autonomy level (according to the Society of Automotive Engineers classification). An assessment of the effectiveness of an innovative transport system using indicators used in road engineering is given in the paper. The concept of simulation and optimization of the transport network is presented together with the theory of cellular automata.

The paper proposes an approach based on the use of mathematical methods for modeling the behavior of the designed web application and user behavior. This approach allows an evaluation of the usability of this application. The paper discusses the models of user interfaces (UI), which are used to assess the convenience of site navigation. The possibility of using two classes of UI models is shown – structural-logical (ontological) and probabilistic. Models of the first class are used to assess the degree of comprehensibility of the proposed UI navigation on the search web resource in the accepted terms. For this, mathematically defined measures of similarity between the elements of the UI and their relationships and the elements of a hypothetical (but plausible) model of the user’s perception of the search area in a given subject area are used. In particular, the paper substantiates the possibility of using Jaccard and Levenshtein lexicographic distance metrics as such measures of similarity. Probabilistic models are based on Markov chains. With the help of these models, in the presence of reliable statistical data collected during the trial operation of a web application or its prototype, it is proposed to estimate the average number of user steps required to solve a specific problem of finding information about a subject area object. The paper provides some recommendations on the use of similarity measures to improve the usability of the UI of web applications. In addition, data on the technique for estimating the probabilities of transitions of Markov chains and semantic connections are presented. To clarify the features of the UI analysis models proposed in the article, the website of the RTU MIREA Admission Committee (https://priem.mirea.ru) is provided with a fairly simple organization that provides a search for information about admission and training at the University. The application of the approach described in the paper, along with traditional methods of testing the usability of UI, will increase the overall level of usability of applications, and thereby reduce the cost of identifying and correcting related errors.

The purpose of this paper is a spectrum analysis of signals of various nature, construction of the signal scalogram using Morlet wavelet, modification of the scalogram to obtain a more informative graphic representation of the signal. Spectral analysis of the signal is constructed by means of the Fourier transform. A modification of the graphical representation of the result of the wavelet transform has been developed with the help of the Mathematica system. For this, a wavelet scalogram has been used as a two-dimensional representation of the original signal. A scale has been introduced on it for the value of the signal amplitude depending on the time and period of its constituent components. This graphical representation allows us to obtain additional information about the dynamic properties of the original signal. A modification of the representation of the original signal scalogram has been developed for a more complete spectrum analysis (determination of the period of the constituent components). The paper contains an example using a modified scalogram for the analysis of a signal containing two pulses, an audio signal and white noise. The basic wavelet in this case is the Morlet wavelet. A comparison of the scalogram, obtained using the built-in function, and the modified scalogram has been made in the paper. The disadvantage of the first scalogram is the impossibility of assessing the frequency of the signal; its advantage is the ability to assess the localization of the pulse. For a modified scalogram, the advantage is the estimation of the signal periodicity, and the disadvantage is the inaccuracy in determining the range of pulse localization. For spectrum analysis in Mathematica, it is recommended to use a combination of two approaches (using a standard built-in function to determine the localization of the pulse) and a modified scalogram (to determine the periods of the constituent components).

The purpose of the paper is to improve the methods of using test technologies in the educational process and to develop an optimal schedule for conducting tests in higher education when teaching programming languages. The article considers the advantages and disadvantages of test technologies. The author investigates the effectiveness of one-time and step-by-step testing and studies the role of testing at different stages of the educational process. In the course of the study, the author used written and computer forms of testing. The paper shows that step-by-step testing is more effective than one-time testing. The article identifies the expediency of testing that precedes the implementation of practical work. The results of the study allow us to develop an optimal schedule for conducting tests, which contributes to improving the quality of learning material and increasing students’ motivation.

The article carries out a critical analysis of the traditional approach to costing. The paper reveals the problem of distortion of the cost of manufactured products from the point of view of making management decisions. The authors justify the expediency of using the ABC system for accounting and distribution of overhead costs. The study gives the interpretation of the concepts used in the functional distribution of costs. The article highlights and discloses a step-by-step algorithm for the distribution of indirect costs when using the ABC system. The paper gives the advantages of using this approach in order to generate management information about the products and activities of the company. Along with that, the authors analysed the difficulties associated with the practical implementation of the functional approach in the accounting and distribution of overhead costs, in particular with the detailed information in the context of operations and cost pools.

The paper analyzes various viewpoints on applicability of preprints used to exchange data on the following: how a non-peer-reviewed paper affects the way preprints are perceived in various sciences, how the academic community tackles the issue of evaluating preprints, how publishers treat preprints, how external factors affect the development of preprints, and who is responsible for the quality of preprints. The timeline has been identified for the development of preprints between 1940s and 2020. The development of preprints has been analyzed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data has been provided on current platforms and tools that can be used to work with preprints and to evaluate them.

This article presents the results of an experimental study on how the transition from PAPI to CAPI modes affected data quality in longitudinal household surveys. The study was conducted in 2018–2019 within the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS–HSE). In the previous paper, which was based on data from the 26th wave of the RLMS HSE, it was shown that the use of CAPI leads to a significant decrease in the rate of non-substantive responses (“Don’t know”), as well as significant differences in sensitive questions. This paper was aimed at verifying these findings using new data collected during the 27th wave of the RLMS–HSE. The results show that the use of CAPI leads to a decrease in the rate of non-substantive responses, which helps to improve data quality. However, it was shown that the use of CAPI could lead to an increase in social desirability bias.

