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Physiologically, autophagy is a major protective mechanism of β-cells from apoptosis, through can reserve normal β- cell mass and inhibit the progression of β-cells destruction. Beta-cell mass can be affected by differentiation from progenitors and de-differentiation as well as self-renewal and apoptosis. Shred evidence indicated that hypoglycemic drugs can induce β-cell proliferation capacity and neogenesis via autophagy stimulation. However, prolonged use of selective hypoglycemic drugs has induced pancreatitis besides several other factors that contribute to β-cell destruction and apoptosis initiation. Interestingly, some nonhypoglycemic medications possess the same effects on β-cells but depending on the combination of these drugs and the duration of exposure to β-cells. The paper comprehensively illustrates the role of the hypoglycemic drugs on the insulin-producing cells and the pathogeneses of β-cell destruction in type 2 diabetes mellitus, in addition to the regulation mechanisms of β-cells division in norm and pathology. The grasping of the hypoglycemic drug’s role in beta-cell is clinically crucial to evaluate novel therapeutic targets such as new signaling pathways. The present paper addresses a new strategy for diabetes mellitus management via targeting specific autophagy inducer factors (transcription factors, genes, lipid molecules, etc.).

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among females and accounts for around 25% of all female melanomas worldwide with increasing incidence every day. Among various natural phytochemicals studied against breast cancer, curcumin has been found to possess antioxidative properties with established safety record. Curcumin is a pleiotropic molecule possessing chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties. Curcumin arrests cancer formation at various stages ranging from transformation, proliferation as well as invasion. Transformation is arrested by constitutive de-activation of transcription factors like STAT 3, AP-1, NF-kB. Curcumin controls the expressions of oncogenes, growth factor like EGF, PGDF, FGF, decoy receptors, cyclin D1, survival factors that are important for tumoral cell proliferation. Curcumin successfully inhibits tumor metastasis by supressing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase, COX 2, adhesion molecules, Chemokines and TNF. Curcumin has revealed anticancerous effects in synergism with various compounds like piperine, genistein, mitomycin C, phosphatidicholine, monomethoxy polyethylene glycol, epigallocatechin gallate and metformin. Recent studies have attempted to study the efficacy of curcumin loaded nanoparticles as drug delivery system. This paper attempts to review the work on antitumoral effects of curcumin against breast cancer, underlying mechanisms and proposes further investigations that are needed for rational cancer therapy.

Wheat and barley can be massively invaded with Fusarium head blight (FHB) which results in decrease in grain weight and quality. Accurate evaluation of the stress-physiological status including quantitative resistance (QR) and aggressiveness in breeding programs is a key to selecting resistant cultivars. Out of several analyzed components, one or two metric components composing a disease index are commonly employed as a typical methodology to score FHB; however, this resistance index can not describe correctly and accurately the whole resistance in host plants. We have therefore assessed a novel index to estimate the physiological and pathogenic status in a set of diverse bread and durum wheat and barley cultivars under artificial infection with four Fusarium species. Eighteen QR components obtained under in vitro, growth camber and field conditions were evaluated and nine components at the earliest and latest growth stages were selected and combined in one index to score QR. This novel index was further investigated for its stability in the same fungi-seedling and -adult plants treated with silicon that reduced these nine pathogenic components forming this index. The scores of our index were highly significant and correlated with data of reductions resulted in silicon treatments across the bread and durum wheat and barley cultivars, thus it is suitable to be used for quantification of resistance in host plants and aggressiveness of Fusarium isolates. Findings show that the novel index analyzed in the present report captured key components of quantitative wheat and barley resistance. This index can be applied for screening the most aggressive isolates of different FHB species for FHB resistance breeding of wheat and barley. The mean of nine disease components is introduced in this paper as a new index for QR in plants and aggressiveness of fungi. Moreover, the novel index could be a starting point for more correct techniques for assessing on of the most damaging biotic stresses on cereals, FHB.

