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Introduction. The year 2023 commemorates the 80th anniversary of the Kalmyk deportation (28 December 1943) to the eastern parts of the Soviet Union. In December 1943, ethnic Kalmyks were groundlessly repressed and forcibly relocated from native lands to be scattered across Siberia toward the Far East and Extreme North for the long thirteen years (1943–1957). Key aspects of Kalmykia’s contribution to the Great Victory have been duly investigated. However, the deportation and exile proper had remained untackled for quite a long time, and this period of Kalmyk history still lacks comprehensive investigation. It is urgent to assemble a complete picture of how people were relocated and survived in special settlement areas, which makes further endeavors aimed at obtaining additional related material timely enough. In February 2023, Kalmyk Scientific Center (RAS) arranged a scientific expedition to the Republic of Kazakhstan for documentary material on Kalmyks deported to the Kazakh SSR. The employees were granted a unique opportunity to consider documents housed at the Archive of the President of Kazakhstan, repositories of Almaty Region, Qyzylorda Region, and Aral District Archive proper. Goals. The article attempts a review of some documents discovered at Aral District Archive (Qyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan) and dealing with Kalmyks deported from Lagansky Ulus of the Kalmyk ASSR in the late 1943. Materials. So, the paper focuses on official papers contained in the mentioned repository and related scholarly publications. Conclusions. Insights into the documents prove instrumental enough in outlining how residents of Lagansky Ulus were relocated to the target territory and adapted to new living conditions. The former primarily deal with the years 1944, 1946, 1948, and 1950. However, even the reduced data are of utmost significance. The still unanswered questions are how many residents of the Ulus were deported to the Kazakh SSR and Siberian territories, and what the actual proportions were. The archival papers say that in January 1944, the Bureau of Aral District Party Committee and District Soviet of Workers’ Deputies decided to accept and accommodate a total of 745 households to be engaged in local fisheries. Another dispatch of April 1944 addressed to the Secretary of Kazakhstan Party Committee and the Head of Qyzylorda NKVD Department mentioned 1,200 individuals or 400 households of ‘special settlers’, while additional 2,200 fishermen and their family members were accepted thereafter. So, the actual number of accommodated Kalmyks was larger than the one in published scholarly works. Further detailed insights into the papers from Aral District Archive shall shed light on living conditions and challenges faced by relocated residents of Lagansky Ulus across special settlement areas.

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Copyright of Proceedings in Archeology & History of Ancient & Medieval Black Sea Region is the property of Cimmeria Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In January 2022, Kazakhstan was faced with an attempt of a violent change of power in the form of mass protests that spread throughout the country and were organized with the basic techniques of color revolutions. The country’s own law enforcement forces were not able to cope with radical citizens, looters-rioters, and terrorists, and in these circumstances the head of state, K.K. Tokayev, decided to request the support of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) allies, who immediately sent the united peacekeeping troops to the republic. The CSTO peacekeeping mission, coordinated by Russia, successfully restored constitutional order in the country and prevented a violent coup d’état. The purpose of this research is to analyze the course of the January events and actions of the CSTO, as well as their impact on Kazakhstan, the region and the organization itself. The paper is based on interviews with experts from the CSTO member states, studies carried out in this area of research, and statements by official authorities. The synthesis of the research results is divided into thematic blocks and supplemented by the author’s conclusions. The paper mentions aspects such as the transition of power, changes in Kazakhstan’s domestic and foreign policies, the effectiveness of the CSTO organization and the expansion of its potential use. Proposals are also provided regarding the strengthening of defense integration and the need to develop a common regional identity. The research is unique in that it brings expert opinions from six CSTO member states, the results of studies carried out by researchers from Russia, Kazakhstan, and abroad, and the theoretical terminology of Western political ideology. The author presents the area of responsibility of the CSTO as a Eurasian security community based not only on collective security, but also on economic interdependence and a sense of community among the nations of its member states.

The performance of the agricultural market has the significant impact on maintaining the food secu-rity within the Republic of Kazakhstan. Therefore, the purpose of this research paper is to describe the current strategic position of the agricultural market of Kazakhstan. The research has value because its results may help the future researchers in defining the policies and recommendations for developing the agricultural sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research methodology is based on the philosophy of epistemology because this paper is concerned whether the current strategic position of the agricultural sector in the Republic of Kazakhstan should be treated as the fact. Moreover, the presence of economic trends and links within the agricultural sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan would be evaluated through applying various scientific methods. The research results show that the gross output level in the agricul-tural sector of Kazakhstan in 2019 equals to 5151163 million tenge. Moreover, the following key success factors were found for the agricultural market in Kazakhstan: prices, innovation, creating trust with the consumers. The internal market analysis showed the following results: new entrant threat was medium, the supplier power was low, the power of buyers was medium, the substitution threat was high and the rivalry was high. It was worth noting that employees and shareholders were the most powerful stakehold-ers in the agricultural sector of Kazakhstan.