The 21st century aviation and aerospace technologies have evolved and become more complex and technical. Turbofan jet engines as well as their cousins, the rocket engines (liquid/solid) have gone through several design upgrades and enhancements during the course of their design and exploitation. These technological upgrades have made engines very complex and expensive machines which need constant monitoring during their working phase. As the demand and use of such engines is growing steadily, both in the civilian and military sectors, it becomes necessary to monitor and predict the behavior of parametric data generated by these complex engines during their working phases. In this paper flight parameters such as Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT), Engine Fan Speeds (N1 and N2), Fuel Flow (FF), Oil Temperature (OT), Oil Pressure (OP), Vibration and others where used to determine engine fault. All turbo fan engines go through several distinctly different working phases: Take-off phase, Cruise phase and Landing phase. Recording generated parametric data during these different phases leads to a massive amount of in-flight data and maintenance reports, which makes the task of designing and developing a fault diagnostic system highly challenging. It becomes imperative to use modern techniques in data analysis that can handle large volumes of generated data and provide clear visual results for determining the technical status of the engine under investigation/monitoring. These modern techniques should be able to give clear and objective assessment of the object under investigation. Cluster analysis methods based on Neural Networks such as c-means, k-means, self-organizing maps and DBSCAN algorithm have been used to build clusters. Differences in cluster groupings/patterns between healthy engine and engine with degraded performance are compared and used as the bases for defining faults. Fault diagnosis plays a crucial role in aircraft engine management. Timely and accurate detection of faults is the foundation on which maintenance turnaround times, operational costs and flight safety are based. The data used in this paper for analysis was obtained from flight data recorder during one flight cycle. The final decision on a fault is taken by an engineer.

The paper investigates the problems of reduction (decomposition) of multidimensional data models in the form of hypercube OLAP structures. OLAP data processing does not allow changes in the dimension of space. With the increase in data volumes, the productivity of computing cubic structures decreases. Methods for reducing large data cubes to sub-cubes with smaller volumes can solve the problem of reducing computing performance.The reduction problems are considered for cases when the cube lattice has already determined criteria aggregation, and the cube decomposition into smaller cubes is needed to reduce the computation time of the full lattice when dynamically changing data in the cube.The objective of the paper is to find conditions for reducing the computational complexity of solving data analysis problems by reduction methods, to obtain exact quantitative boundaries for reducing the complexity of decomposition methods from the class of polynomial degrees of complexity, to establish the nature of the dependence of computational performance on the structural properties of a hypercube, and to determine the quantitative boundaries of computational performance for solving decomposition problems of data aggregation .The study of the computational complexity of decomposition methods for the analysis of multidimensional hyper-cubes of polynomial-logarithmic and polynomial degrees of complexity is carried out. An exact upper limit is found for reducing the complexity of decomposition methods for analyzing the initial OLAP - data hypercube with respect to non-decomposition ones and based on them criteria are proved for the effective application of reduction methods for analyzing hypercube structures in comparison with traditional non-reduction methods.Examples of decomposition methods of cube structures are presented, both reducing and increasing computational complexity in comparison with calculations using the full model.The results obtained can be used in processing and analysis of information arrays of hypercube structures of analytical OLAP-systems belonging to the BigData class, or ultra-large computer multidimensional data systems.

Implementation of the task of creating a digital platform for a full-featured system of information and analytical support for public administration at the federal, regional and municipal levels, requires a lot of resources and serious expertise.In this regard, the subject of the study was the experience and trends in the construction and operation of digital platforms for state and public administration. The aim of the paper was to summarize the international practice of creating, operating and developing digital public administration platforms. As part of the study, the authors carry out a systematic, content and comparative analysis of various sources: regulatory documents, scientific papers, analytical materials of a number of international organizations, etc.The article presents the results of a study of world experience in the application of various tools to support e-government and support digital governance platforms. The authors describe global trends in the use of information and communication technologies to support public administration. The paper presents a list of general principles for the operation of digital platforms, gives the results of the analysis on the compliance with these principles of the state digital platform of the European Union, highlights its distinctive properties.The article forms proposals and development directions, based on the results and available studies on the development and promotion of digital management platforms, that can help accelerate the spread of digital transformation of public administration in the Russian Federation. The results of the study can be applied to identify the potential of the existing platform, its strengths and weaknesses, including in the context of the possibilities of developing the process of digital transformation of governance, as well as effectively moving towards the formation of the digital platform of public administration in the Russian Federation.

In the operation schemes of optical electronic devices (OED), such as digital autocollimators, direction finders, Shack-Hartmann sensors, as well as astro-orientation systems, projection measuring systems, geometric calibration schemes for OED, the photo-detector acts not only as a receiving device, but also as a measuring device. The tasks facing the OED photo-detectors. The solution to the problem is the use of several photo-detectors installed on one electronic board. Since OED photo-detectors act, inter alia, as measuring devices, it is necessary to perform their geometric calibration. Geometric calibration involves the measurement of interior orientation parameters used in the processing of OED images. Geometric calibration makes it possible to eliminate errors in mutual exposure of photo-detectors on one electronic board installed in the focal plane, as well as distortions introduced by the OED lens, primarily by distortion. The correctness of the interior orientation parameter determination is influenced by the relative position of the collimator, with the help of which the geometric calibration is performed, and the calibrated OED itself, i. e. the external orientation elements. The task is to separate the interior orientation parameters and the elements of external orientation. This is achieved using the method of mathematical processing of measured data in the forward and inverted positions of the collimator. This method of geometric calibration allows to use it for geometric calibration of OED with a large number of photo-detectors. The paper presents the results of the geometric calibration of the interior orientation parameters when the collimator projects a test object onto three photo-detectors of the OED layout. The factors influencing on the accuracy of the geometric calibration of the interior orientation elements for OED are determined in the paper. The developed method for geometric calibration of the interior orientation parameters for multi-matrix OED provides high measurement accuracy – not more than 0.1''–0.2''.

Introduction. Various algorithms for solving fuzzy vehicle routing problems are considered. The work objective was to study modern methods for the optimal solution to fuzzy, random and rough vehicle routing problems. Materials and Methods. The paper reviews fuzzy vehicle routing problems, existing methods and approaches to their solution. The most effective features of some approaches to solving fuzzy vehicle routing problems considering their specificity, are highlighted. Results. The Fuzzy Vehicle Routing Problem (FVRP) occurs whenever the routing data is vague, unclear, or ambiguous. In many cases, these fuzzy elements can better reflect reality. However, it is very difficult to use Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) solving algorithms to solve FVRP since several fundamental properties of deterministic problems are no longer fulfilled in FVRP. Therefore, it is required to introduce new models and algorithms of fuzzy programming to solve such problems. Thus, the use of methods of the theory of fuzzy sets will provide successful simulation of the problems containing elements of uncertainty and subjectivity. Discussion and conclusions. As a result of reviewing various methods and approaches to solving vehicle routing problems, it is concluded that the development and study of new solutions come into sharp focus of researchers nowadays, but the degree of elaboration of various options varies. Methods for the optimal solution of FVRP are limited, in general, to some single fuzzy variable. There is a very limited number of papers that consider a large number of fuzzy variables.