The article is devoted to the inventive activity of the Department of Metabolism Regulation of the Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of NAS of Ukraine in the context of the history of its inception, development and the research activities of its founder, academician of NAS of Ukraine M. F. Guly as well as his students and followers. It briefly tells about practical achievements of M. F. Guly which were as significant, immense and diverse as his scientific accomplishments. The paper analyses in detail the practical results of scientific research of his students and followers aimed to solve practical problems of medicine, food-processing, agriculture, and which are essentially a continuation of the ideas and projects of M. F. Guly.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are rare monogenic hereditary endocrinopathies with a prevalence of 1–9 cases per 100,000 and 9–15 cases per 100,000, respectively. MEN1 is characterized by the development of multiple endocrine and nonendocrine organ tumors, including parathyroid, pituitary, and duodenopancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), which constitute the classical triad of the disease. CAH is associated with genetic defects in enzymes and transport proteins involved in the synthesis of adrenal cortical steroid hormones. Overall, cases of the combination of two hereditary diseases in one patient are extremely rare. In this article, we describe a clinical case of the combination of MEN-1 with all three classical components and CAH, which, taking into account the low prevalence of both diseases, represents scientific interest. To date, only one similar case has been described in the literature. In addition, the paper discusses the pathogenetically determined combination of CAH and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, known as the CAH-X syndrome.

Today there is a worldwide trend of population aging, in addition, the proportion of older people with obesity is increasing. In order to adequately manage these patients in the outpatient setting, it is critical to understand the dynamic relationship between body weight, chronic disease prevalence, development of functional disability, life expectancy, and health care costs. While the obesity epidemic has affected people of all age groups, empirical knowledge about the management of obese older people remains largely scarce. Currently, there is no single therapeutic approach to this problem. Weight loss should be treated with caution in people over 60 years of age. The risk of sarcopenia, malnutrition, bone loss, increased risk of falls and injury must be considered, which can lead to an increase in the number of people with disabilities and the associated costs of medical and social care. The analytical review focuses on the relationship between two of the greatest epidemiological trends: aging and obesity. This paper highlights the features of the pathophysiology of obesity in the elderly, the phenomenon of the «obesity paradox». Also from the perspective of evidence-based medicine approaches to the treatment of obesity in the elderly, including surgical interventions aimed at reducing body weight, are analyzed.

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are characterized by a variety of comorbid conditions, including both somatic (arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, bronchial asthma, malignant neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, obesity, etc.) and mental (depressive disorders, suicide attempts). Against the background of various chronic diseases of the respiratory system, endocrine, metabolic disorders, the risks of exacerbations of COPD increase.The leading unifying mechanism of these conditions is systemic subclinical inflammation. Its excessive activity leads to the loss of the physiological functions of inflammation, which is accompanied by an imbalance in the endocrine system and the release of high concentrations of hormones and neurotransmitters. The result of this response is the uncoupling of cytokine mechanisms, which leads to an imbalance in the system of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.The article describes the role of the pro-inflammatory chemokine IL-8 (interleukin 8), which is responsible for the migration of neutrophils to the site of inflammation. This is how the neutrophilic type of inflammation is formed. IL-4 and IL-10 are considered, which occupy a leading position in the formation of CD4+ type of immunoreactivity, which is observed in bronchial asthma. Attention is focused on the significance of IL-6, because it is an integral component of local and systemic inflammation. An increase in its concentration and, as a result, a potential risk of damage to the respiratory epithelium is the remodeling of the bronchial tree, resulting in a decrease in the elasticity of the epithelium of the respiratory tract. This mechanism leads to the formation of pulmonary emphysema and further potentiation of pathophysiological processes in patients with COPD.Since IL-6 is a cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties, its molecular activity is achieved by interacting with a special receptor complex consisting of two subunits: IL-6R and gp130. The former mediates IL-6 binding, while the latter triggers the JAK/STAT or MAPK signaling cascade pathways. The result of the reaction of IL-6 with the effector cell directly depends on the type of signaling.The paper describes three mechanisms of signal transduction into the target cell: classical, cluster, and transsignaling.Thus, by studying the role of cytokines in the systemic inflammatory response, we have shown the cross-talk between adipose tissue and the lungs in obesity, highlighting the main inflammatory mediators, which may indicate new therapeutic targets for preventing pulmonary dysfunction.

The article presents data of the influence of cytokines of different directions of glucose and lipid metabolism in obesity. A change of the basic paradigm regarding adipose tissue has contributed to a number of recent discoveries. This concerns such basic concepts as healthy and diseased adipocytes, and, as a consequence, changes of their metabolism under the influence of cytokins. Distinguishing the concept of organokines demonstrates that despite the common features of cytokine regulation, each organ has its own specifics features of cytokine regulation, each organ has its own specific an important section of this concept is the idea of the heterogeneity of adipose tissue. Knowledge of the function of adipose tissue localized in different compartments of the body is expanding. There are date about the possibility of transition of one type of adipose tissue to another. A possible mechanism linking adipose tissue inflammation and the formation of insulin resistance (IR) is presented in this paper. The mechanism of IR development is closely connected with to proinflammatory cytokins disordering the insulin signal, accompanied by a decrease of the work of glucose transporters. A decrease of the income of glucose into cells leads to a change of glycolysis level to an increase of the fatty acids oxidation. Cytokins are able to participate in the process of the collaboration of some cells with others, that occurs both during physiological and pathological process.