Metro Service has a huge impact on the development of urban transport infrastructure. The need to increase the efficiency of passenger transportation is caused by the rapid growth in passenger turnover as well as an increase in the distance from the outskirts of the city to the center. In connection with the need to develop a metro service network in Minsk city, which is confirmed by research in the area of passenger traffic in the main areas of the city, the CSM Bessac tunnel boring machine was purchased, which allows significantly to increase the speed of tunnel driving. The use of a mechanized tunnel boring machine in the traditional concept of the metro network construction, in which driving of tunnels is carried out after construction of stations, does not allow to use a shield with maximum economic efficiency due to the small extent of tunnels. There is also a need to build assembly-shield chambers and carry out works on disassembling and assembling the shield. The application of the new concept developed by Yu. S. Frolov and called “through driving” is actual in the conditions of the use of a mechanized tunnel boring machine. Its essence lies in the continuous driving of tunnels on the line section under construction and the consecutive construction of each station complex as the tunnel boring machine passes through it. To implement the concept of “through driving”, it is relevant to use a semi-closed construction method, in which the floor structure is constructed in an open way, and the other elements are closed. The available solutions of the metro stations constructed while using a semi-closed method of work have been analyzed in the paper. A detailed analysis has been carried out with due account of the adaptation to the construction conditions in Minsk, and the development of structural elements and assemblies of the platform area of the station, which is a two-cantilever vault with a developed transom part, resting on pile-columns of a circular cross section. Forces from the open ring of flexible tunnels lining are supported by a cantilever part of an arch and a bottom plate. The paper considers a design of a metro station, its main elements, their purpose and specificity of work, as well as optimization issues and the results of the design feasibility study.

Nowadays there are a lot of modern technologies in electronic lexicography: speech synthesis technology, cross-referencing between dictionary modules, spell-checking functions, etc. The increasing availability of online information has necessitated intensive research in the area of automatic text summarization within the Natural Language Processing community. Belarusian scientists are also interested in this sphere and new lexicographical approaches for creating a linguistic database are shown in the paper. The authors present English-Belarusian-Russian electronic dictionary TechLex. This is the project of the 2nd English Department and the Department of Software for Information Systems and Technologies of the Belarusian National Technical University. The linguistic database of the dictionary is compiled not by the traditional method of processing a large number of paper dictionaries and combining the received translations, but by sequential processing of scientific and technical English-language periodicals. While the designing the dictionary the authors have taken into account the analysis of modern electronic multilingual translation dictionaries and created a client-server application in the Java programming language. The client part of the system contains a mobile application for the Android operating system, which has been tested on tablets and smartphones with different screen diagonals. The interface of the TechLex dictionary is designed taking into account the possibility of adding new subject areas and filling them with appropriate lexical material. The main advantage of our dictionary is that it is the first technical multilingual electronic dictionary having a Belarusian version.

The paper deals with a problem of the obfuscated JavaScript code detection and classification based on Abstract Syntax Trees (AST) coloring. Colors of the AST vertexes and edges are assigned with regard to the types of the AST vertexes specified by the program lexical and syntax structure and the programming language standard. Research involved a few stages. First of the all, a non-obfuscated JavaScript programs dataset was collected by the public repositories evaluation. Secondly, obfuscated samples were created using eight open-source obfuscators. Classifier models were built using an algorithm of gradient boosting on the decision trees (GBDT). We built two types of the classifiers. The first one is the model that classifies the program according to the type of the obfuscator used, i.e. based on what obfuscator created the sample. The second one tries to detect samples obfuscated by the obfuscator whose samples are not observed during training. The quality of the obtained models is on par with the known published results. The feature engineering method proposed in the paper does not require a preliminary analysis of the obfuscators and obfuscating transformations. In the final part of the paper we analyze a quality of models estimated, discussing the certain statistical properties of the obfuscated and non-obfuscated samples obtained and corresponding colored ASTs. Analysis of generated samples of obfuscated programs has shown that the method proposed in the paper has some limitations. In particular, it is difficult to recognize minifiers or other obfuscating programs, which change the lexical structure to a greater extent and the syntax to a lesser extent. To improve the quality of detection of this kind of obscuring transformations, one can built combined classifiers using both the method based on the AST coloring and the additional information about lexemes and punctuation, for example, entropy of identifiers and strings, proportion of characters in upper and lower case, usage frequency of certain characters etc.

Purpose of the research. The aim of the study is to develop recommendations on the selection of parameters for modifying the ant colony method when searching for a rational solution to the task of appointing employees to work, subject to setting the time to complete the work using fuzzy sets and taking into account the interaction time between employees assigned to one task. The algorithm is proposed for modifying the ant colony method. Various stopping algorithms of the modified ant colony method are considered.Materials and research methods. The use of the ant colony method developed for finding the traveling salesman’s path for the assignment problem requires the creation of a “decision graph” and some modifications of the algorithm associated with entering weights (pheromone) on the graph. The paper proposes to create a graph of solutions by creating a set of vertices that determine the appointment of an employee for tasks for each employee and calculating the path in the graph that determines the solution to the assignment problem. To stop the algorithm of the ant colony method, two different algorithms are considered: the stop when performing a certain number of iterations and the stop when finding a solution that satisfies the constraints. To evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm, the following criteria were considered: the estimate of the mathematical expectation of the number of iterations of the algorithm, the estimate of the mathematical expectation of the criterion value, the estimate of the mathematical expectation of the number of considered solutions, etc. For all estimates of mathematical expectation, a confidence interval is also calculated. According to the estimates, the paper gives recommendations on the selection of parameters of the ant colony method: the number of agents, evaporation rate, parameters of the elite and ranked method of ant colonies, etc. Both the speed and the ability to find rational solutions for different values of constraints are evaluated.Results. The work considered the task of appointing 35 employees for 15 tasks. As a result, the following recommendations were identified on the choice of parameters to the modified method of ant colonies. The more agents, the better solution found, but the number of the considered solutions increases, which leads to an increase in search time. For the evaporation coefficient, it is recommended to choose a value in the range (0.8; 0.95). It is recommended to use a ranked algorithm with a parameter 4 times less than the number of agents in the group. The problem of “cycling” of the ant colony method, caused by the passage of agents along the same routes, is determined.Conclusion. The developed recommendations make it possible to use the ant colony method to solve the problem of assigning employees to tasks. The proposed recommendations on the parameters provide high speed and accuracy of finding a rational solution to the problem. The problem of “cycling” of the ant colony method is described.

In this article, the authors consider the possibility of using a hybrid energy storage system to even out the load profile of the enterprise. Solving the problem of rational use of energy storage taking into account the initial variable load schedule will significantly reduce not only the cost of electricity consumption by the enterprise, but also the costs of its production. Detailed characteristics of batteries with various types of electrolytes and supercapacitors are given. A model of the active scheme of a hybrid electric energy storage system consisting of a lithium-ion battery and a supercapacitor unit with the corresponding characteristics is presented. The model was carried out by using the SimPowerSystems software in MatLab. During the simulation, the temperature and the aging effects and of the batteries were not taken into account. The selfdischarge parameter of the battery was also not presented. As a result of the simulation, discharge characteristics of supercapacitors and batteries were obtained based upon which the expediency of their combined use for leveling load profiles of various types was substantiated. The paper presents the results of the simulation of operating modes of a hybrid energy storage device, combining the advantages of two types of energy storage devices, as well as a diagram of delivered power to the network, corresponding to the specified parameters. The paper provides a mathematical description of the increasing power by hybrid storage system resulting from the combined use of supercapacitors and batteries. The paper presents the dependence of the power increase ratio on the frequency and the pulse current duty ratio, which proves that the maximum possible output power of the hybrid storage system can be several times greater than the power of a single battery having the same parameters.

The paper considers theoretical and methodological foundations for studying network mechanisms of innovative development in the Republic of Belarus and in order to reach the purpose it is necessary to specify the concept of a systematic approach in the context of the study of the indicated mechanisms and develop a methodology for conducting such investigations. Systematic and historical approaches, principles of synergetics have been used as research methods. The paper substantiates the necessity to study the network mechanisms of innovative development in the Republic of Belarus from the point of view of a systematic approach. In this case, the author has refused traditional contrast of stable, essential, regularly repeating connections and relationships in the system to random, chaotic processes, and he has proceeded from the need to consistently apply a law of hierarchical compensation, as well as taking into account such features of the development of the modern economy as the rapid evolution of network technologies, further development of the risk economy, emergence of new challenges for traditional (including old industrial) industries. This has made it possible to define a systematic approach as a se quential and comprehensive examination of an object not as isolated from external influences, but as half-closed, but with an approach to an open system in which the synergetic processes generated by evolution of network technologies, development of the risk economy, and emergence of new challenges for industrial production (including traditional ones). It has been established that a consistent and comprehensive review of the network mechanisms of innovative development in the Republic of Belarus requires not only to determine initial categories and concepts, to show general and special determining factors, genesis and development trends, but also to conduct constant monitoring aimed at identifying dynamics of needs and interests of political-economic and economic entities involved in this process, as well as material and social technologies for implementation of the needs and interests.

Introduction. The process of shifting gears under load is one of the most complex types of dynamic process in the transmissions of transport, road and construction vehicles. Currently, the existing calculation methods do not fully reflect the features of the engine and automated gearbox interaction by switching stages under load using more than two friction clutches at the same time. The paper discusses the method of calculating the dynamic characteristics of the gearbox with the simultaneous use of both two and four friction clutches by shifting gears under load with forward and reverse switching. The authors present the results of the dynamic characteristics of the theoretical study of the automated gearbox with frictional stages’ switching under load and without breaking the power flow.Materials and methods. The main method was based on a system approach to the dynamic processes study and on the modeling of the gearbox operation together with the internal combustion engine. The authors took into account the regulatory, speed and load engine characteristics, resistive torque variation, rate of pressure rise in clutches by shifting to higher and lower gears. The paper performed theoretical modeling of processes using the MATLab package and the Simulink application. Using the main blocks of this application, the authors created models of physical components: an internal combustion engine, friction clutches, gear reducers, elastic shafts, damping devices and tractor power transmission control systems.Results. As a result, the authors obtained calculated data of the dynamic processes, variations in speed and rotational torque on the gearbox shafts; the load on the engine by shifting gears at different values of the start and finish time in switching on and off the gearbox friction controls. The paper presented the relevant graphs of the processes.Discussion and conclusions. The developed method of calculating the dynamic characteristics of the gearbox allows simulating workflows by shifting to higher and lower gears. This method takes into account both the parameters of the gearbox design and of the control actions: the rate of switching on the friction clutches; the time intervals of overlapping the “on and off” clutches. Therefore, in relation to the considered gearbox, the authors determine the values of the optimal time control commands of the friction by shifting.Financial transparency: the authors have no financial interest in the presented materials or methods. There is no conflict of interest.

This paper suggests an approach to the semantic image analysis for application in computer vision systems. The aim of the work is to develop a method for automatically construction of a semantic model, that formalizes the spatial relationships between objects in the image and research thereof. A distinctive feature of this model is the detection of salient objects, due to which the construction algorithm analyzes significantly less relations between objects, which can greatly reduce the image processing time and the amount of resources spent for processing. Attention is paid to the selection of a neural network algorithm for object detection in an image, as a preliminary stage of model construction. Experiments were conducted on test datasets provided by Visual Genome database, developed by researchers from Stanford University to evaluate object detection algorithms, image captioning models, and other relevant image analysis tasks. When assessing the performance of the model, the accuracy of spatial relations recognition was evaluated. Further, the experiments on resulting model interpretation were conducted, namely image annotation, i.e. generating a textual description of the image content. The experimental results were compared with similar results obtained by means of the algorithm based on neural networks algorithm on the same dataset by other researchers, as well as by the author of this paper earlier. Up to 60 % improvement in image captioning quality (according to the METEOR metric) compared with neural network methods has been shown. In addition, the use of this model allows partial cleansing and normalization of data for training neural network architectures, which are widely used in image analysis among others. The prospects of using this technique in situational monitoring are considered. The disadvantages of this approach are some simplifications in the construction of the model, which will be taken into account in the further development of the model.