Myo-inositol (MI) is a sugar-alcohol produced by most plants and animals. 1L-myo-Inositol- 1-phosphate synthase (MIPS) is the rate limiting enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-glucose 6- phosphate to 1L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate, the first step in the production of all inositol- containing compounds. The enzyme exists in a cytoplasmic form in a wide range of plants, animals, and fungi. In plants, a chloroplastic form of the enzyme is also widely known. The significance of MI and its direct and more downstream derivatives lies in their dual functions as signalling molecules as well as key metabolites under stress. The role of MI and its derivatives in aiding the plants to cope with various abiotic stress conditions through physiological and biochemical changes have been discussed in this paper.

The historical path from the analysis of morphological adaptation to morphogenetic, but with a new information content: morphogenetic → molecular → supramolecular → ... is increasingly acquiring not only a physico-chemical interpretation, but also the path to ecological biotechnology, aimed at the goals and objectives of the developed protective equipment , which contribute to the development in the understanding of the general patterns that biology faces. In this paper, the features of the biological specificity of morphogenesis and structural stability are considered from the perspective of supramolecular biochemistry of the genetic and proteomic basis of total chromatin. It is noted that in the model system, collection germs of wheat seeds, and in the process of their organ-specific, coordinated-regular growth when switching development subprograms: "donor" spring → winter "donor" → again spring, respectively, positioning occurs, in the time period of growth, core histone (Н3+Н4)'': spring-mesocotyl (42 h) → winter-root system (42 h) → spring-whole highly differentiated embryo (24 h, 30 h). Based on the data obtained, a targeted approach to assessing and predicting the prospects of ecogenetic-biotechnological developments is possible.

The paper presents some natural supramolecular sanogenetic mechanisms that occur in the body of chickens after dermanyssosis with the participation of stress-associated hormones, cortisol and triiodothyronine, during desacarisation. This study contains a description of physiological and biochemical bases of recovery of the body after an extreme environmental factor (haematophagous ectoparasite Dermanyssus gallinae). Particular scientific interest is in studying changes in the dynamics of morphophysiological and biophysiochemical blood parameters in birds with eliminated stress factor of extreme strength, an aggressive haematophagous ectoparasite, and a concurrent desacarisation of the poultry building with a synthetic pyrethroid-based drug. At the same time, partially normalized key parameters of endocrine and metabolic homeostasis was detected in the birds after dermanyssosis, which occurred due to activated natural sanogenetic mechanisms, and compensatory and adaptive reactions. Significant changes were detected in the hormonal state in the chickens from the experimental group that resulted in the decreased cortisol-producing function of the adrenal glands and the increased thyroid gland functional activity. The latter is, in our opinion, the most important sanogenetic mechanism that ensures maintenance of the antioxidant status, which is especially necessary when the body recovers after an extreme environmental factor. Along with this, a natural recovery of the RBC elements as well as immunity was observed. At the same time, decreased intensity of lipid peroxidation processes in the experimental chickens predetermines maintaining the integrity of these cells.

This paper describes selected chemical, physical and analytical composition of fresh chicken egg (FCE), whole egg powder (WEP), and irradiated whole egg powder (IWEP). WEP samples were irradiating at 0, 5, 10 and 15 kGy using gamma irradiator. Analysis determined the approximate compositions, chemical and physical properties including the percentage of moisture, crud fat, crude protein, total sugar, reducing sugar, and ash, total acidity, pH value, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), viscosity and color changes in FCE, WEP and IWEP. The results indicate that the FEP and WEP could be a fine resource of nutrients for consumers to select. In general, no considered differences observed in proximate components of WEP and IWEP. The results shows some differences in the analyzed chemical and physical parameters between WEP and IWEP. However, the tested physical and chemical parameters were all well within the acceptable limits for samples of FCE, WEP and IWEP.