Introduction. The calculation of effective indicators of the vortex ejector used in the diesel air supply system is a pressing task as it allows significantly reducing time for determination of rational design parameters at the design stage. One of the modifications of the particle dynamics method is a promising direction, allowing with high physical adequacy, “from the first principles,” to model aerodynamic processes in vortex devices. Therefore, the purpose of the paper is to develop a mathematical model of a vortex ejector.Materials and methods. The paper discussed a method of the mathematical simulation of ejection and ejection flows in a vortex ejector. The proposed modification of the particle dynamics method allowed describing aerodynamic processes with the help of simple laws of classical dynamics, and modeling them with the help of software of the Delphi 7 System. The author presented differential equations, which were solved by the Runge-Kutt method of the second order. As a result of the solution, the authors determined paths of air elements movement in the vortex ejector, which allowed estimating effective parameters of vortex devices.Results. To study the model, the author developed a program with the possibility to set geometric parameters of the vortex ejector in the interface window and to display the current values of the process parameters.Discussion and conclusions. Proposed mathematical model and computer program make it possible to quantify efficiency of vortex devices at their design stage. The advantage of the proposed mathematical model lies in more accurate calculation of vortex flow parameters from the vortex ejector design and physical properties of ejecting and ejecting flows.Financial transparency: the author has no financial interest in the presented materials or methods. There is no conflict of interest.

The lifetime of traction battery systems is an essential feature of the economy of battery electric urban bus fleets. This paper presents a model for the analysis and prediction of the lifetime of urban electric bus batteries. The parameterization of the model is based on laboratory measurements. The empirical ageing model is an integral part of a three-stage battery model, which in turn is an important component of the methodology for the overall system design, evaluation and optimisation of battery electric urban bus fleets. In an equidistant closed simulation loop, the electrical and thermal loads of the traction battery are determined, which are then used in the ageing model to calculate the SOH (state of health) of the battery. The closed simulation loop also considers the effects of a constantly changing SOH on the driving dynamics of the vehicles. The model for lifetime analysis and prognosis is presented in the paper, placed in the context of the overall system design and demonstrated by means of a practice-oriented example. The results show that the optimal system design depends, among other things, on whether an ageing simulation was used. Taking battery aging into account, system costs in the example presented can be reduced by up to 17 %.

The problem of searching for damage on overhead lines due to a lightning discharge is relevant for consumers of electricity and its suppliers. A direct lightning strike into power line elements leads to the destruction of insulators, breakage of wires and cables, and a consumer disconnection. The main task of the maintenance staff is to search for damage that occurs after a lightning discharge. Usually, special devices are used, they are installed in substations and based on the wave method, the visual method is also used. The paper proposes a model for detecting likely damage to power transmission line elements by creating a detailed database on the region's power transmission line and combining this database with a real-time archive of lightning discharges. The model in accordance with the proposed algorithm will make it possible to compile a list of supports likely to be affected by a lightning discharge, to identify the affiliation of these supports to specific power lines, and to notify the maintenance personnel of these power lines about the coordinates and supports of the power lines, where damage is possible. The model has a low cost and operating cost, can be easily deployed in any power system, but requires sufficient accuracy to detect lightning discharges and determine their coordinates. The solution to the problem of detection accuracy comes down to installing in the region a certain number of lightning direction finders of a particular system. The paper considers these issues on the example of the power system of the Murmansk region and lightning direction finders of the Blitzortung system.

Introduction.The paper deals with traffic light regulation. This task is always relevant. Thus, even for an ordinary intersection, depending on the intensity of traffic flows, the control cycles should differ significantly. This paper discusses all kinds of systems, namely, two-phase, three-phase, four-phase and others. In addition to solving optimization problems of regulation the authors propose to use the device managed network, which allows setting the configuration of the transport network as the base graph of the managed network, and then based on the parameterization of the graph of the throughput ability of the network to solve the optimization problem of selecting the control traffic and pedestrian flow.Methods and materials. For solving the problem of traffic management on the road network, the authors proposed to use the mechanisms of managed networks. As a result, the authors presented a technique based on the calculation of saturation flows, the main characteristic of the control technique, which was activated when there were no requests from the transport detectors to turn by the green signal.Results.The authors constructed a generalized simulation model of control phases of regulation based on the usage of controlled networks, depending on the intensity of traffic flows and formed a method of selecting modes of traffic lights for different traffic situations.Discussion and conclusions.The solution of the problem of traffic light regulation significantly affects the traffic management efficiency. The authors determine the main parameters based on the analysis of traffic light control methods. As a result of the calculation of the saturation flow and information about the intensity of traffic, the authors form the method of selecting the necessary modes of the phosphor object’s operation.The authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Financial transparency: the authors have no financial interest in the presented materials or methods. There is no conflict of interest.

Introduction. The paper considers improving the management quality of an educational organization through automating the personalized data collection, storage and ranking. The authors have developed a module of the university corporate system, an ePortfolio of students, which implements a multicriteria optimization method for calculating the students’ rating on the basis of the collected and stored data. The study object is multicriteria ranking methods. The subject of the study is the automated calculation of student’s rating within the electronic portfolio. The study objective is to develop tools for collecting, storing and processing data on individual achievements of students and the implementation of the mathematical method of multicriteria optimization for ranking students on the basis of the portfolio data. Practical implications include development of a tool for an effective management of the educational process.Materials and Methods. A prototype module of the university corporate system “ePortfolio” on the platform of 1C: Enterprise 8.3 is presented. To rank students, a special case of the alternative ranking method is implemented in the block of the data analysis module – pairwise comparison in order of their relative importance. At that, a unified scale of relations was used.Research Results. The authors described the scheme of the information system (IS) operation “ePortfolio”, presented a process interaction pattern for the portfolio formation, as well as a diagram of business processes under calculating an individual rating. A fragment of the sample is shown on which the performance of the multicriteria optimization block has been tested. The criteria of the calculations are described, as well as the rule of screening alternatives for solving for the optimum.Discussion and Conclusion. The paper presents the results of the IS block operation on ranking a list of students. The calculation results coincide with the practical data.

The paper presents a sensitivity analysis of the developed mathematical model of expert evaluation of investment projects. Processes of investment projects implementations are analyzed as decision-making processes under uncertainty. The mathematical model under study evaluates the effectiveness of an investment project using the NPV index. This index is considered a random variable and can be estimated by an investor as a segment [NPV1; NPV2J. The proposed mathematical model utilizes the probability density function of NPV in the form of Pearson curves of the first type. Another peculiar feature of the mathematical model is utilization of the subjective utility function in decision making of whether to invest or not to invest in some project. The subjective utility function considers individual characteristics of investors and their decision making under risks and uncertainty. Perception of additional information by investors changes depending on their attitude toward risk and missed opportunities and thus reduces uncertainty in decision making. The paper studies this step in detail and provides some conclusions proving the correctness of the developed mathematical model., Проводится анализ чувствительности модели экспертизы инвестиционных проектов к изменению входных параметров. При этом рассматриваются процессы реализации инвестиционных проектов в условиях неопределенности. В рассматриваемой математической модели эффективность проекта оценивается показателем NPV, значения которого случайны и известны инвестору в виде отрезка: NPV∈ [NPV1; NPV2J. В предлагаемой модели используется функция плотности вероятности NPV проекта в виде кривых Пирсона первого типа. Еще одной особенностью модели является использование функции субъективной полезности решений о принятии и отклонении инвестиционных проектов, позволяющей учесть индивидуальные особенности инвесторов при принятии решения в условиях рисков и неопределенностей. В зависимости от отношения инвесторов к риску и упущенным возможностям изменяется их восприятие дополнительной информации, сокращающей неопределенность при принятии решений. Этот момент подробно исследован в данной работе, и получены выводы, подтверждающие корректность рассматриваемой математической модели.

Introduction. The paper deals with the issues related to the implementation of the “quality” concept in the construction of reinforced concrete transport facilities linked with the scientific support during design and construction. Nowadays this problem particularly relevant in the context of the modern construction solutions, combined with the need to obtain the required properties of concrete structures and ensure the economic feasibility of construction. The aim of the research is to generalize and systematize the main methods and techniques of concrete works, which minimize the defects and cracks while the construction of transport infrastructure.Materials and methods. On the example of different technologies used in the Russian construction over last 10 years, the authors demonstrated the developed methods of obtaining high quality concrete products taking into account tested and proved modern building materials.Results. The results of the research formed the basis of the projects, technological regulations for the production, specifications and standards of organizations, guidelines. Moreover, the results also allowed implementing the concept of “quality” in transport construction based on obtaining defect-free reinforced concrete structures with specified properties, taking into account the use of modern building materials.Discussion and conclusions. The research allows carrying out construction of various massiveness and extent. The obtained results form the basis of construction technology of other industrial and civil construction objects with reinforced concrete application. The paper is interesting and useful for specialists in providing defect-free construction of reinforced concrete building structures, for engineering and technical staff. The authors dedicate the research to the memory of Professor and Doctor of Technical Sciences, A.R. Solovyanchik (1938-2019).

Introduction. Organization of high-quality training of the vehicles’ drivers is possible only with the proper formation of professional skills. Moreover, the formation of the skills is necessary for the driver to control the vehicle safety, perhaps by using simulators at the initial stage of training. The use of simulators allows automating the actions that the driver performs, while not exposing the student to risks.Therefore, the purpose of the paper is to analyze the application of simulators in the training of the vehicles’ drivers.Materials and methods. The paper presented the basic psycho physiological principles of the learning process, which should be taken into account when using simulators for driver training. The authors demonstrated the classification of the car simulators used for training of drivers by the information models. Existing information models of simulators were divided into two groups: reproducing only visual information, without imitation of the vestibular and simulating both visual and vestibular information. The analysis reflected the advantages and disadvantages of information models.Results. As a result, the authors proposed two systematizing features: the view angle of the visual information and the simulation of vestibular information.Discussion and conclusions. The research is useful not only for the further science development, but also for the selection of simulators and for the organization of the educational process in driving schools.

Introduction. Urban public transport plays an important role in modern cities. At the same time, the financial performance of public transport’s work is far from ideal. The purpose of the paper is to identify a promising area for increasing the payback of public urban passenger transport by application of different scientific methods.Materials and methods. The paper demonstrated the significant statistical relationship between the route’s payback of public urban passenger transport and the indicators of using the capacity of passenger vehicles. Moreover, the author presented the average value of the passenger stress coefficient. The author also proposed to increase the payback of public urban passenger transport based on the use of variable-length electric buses (modular vehicles), which allowed more precise adjustment to the capacity of passenger traffic.Results. Calculation examples showed that the use of modular passenger vehicles increased the public transport’s payback on 26%.Discussion and conclusions. As a result, the presence of the electric bus modules’ fleet of the same capacity allows the carrier flexibly adapting the existing passenger flow capacity. Therefore, such measures increase the passenger stress coefficient, reduce the spread of its values relative to the average value and lead to the increase in the payback of public passenger transport. The author recommends to substantiate the capacity of the module, to develop technology for carrying passengers by modular vehicles and to formulate technical requirements for the module design in further research.

Introduction. Hole details are quite widely used in structures of construction and road machines. The specialists apply boring for draft, semi-fair, and in some cases for fair processing of such surfaces. This type of processing is often followed by the negative nature of oscillatory processes that leads to decrease in accuracy and in the surface quality. The paper studies the possibility of the calculation method’s usage in oscillatory processes, which allows assigning the cutting modes by providing required output parameters.Materials and methods. The authors used the double-support beam as a design model of a boring cutter. The solution of the fluctuations’ modeling came down to definition of point movements, which corresponded to cutter top (points of application equally effective cutting forces). The authors made the definition of movements with use of Mor integrals. Therefore, the paper considered the impact of chip formation and separation due to perturbing forces.Results. The authors carried out the calculation of forces’ values in cutting with use of the degree dependences. Moreover, the authors accepted the formation’s frequency as the frequency of the perturbing influenced structure. The frequency of the chip formation was defined on the basis of estimated dependences, which connected parameters of the tool, the cut-off layer and modes of cutting. As a result, the author received the implementations of oscillatory processes and studied the influence of different factors on vibration amplitude.Discussion and conclusions. The authors make assessment of the received results’ adequacy by comparison with experimental data. The error doesn’t exceed 20%. The developed model considers geometrical parameters of the tool (a departure, plate corners, etc.), the modes of cutting both mechanical properties of the processed material and parameters of the chip formation. The model can be used both at design of boring operations and by optimization of the cutting modes for the purpose of productivity increase.