The fruits of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) have long been eaten and used for medicinal purposes. During the long history of their use, many cultivars have been created with a wide range of shapes, sizes, colors, biochemical composition, and fruit ripening dates, allowing the planting of the cornelian cherry in different geographical locations and a wide range of environmental conditions. The M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine) has an extensive collection of C. mas cultivars, which differ in many respects, including the time of fruit ripening. Recently a new cultivar, ‘Vytivka Svitlany’, marked by a very early ripening time, has been bred. The fruits of cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ are red or dark red, oval and more or less elongated, cut off at the top and slightly concave, shiny, juicy, sweet-sour, and slightly tart, with a delicate aroma. After full ripening, the fruits crumble quickly. They are deliciously fresh and suitable for processing in the food industry. In the present paper, the morphological features and biometric characteristics of the fruits of the new cultivar in comparison with other early-ripening cultivars (red-fruited ‘Olena’ and yellow-fruited ‘Alyosha’), as well as the principal biochemical composition of the fruits and its phenological phases for the seasonal development in 2021 according to BBCH scale are represented.

The purpose of the research is to study effects of the 2.0% supramolecular complex of ivermectin in overdoses on the clinical condition of horses.Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted on 20 horses of different breeds in the Seradin Equestrian Center, the North Caucasus Federal District, the Chechen Republic, in October 2020. The horses were divided according to the principle of analogues into 3 test groups and one control group of 5 animals each. The 2.0% supramolecular complex of ivermectin was administered to the horses from group 1 at a therapeutic dose of 0.2 mg/kg; group 2 received a tripled dose of 0.6 mg/kg, and the group 3, a 5-fold increased dose of 1,0 mg/kg for the active substance. The drug was administered once individually in a mixture with compound feed. The body temperature was measured with a non-contact thermometer, and the pulse rate and the respiratory rate were measured per 1 min. Urine of the horses was examined on days 1, 7 and 14 after the drug. The urine color, transparency and consistency were determined. Multifunctional test paper was used to study pH, protein, glucose, ketone bodies, nitrites, bilirubin, and urobilinogen. Blood was taken in the morning from the horses’ jugular vein on days 1, 7 and 14 after the drug. Hematological and biochemical parameters were studied on analyzers.Results and discussion. Clinical fndings of the horses (body temperature, pulse and respiration) did not differ from those of the control animals after the 2.0% supramolecular complex of ivermectin was administered in a therapeutic, tripled and 5-fold increased doses on days 1, 7 and 14. A slight increase in ketone bodies was observed in the urine on day 1, which may indicate the drug effect on the central nervous system at a 5-fold increased dose; all parameters were within the normal range on days 7 and 14. The 2.0% supramolecular complex of ivermectin in overdoses (0.6; 1.0 mg/kg for the active substance) did not adversely affect the horses’ hematological or biochemical blood parameters.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a challenging problem of the present. Another essential problem causing serious health consequences is the global obesity epidemy. Our article notes the importance of studying the combinations and correlations of mentioned pandemic processes. We analyzed scientific reports of co-presence of obesity, diabetes and coronavirus infection. According to the analyzed data combination of COVID-19 with obesity and diabetes leads to the higher rate of the hospitalisation. These patients more often required the transfer to the intensive care unit and artificial lung ventilation. Our review contains scientific observations of the first reported cases of higher mortality rate of obese and diabetic patients during the period of previous influenza pandemics (including H1N1). The results of the 2020 year shows that the outcomes of coronavirus infection with underlying obesity much more threatening and harmfull. In our article, we present the correlation of the average body mass and mortality rate index in different countries (according to the WHO and the World Obesity Federation). Comparative results in the Central Asia countries are given as well. The paper analyzes the suggestions for obesity policy and advocacy provided by World Obesity Federation in “ROOTS: A framework for action”. The conclusions marks the importance of implementing the proposed measures against obesity during a pandemic and in the post-COVID era.

Legumes in traditional medicine play a key role in the world. In majority of countries, especially in Iran and China, western and traditional medicine has been practiced side by side of each other. The aim of this study is to review bioactive components and chemical constituents of some important legumes in East of Asia. All relevant papers in English language of researchers and scholars from various countries gathered. The soybean itself is composed of approximately 40% protein, 20% oil, 35% carbohydrates, and 5% trace minerals and other compounds. The most important functional components of soy are α-Linolenic acid, isoflavones, lecithins, lectins, linoleic acid, peptides, phytosterols, protein and saponin. Peanuts are considered an important source of oil, folate, antioxidants, protein, and essential fatty acids (linoleic), and it ranked fourth in oilseed crops in the world after soybeans, rapeseed, and cotton. Peanuts are considered an important source of oil, folate, antioxidants, protein, and essential fatty acids (linoleic), and it ranked fourth in oilseed crops in the world after soybeans, rapeseed, and cotton. It has been revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, alkaloids by positive reaction with the respective test reagent. Cow peas are valuable source of protein, carbohydrate, mineral and vitamins, and it also contain biologically active components including phenols, phytic acid, saponin, oligosaccharides, fiber and etc. Nutrition therapy according to traditional Asian medicine by considering tremendous benefits of legumes is quite effective at not only treating common diseases, but also its prevention.

Background and objectives: Understanding oscillations of cardiovascular parameters (BP, HR, blood flow, heart contractility, etc.) has been a puzzling issue. This paper intends to assess the effects of various physiological and pathological factors like gender, age, BMI, handedness acute perceived stress and chronic perceived stress on individual components of blood pressure, and to evaluate and gauge the physiological and pathophysiological reflex mechanisms for the same. Methods: 120 normotensive, healthy adults were included with equal gender ratio. After obtaining consent, age, BMI, Handedness and STAI for perceived acute and chronic stress were recorded. BP components i.e. SBP, DBP, PP, MAP and RPP were recorded and calculated. Physical, psychological, physiological and pathological factors affecting cardiac and vascular systems were deliberated. Mean, SD, T-test and Pearson’s correlation were used for analysis. Results: Gender difference in BP showed cardiac and vascular protective role of oestrogen in females through eNOS. Age had significant negative correlation with RPP suggesting early changes in cardiac mass reducing oxygen extraction by the myocardium, while based on various neuroendocrinal, hormonal and renal mechanisms, BMI showed strong positive correlation with SBP, DBP and MAP, proposing changes within circulating blood volume, cardiac output and large vessels. Unlike previous studies, there was no correlation between handedness and BP components on subjects at rest, suggesting cerebral dominance on autonomic influences might be active only in BP stimulating situations. Acute perceived stress showed negative correlation with all BP components recommending extended biopsychosocial model and active baroreceptor reflex unlike acute physical stress, which shows elevated BP, which can only be obtained by resetting threshold response of baroreceptor to higher level. Chronic perceived stress correlated with elevated SBP and MAP suggesting rumination, cardiovascular remodelling, reflex adaptation and resetting. Conclusion: Our study has tried to hypothesise specific physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms which might be involved in changes of individual blood pressure components. It is fascinating to notice that none of the observed factors (physiological and pathological) has any correlation with Heart Rate. Our subjects were at rest and hence, heart rate was normal, showing no variations. This article helps to understand probable underlying mechanisms for the same.

Eucalyptus are among the most widely cultivated forest trees in the world under a range of different climates for products that include pulp, paper fuel wood and solid wood products such as poles, furniture and construction timber. Productivity and profitability of plantations of Eucalyptus have been revolutionized with the development of genetically improved, fast growing and high yielding Clonal planting stock of Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus Clonal planting has been said to have advantages which includes quick provision of benefits associates with fast growth, short rotation for production of pulp wood (of around 70 MT ha-1 in 6 years) ready marketing and easy establishment and less maintenance needs. Clonal planting one among the approach for management of water and nutrients compared to the other conventional strategies. Studies relating to Clonal difference and evaluation for dry matter production will help to overcome productivity loss due to deficit rainfall and optimum utilization of available natural resources for higher wood production. The present study was carried out to test the hypothesis that there exists a Clonal variation in growth, biomass production and yield and the present study gives an insight in to Clonal variation in with reference to growth, biomass production and yield.

The aim of this paper is to study and comparison of hemodynamic parameters in the state of physiological rest in students of the technical University and the construction University of Nizhny Novgorod. Results: An assessment of the parameters of the hemodynamics of the cardiovascular system of technical students in Nizhny Novgorod was obtained with the complex hardware examination, as well as the use of standard hemodynamic indicators and statistical data processing. A table is provided for comparing these indicators, as well as an analysis of each indicator, in accordance with age standards. Conclusion: This survey showed a picture of hemodynamic parameters of the cardiovascular system of students in a state of physiological rest, allowing you to use this hardware diagnostics as a comprehensive monitoring of the functional state of the body, as well as control of subjects during the training process.