Introduction.Since the second half of the 20th century the safety in the automotive industry has been bringing to the forefront. Therefore, researches pay special attention to stability and controllability. These properties increase in a variety of ways, one of which is using of the four-wheel steering system (4WS). Foreign literature presents technical solutions on the example of sport cars and some Japanese models.Materials and methods.The paper provided an analysis of the four-wheeled steering passenger car’s kinematics. The authors considered the turning geometry with positive and negative steering angles of rear axle, on the basis of which the researches proposed calculation formulas for determining the turning radius of the car and the angles of the wheels’ rotation. The kinematic relations used in designing a steering system with four steered wheels.Results.The authors on the example of Volkswagen Polo calculated the turning radius and controllability depending on the steering wheels’ angles of the front and rear axles. As a result, the paper demonstrated the change in parameters and the effect on the safety and handling of the vehicle. The authors also highlighted the advantages of using a four-wheeled steering system.

Introduction. Perfect polyphase unimodular sequences, i. e. sequences with ideal periodic autocorrelation and single amplitude of symbols are widely used in modern radio communications and radar. A special place among them is occupied by perfect ternary sequences (PTSs) with elements {–1, 0, 1}. In fact, these are binary sequences with the alphabet {–1, 1}, but with zero symbols in some positions. It is known that PTSs are quite numerous and their length in comparison with perfect binary sequences is not limited from above. The charge for this is a peak factor greater than one, which causes energy losses in the receiver. A large number of research papers and books are devoted to the design of PTSs and the study of their properties. In particular, the handbook on sequence design by Fan and Darnell (1996) which provides an overview of the then known PTS families has become widely famous. However, over the past two decades, numerous new PTS families were discovered, some theorems on their existence were obtained, and connections were established between them and circulant weighing matrices. Therefore, there is a need for a new review of existing PTSs.Objective. The article is devoted to a retrospective review of existing PTSs and their generation devices.Materials and methods. Considered and analyzed domestic and foreign sources of information (books, journal papers, conference proceedings, patents).Results. Along with solving an informational bibliographic problem, the review shows the relationship between PTSs obtained at different times, their connection with circulant weighing matrices, and also describes the block diagrams of generators of some PTS families.Conclusion. A brief retrospective review of PTSs for their almost 60 years history is presented and the generators of some PTS families are considered. The results of the study are relevant for use in modern radio communications and radar systems and in particular, in CW and LPI radars.

Introduction. Nowadays robotics is one of the most important directions of fundamental, technical, scientific and applied research. The main robotics’ challenges are to develop schemes for obtaining information about environment and the creation of artificial intelligence effective systems of the complex dynamic objects’ control in uncertainty conditions. Recently, robotics is going through the stage of rapid development, more and more covering the civilian and military spheres of human activity. The number of developed and implemented mobile unmanned robotic complexes of military and dual-use exceeds the number of robotic complexes in progress. The purpose of the research is to review the most promising samples of mobile unmanned robotic equipment used in various fields of human activity.Results. The paper reviewed the modern developments of mobile unmanned robotic complexes applied in the agricultural complex, industrial and civil construction, and in cargo transportation. The authors analyzed promising samples of Russian and foreign unmanned robotic technology. Moreover, the authors presented factors that increasingly depended on key spheres of human activities in the development and implementation of mobile robotic systems. Therefore, the paper demonstrated the list of major programs and concepts for the development of the Russian Federation in robotic sphere.Discussion and conclusions. As a result, the authors identify the basic elements of automated control systems, of navigation and autopilot system basing on mobile unmanned robotic complexes. The paper also reveals the concept of the foveal vision, which allows quickly and accurately detect pavement roughness and obstacles on the vehicle’s way.

The task of controlling multi-link robots with manipulators for implementation of high-tech processes in industry has been considered in the paper. The paper presents sequential steps of using computer technology in construction of robotic-manipulators, including mathematical, algorithmic, and hardware and software tools for creating a multi-drive mechatronic system controlled by OMRON industrial microcontroller. A kinematic scheme of a robot manipulator has been described in the paper and it performs the following two types of movements – rotation around the z axis and rectilinear movement of a working element along a turning radius with precise positioning at a given point in the working space. Electromechanical design of the manipulator allows to ensure transportation of production objects in accordance with a given technological process. For designing the technological process of transporting production objects, a software module has been developed that makes it possible to automate description of basic operations for movement of the robot manipulator working body with subsequent automatic generation of a command sequence for a control program ensuring operation of electric drives in manipulator links in real time. To speed up the process of designing trajectory of the working body, a spatial simulation model of a robot-manipulator in the MatLab-Simulink environment has been developed. The paper considers a generalized diagram of a mechatronic control system for a robot-manipulator based on the OMRON programmable logic controller operating under control of a program developed in the programming environment Sysmac Studio Automation. A program for a programmable terminal with interface elements and animation elements has been developed for industrial use of the mechatronic system during adjustment and operation period. The paper provides an appearance of a robot-manipulator prototype. The developed mechatronic system of the robot-manipulator can be technologically oriented towards solving other problems of industrial production.