Our work consists to study the germinative behaviour of the seeds of Aristolochia baetica L. of Tessala Mount (western Algeria), endemic species of western Algeria, Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula. The germination tests were carried out under controlled conditions, in Petri dishes lined with filter paper. We studied the effect of some physicochemical pretreatments on the improvement of germination capacity of seeds. The effect of temperature, water and salt stress has also been studied. The results show that the seeds of Aristolochia baetica are dormant and that only pretreatment with gibberellic acid (GA3), soaking in distilled water and stratification have been able to remove their inability to germinate. The optimum thermal of germination is between 15 °C and 20 °C. The seeds of Aristolochia baetica are very sensitive to water stress, their tolerance level is -0.19 bar beyond which their germination is inhibited. However, they are intolerant to salinity.

The paper presents results of the study of cellular composition and biochemical parameters of blood in gray seal (Halichoerus grypus grypus) in the Kandalaksha State Nature Reserve (Bolshoy Ainov Island, Barents Sea). Animals have been studied in an early postnatal period of development, i.e. from birth to weaning. We have determined the following blood parameters: leukocyte blood differential count and indicators of the functional activity of the cells, describing a level of nonspecific bactericidal activity, i.e. content of myeloperoxidase and cationic protein in granulocytes. The set of biochemical parameters includes the basic indicators of metabolism: total protein and its fractions, urea, creatinine, uric acid, glucose, lactic acid, total lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, enzymes (aminotransferases, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, α-amylase, γ-glutamyltransferase, creatine kinase). The values of hematological and biochemical parameters are within the limits of a norm described for H. grypus of the same ages. This allows us to characterise a status of pups born in 2006 and 2013 as a normal one. We have determined that in the first month of H. grypus' life the bactericidal function of leucocytes is carried out, mainly, by myeloperoxidase. Cationic protein serves only as an addition in the bactericidal system. Changes of metabolic characteristics in H. grypus during an early postnatal period are similar to those in terrestrial mammals. At the same time, the level of some indicators should be served as a feature of pinniped metabolism. So, gamma-glutamyltransferase activity, being a marker of passive immunoglobulins transfer in newborns, is almost 10 times lower than in terrestrial animals. The activity of alkaline phosphatase acted as an animal fatness index and to differentiate the catabolic and anabolic statuses, is higher in young H. grypus than in terrestrial mammals of the same age. Newborn H. grypus individuals also have a high blood oxygenous capacity, which is comparable with the indices of adults. Halichoerus grypus individuals born in 2006 and 2013 had similar hematological and biochemical blood parameters. The obtained values of blood parameters could be accepted as reference indices. They could be used to evaluate animal status and influence of various natural and anthropogenic factors on H. grypus.

Medicago arborea L. is a Mediterranean leguminous fodder shrub, regarded as a promising species in arid and semi-arid lands where it can play an important role in the elaboration of a durable pastoral system. The aim of this paper is to investigate and characterize the response of M. arborea plants to water and salt stress at the early growth stage. Seedlings of the species derived from seeds collected in the Djelfa province, Algeria, were grown in pots under greenhouse conditions and separately submitted to water stress, restoring 20%,40%,60%,80% and 100% of substrate field capacity, and salt stress, supplying irrigation water with 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 meql-1 of NaCl+CaCl2. Stress effects were determined on fresh and dry-matter biomass, relative water content, leaf pigment content (chlorophyll and carotenoids), proline and total soluble sugars amount. Results showed that both water and salt stress affected seedlings growth. In particular, the lowest water regime (20% of field capacity) significantly reduced fresh and dry-biomass and relative water content, whereas seedlings under salinity maintained a good water content (>70%).Chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids content did not show significant differences among treatments, while proline and total soluble sugars amounts, major osmolytes involved in osmotic adjustment, significantly increased according to salt and water stress intensity. The findings highlight that M. arborea has a remarkable potential of tolerance to water deficit and salinity, involving a range of physiological strategies to cope with stress by regulating metabolism activity and maintaining cell turgor.

The paper presents the history of establishing the problem-oriented vitaminologic laboratory on studying the metabolic changes in vitamin B1 deficiency and excess and its relationships with other vitamins at the Department of Biochemistry of Grodno State Medical Institute (GSMI). On the basis of the laboratory following suggestion of Professor Yu.M. Ostrovsky and the decision of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1970 the Department of Metabolism Regulation of the BSSR Academy of Sciences (Institute of Biochemistry since 1985) was established. The important contribution of the GSMI students’ scientific society in formation of the personnel capacity of the first academic establishment in Grodno as well as the fruitful cooperation of GSMI (University) with the academic establishment in creation of the representative scientific school is emphasized.