Introduction. The paper deals with the results of the reliability of urban public passenger transport routes. One of the main objectives is to consider the indicators for assessing the reliability of the urban passenger transport system, which have not yet been used in Russian practice. The peculiarity of these indicators is that the initial information can be obtained on the basis of modern bus equipment (GLONASS/GPS). The possibility of using these indicators, as well as the development of scales of reliability levels at the moment is an important scientific problem.Materials and methods. The authors proposed modern indicators for assessing the reliability of urban passenger transport routes, such as the time index and the associated buffer time indicator. The authors used the methods of mathematical statistics to process the data on the duration of bus traffic.Results. The authors obtained the reliability characteristics of urban passenger routes. Moreover, the paper presented the comparison of the reliability values on the example of Irkutsk and Angarsk.Discussion and conclusions. The authors reveal the range of values of the time and buffer indices based on the data of route networks of two different cities. Therefore, the authors offer the estimation scale of the reliability levels on routes.

Introduction.Construction of engineering structures is impossible without building and road machines. The large volume of financing is allocated for such machines’ purchase. The main ways of reducing costs of the equipment consist in more rational operation of the equipment and also in decrease of equipment’s cost by constructive changes. The paper demonstrates the new design of the single-bucket hydraulic excavator with smaller cost.Materials and methods.The main ways of cost reduction for construction machines are more rational operation and depreciation of a design with the required characteristics’ maintaining. The paper describes constructive changes of the working equipment of the single-bucket hydraulic excavator, which allow decreasing the production costs.Results.The authors describe the new bucket design of the single-bucket hydraulic excavator. Moreover, the authors carry out the analysis of the existing buckets’ design. The paper also illustrates the functioning on bucket forces while digging process. The authors describe the solutions of the problem for productivity increase of the single-bucket in hydraulic excavators. In addition, the authors make the scheme of the bucket loading while digging process. Such scheme helps to reduce resistance forces of digging.Discussion and conclusions.As a result, the paper presents the design of the working equipment of the hydraulic excavator’s single-bucket, which allows reducing resistance forces of digging. Such results would help to establish buckets of bigger capacity and would lead to the productivity increase.

Optimal management of fuel supply system boils down to choosing an energy development strategy which provides consumers with the most efficient and reliable fuel and energy supply. As a part of the program on switching the heat supply distributed management system of the Udmurt Republic to renewable energy sources, an "Information-analytical system of regional alternative fuel supply management" was developed. The paper presents the mathematical model of optimal management of fuel supply logistic system consisting of three interconnected levels: raw material accumulation points, fuel preparation points and fuel consumption points, which are heat sources. In order to increase effective the performance of regional fuel supply system a modification of information-analytical system and extension of its set of functions using the methods of quick responding when emergency occurs are required. Emergencies which occur on any one of these levels demand the management of the whole system to reconfigure. The paper demonstrates models and algorithms of optimal management in case of emergency involving break down of such production links of logistic system as raw material accumulation points and fuel preparation points. In mathematical models, the target criterion is minimization of costs associated with the functioning of logistic system in case of emergency. The implementation of the developed algorithms is based on the usage of genetic optimization algorithms, which made it possible to obtain a more accurate solution in less time. The developed models and algorithms are integrated into the information-analytical system that enables to provide effective management of alternative fuel supply of the Udmurt Republic in case of emergency.

The present paper bears discussion in nature and doesn’t claim for any scientific evidence. The purpose is to identify which classification of acetabular defects currently is the most employed in revision hip joint arthroplasty, and how precise this classification reflects the true defect severity and gives the objective grounds for selection of revision implants. Materials and methods . The authors conducted literature analysis in PubMed and eLIBRARY for the last five years. 170 publications in English, German and Spanish languages as well as 15 works in Russian language dedicated to classification of acetabular defects were selected. Results . W.Paprosky classification was found to be the most applicable, namely, in 65,9% of foreign publications and in 100% of Russian papers. AAOS classification was used in 22.9% of cases, Gross and Saleh — in 4.1%, Gustilo and Pasternak — in 1.2%. 5.9% publications reported use of two classifications. The reasons for Paprosky classification popularity is the possibility to evaluate defect basing on standard pelvis x-rays in preoperative stage as well as in retrospective research. At the same time, according to literature, the confidence of Paprosky classification (accuracy of correspondence to intraoperative findings) varies from 16 to 66% for different areas of acetabulum, and during reliability assessment (consistency between different specialists) kappa coefficient varies from 0.14 to 0.75 depending on experience of the specialist and specifics of the defect. One of the possible reason for discrepancies in assessment of defect grade are the iatrogenic and posttraumatic changes of the acetabulum. Nevertheless, Paprosky classification is evolving and, considering additional parameters, like type of defect (contained or non-contained) and pelvic ring continuity, it allows to create a full-fledge algorithm for selection of revision implants and defect replacement which is adequate to the up-to-date surgical needs. At the same time onrush of digital technologies of 3D-visualization considerably expands our possibilities for preoperative defects assessment and offers promising potential for development of new classifications, whose benefits are yet to be evaluated.

Introduction. One of the classes of modern radio engineering systems are systems with spatial diversity of transmitting, receiving or transceiving elements. In such systems, an increase of the information content is achieved by signal coprocessing ensuring synchronization in time and phase of the carrier oscillation. Currently, the researchers do not pay enough attention to the requirements for the accuracy of synchronization of distributed systems of different applications, as well as simple and affordable ways to synchronize them.Objective. The paper main objective is the search for technical solutions for clock and phase synchronization without atomic frequency standards and external sources of coordinate-time information.Methods and materials. The paper considers a distributed radio engineering system with non-rigid structure. Each element of the system has reference signal from its own crystal oscillator. The oscillators are not physically aligned. The phases of their oscillations are periodically compared by the method of two-way transmission of synchronizing signals (from one element to another and vice versa). The synchronization technique (software algorithmic approach) is reduced to the coprocessing signal correction according to estimated frequency (phase) drifts. The testing of the proposed technical solution is presented on a hardware model consisting of ten receiving and transmitting modules.Results. The experiment showed that RMS of synchronization errors does not exceeded 12 degrees by phase (for VHF), or 0.2 ns by time. These results are acquired for spatial diversity up to several hundred meters, mutual speed of the modules up to several meters per second and may be extended for higher frequencies (in particular, UHF).Conclusion. The paper proposes a method of multilateral propagation to synchronize distributed radioengineering systems. Combined with software algorithmic technique this method enables to obtain synchronization accuracy in real-time sufficient for coherent diversity technique.