The aim of this paper is to study the dynamics of the dielectric properties of the tissue in the experimental controlled thermal modification. Material and methods: the experiment was performed on equal in volume and mass samples of intraoperatively removed tissue of Palmar aponeurosis (n=8). The thermal effect was simulated by placing tissue fragments in a thermostat (processing time – 5 min., temperature – 60 C). Duration of exposure after thermal modification was 5 min. Dielectric properties of tissues was determined using an original hardware-software complex for near-field resonant microwave sensing. Results: the study made it possible to verify the shifts in dielectric properties of the tissue that occur under short-term exposure to high temperature in vitro. It is shown that the dielectric permeability and conductivity of the biological object are significantly reduced under the influence of this factor, which is primarily due to a decrease of its hydration degree.

The aim of this paper was to study the effect of cold helium plasma on the parameters of oxidative metabolism and crystallogenic activity of rat blood plasma. Material and methods: The experiment was performed on 20 male Wistar rats divided into control (n=10, without manipulation) and main (n=10) groups. Animals of the main group underwent a course, which included 10 daily procedures for processing a pre-epilated area of the back skin (area – 10% of the body surface) with a stream of helium cold plasma (duration – 1 min.). Upon completion of the course, the intensity of lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant activity, malon dialdehyde level and superoxide dismutase activity were determined in the blood of all rats, and crystallogenic properties were evaluated. The conjugation of potential shifts was carried out by correlation analysis. Results: It was found that cold helium plasma transforms oxidative metabolism of blood plasma and its crystallogenic properties, acting as an agent with moderate antioxidant properties and a stimulant of dehydration structuring. In this case, the antioxidant effect is realized, among other things, due to the activation of superoxide dismutase.

The aim of this paper is to study of possibilities of near-field microwave probing in the estimation of skin structure in man and rats. Results: We studied real part of dielectric permittivity of the skin and subcutaneous elements of healthy people and Wistar rats at depths of 2 to 5 mm with resonance near-field microwave tomography. The equation of the linear regression describing the correlation between probing depth and value of the dielectric permittivity were constructed. Conclusion: Our researches have allowed to establish a pattern of depth distribution of the dielectric properties of the skin of healthy people and Wistar rats, which can serve as the physiological microwave pattern for the study of subsurface tissues, including the various layers of the skin and the surrounding subcutaneous structures. It allows to consider this technology as a method of monitoring of organism state in different stress conditions.

The presented paper is a third revision of the clinical recommendations for the treatment of morbid obesity in adults. Morbid obesity is a condition with body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kg / m2 or a BMI ≥35 kg / m2 in the presence of serious complications associated with obesity. The recommendations provide data on the prevalence of obesity, its etiology and pathogenesis, as well as on associated complications. The necessary methods for laboratory and instrumental diagnosis of obesity are described in detail. In this revision of the recommendations, the staging of prescribing conservative and surgical methods for the treatment of obesity are determined. For the first time, a group of patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus is selected, in whom metabolic surgery allows a long-term improvement in the control of glycemia or remission of diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), by 2035 the number of diabetes patients will reach 592 million people. Various disorders of the structure and function of the soft tissues and skeleton of the lower extremities is the most common reason that patients seek medical care. The paper presents the modern concept of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapeutic and prevention tactics used in the specialized endocrinological and surgical clinics.

The effect of low temperature (2 °С, 7 days) on the content of soluble carbohydrates in the leaves and oxidative activity of isolated mitochondria from the etiolated plants of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter rye (Secale cereale L.) has been studied. This paper describes the effect of low temperature on the distribution of the respiratory pathways in the isolated mitochondria from etiolated leaves of winter wheat and rye that are different by resistance to cold. With using the different oxidation substrates (malate, malate + rotenone, succinate, NADH and NADPH), we identified changes in the oxidative activity of winter wheat and rye mitochondria. In this work, the dependence of the functioning of cyanide-insensitive oxidase and rotenone-insensitive NAD(P)H dehydrogenases in the isolated mitochondria of winter cereals from content of the soluble carbohydrates is discussed.

In this paper we consider the second component of remontant raspberry cold hardiness - frost resistance, namely the ability of this raspberry type to tolerate the lowest temperature. Series of artificial freezing was carried out to check the frost-resistance. According to the data obtained the most frost-resistant varieties of remontant raspberries were detected. The critical low temperature for all studied varieties and forms of remontant raspberries was estimated.

The paper presents the results of study of maximal frost resistance of apple-tree varieties of Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Buryat, Canadian selection by the method of artificial freezing. The research found virtually all apple-tree varieties to withstand the temperature as low as -45оС without serious damage to bark, cambium and wood; with only Melba variety exhibiting significant bark damage. Apple-tree varieties of Buryat ACRI selection, regardless of cultivation location, demonstrated high tissue resistance to critical low negative temperatures. The investigated forms of Malus baccata L. Borkh, are characterized by high frost resistance in the middle of winter regardless of their location. Critical temperatures of -50о and -55оС proved lethal for Lada, Krasnaya Grozd’ varieties, as well as for Melba variety of Canadian selection.

The use of ion-plasma technologies for treatment of seeds of different crop plants is particularly important for regions that exist in environment of risk farming. This is due to the lack of supplies in the treatment, durability, reliability and performance of these technologies. However, the mixed results of studies obtained for different species and varieties of seeds, make it necessary to detail compare the effects of the low-temperature plasma products for different cultures. This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the effects of plasma products of surface dielectric barrier discharge on the germination of spring and winter wheat. It has been shown that irrespective of time and the exposure intensity laboratory germination of spring wheat seeds reduced of 74% in the control group to 52% of the treated seeds, while the germination of wheat seeds is not reduced even at a relatively long exposure (20 min). The modes of treatment (3 min, 2.1-2.4 kV) at which germination of winter wheat seeds increase from 81% in the control group to 87% of the treated seeds have been selected. Resistance of winter wheat seed germination to the product of the discharge plasma can be used to form the conditions for safe suppression of a variety of pathogenic organisms on the surface of seeds.

In the present literature review modern epidemiological studies the role of nutrition in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Were analyzed mainly work on the association of certain types of dietary intake of the population to the risk of metabolic syndrome in several Western and Asian countries. The purpose of these studies was to determine deemed "good" type and the "bad" type of food, risk assessment and exchange of metabolic disorders to determine the optimal dietary recommendations. Application of factor and cluster analysis allowed in a number of studies to identify groups of products associated with a decrease in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and to estimate the odds ratios of metabolic syndrome when compared with the "bad" diet. A number of papers were obtained confirm the effectiveness of the Mediterranean diet in the prevention of metabolic disorders. Commitment to the traditional Western diet is associated with deterioration in health, compared with the recommended "healthy" diet. Data from epidemiological studies nutrition and metabolic disorders associated with a number of diseases, may be useful in determining how the recommendations on the best type of feeding the population, so to identify ways to further research.

Years of research have shown that some of the redox elements (enzymes, coenzymes, and co-substrate) are isolated from each other kinetic and spatial manner (compartmentalization) in the eukaryotic cells. The redox elements forming the "highly" and "widely" specialized redox system are found in all cell structures: mitochondria, plastids, peroxisomes, apoplast, nucleus etc. In recent years the active involvement of the central vacuole in the maintenance of the plant cell redox homeostasis is discussed, actually the information about the vacuolar redox system is very small. The high-priority redox processes and "redox-specialization" of the vacuolar compartment are not known. We have begun a study of red beet-root vacuole redox systems (Beta vulgaris L.) and have identified redox enzymes such as: phenol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and glutathione reductase (EC 1.8.1.7). This paper presents some of the characteristics of these enzymes and considers the probable ways of their functioning in vacuolar redox chains.

The paper presents data from competent drug controlling agencies form Russia, United States, Europe and other regions, comments on the main serious misconceptions of sibutramine-containing medicines, discusses the prerequisites for the analysis of the situation with sibutramine that initiated a SCOUT study, analyzes the history of sibutramine-containing drug Meridia. The results of observational research programs carried out in Russia (completed – "VESNA" and continued – "Primavera") are discussed in relation to the efficacy and safety of sibutramine-containing drug Reduxine for the target audience patients.

This paper presents a case of primary hyperparathyroidism with a broad spectrum of metabolic disturbances and concomitant sleep apnea syndrome. As shown a timely surgical treatment helps to improve the mineral parameters and alleviate the risk of possible cardiovascular complications in future.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has attracted a growing attention of medical doctors of different specialties in the last few years. The ability to predict the risk of the development of visceral manifestations (nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, cardiovascular disease, peptic ulcer disease) in the mild asymptomatic PHPT can define indications for conservative treatment of such patients because of the high prevalence of the mild form of the disease. Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common manifestations of the PHPT and is one of the indications for surgery. Mechanisms of nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis in PHPT remain unclear and many investigations are devoted to studying the possible predictors of its development. In this paper we review the current knowledge of nephrolithiasis, clinical features and risk factors of its development in patients with PHPT.