Introduction. The aim of the paper is to study the notes of the participants of Russian naval expeditions to the east coast of the Caspian Sea since the middle of 18th to the second half of 19th c. as a source of information on the political and legal position of local Turkmen tribes. Another aim is to analyze the significance of this information for the further advance of the Russian Empire to Central Asia. Methods and materials. The sources of the study are official reports of the heads of expeditions, scientific works and, in some cases, memoirs of the participants. The methods used in the paper are critical analysis of textual sources, historical and legal study, comparative historical analysis, institutional approach. Analysis. The notes of the participants of Russian naval expeditions contain valuable and sometimes unique information on specific features of the social and political structure of nomadic tribes of the East Caspian region including the political structure of tribes, legal regulation of different fields of relations, such as trade relations, extractive activities, settlement o conflicts, etc. The comparative analysis of the notes demonstrates that by the middle of 19th c. the evaluation of East Caspian nomads became more critical and strict. This reflected the views of Russian political circles on the necessity to strengthen the positions of the Russian Empire in Central Asia even by military methods. Results. Information of the participants of Russian naval expeditions is of great value as they were eye-witnesses or even participants of political, legal and socioeconomic relations in the region. These notes became a part of the informative and ideological base for the further advance of the Russian Empire to Central Asia.

The paper deals with a complex of problems connected to language policy in Republic of Kazakhstan. The research accent is given to the state trilingual trajectory, as well as to the conflicts between languages and cultures and possible ways to overcome them. Authors try to illustrate their point of view using different arguments from cultural studies in language, education. Language policy. Method of description is combined with historical comments and cultural analysis. The paper may be useful for specialists in philology, who’s area of scientific interest is Language planning.

This paper deals with borrowing the German dual vocational training model in Kazakhstan. The aim of the paper is to identify the key issues and challenges of the transfer process. The analysis is based on the model proposed by Phillips and Ochs (2003, 2004) which outlines four stages of policy borrowing: (1) impulses, (2) decision, (3) implementation, and (4) internalization. Within this theoretical framework, a descriptive and comparative-historic method as well as content analysis are used to point out the development in Kazakhstan.

The necessity to realize women’s rights in getting higher and postgraduate education and in self-realization in the professional sphere make the study of due relevance. Moreover, the relevance is determined by the necessity to maintain women’s access to high-quality higher and postgraduate education on the basis of the unified educational space of Russia and Kazakhstan. The objective of the study is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of female education models in Kazakhstan and Russia. An attempt is made to partially fill the historiographical gap on the basis of a comparative analysis of educational models for women in Russia and Kazakhstan. The results. Based on the analysis of statistical data, the study has revealed proportions of men and women with university and postgraduate education in Russia and Kazakhstan. It is proposed to consider models of female education in Russia and Kazakhstan as systems that include five main elements: entry into the higher educational system; financial opportunities for getting education; opportunities for getting postgraduate education; the level of education and job integration; the range of opportunities for subsequent employment of women with higher and postgraduate education. A number of obstacles of a non-legal, informal nature have been identified for women to receive higher education in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It has been found that about half of Kazakhstan’s employed women with higher education were trained in Russian universities. The paper considers opportunities for women with higher education in field of employment, professional self-realization and scientific career. The conclusions. The main problems hindering the development of the female education model in Kazakhstan are social stereotypes about gender roles, problems with employment, with career growth for women with higher education in Kazakhstan, as well as competition of Russian universities in the quality of higher education. Practical significance. The study proposes the concept of comparative analysis of educational models of different countries. The materials can serve as a basis for the development of a management policy strategy in the field of female education.

The article is devoted to the problem of existence and analysis of the current state of legends and toponymic legends of Central Kazakhstan. The material was the texts recorded by the authors on expeditions to the Karaganda region in 2012 and 2017. The current state of the folklore of Central Kazakhstan is marked by the functioning of certain genres: legends, wedding poetry, proverbs, toponymic legends. The main layer of the functioning of folklore samples falls on legends and toponymic legends. It is concluded that the Kazakh legends are characterized by a specific informative function. The main plot-forming component is the character, around which all the material is united, the plots themselves, as a rule, are single-motive, do not contain fantastic elements and are designed as a narration about the recent past. The paper notes that toponymic legends explain the names of localities and are associated, as a rule, with the names of famous people. The specificity of the names is the use of speaking names or similarity with natural phenomena. The authors argue that the active functioning of folklore samples indicates a favorable folklore situation and the prospects for further research on the sociocultural aspect of Kazakh non-fairytale prose.

In 2020 on the shore of Lake Ulkensor (in the Burabay district of the Akmola region) a single barrow was discovered and then studied, there was a burial of the early Saka time. This paper presents an analysis of the results of a practical study of the obtained materials and their interpretation. The burial was performed in undercut, at the bottom there was a full skeleton of a man in an extended position, on his back, with his head oriented to the west with a deflection to the south. Accompanying goods are represented by a composite belt, a bronze dagger in a case with a chape, a grindstone, a quiver with bronze arrowheads, a whip, a antler clasp and an iron knife. The burial rite and set of items allow the authors to attribute the site to the Ulubai-Tasmola archaeological culture of Northern Kazakhstan and date it to the 7th–6th centuries BC. The most important archaeological find for the region is a composite belt, its details are made of antler (presumably, of deer antler). The shape and type of individual elements of this specific decoration, its decor and design features reflected the position of the owner on the social ladder and also find analogies in the Tasmola culture of Central Kazakhstan and in the circle of early Saka sites from the Urals to the Altai-Sayan.

Copyright of International Relations & International Law Journal / Seriâ Meždunarodnye Otnošeniâ & Meždunarodnoe Pravo is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper clarifies the nature and composition of the coin complex discovered during archaeological research of 2019 on the territory of the hillfort called Saraishyq. The total number of coins is 140 items. Two of these are silver coins of the 15th century, the rest are copper pūls of the 14th century and of the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. In four excavation units, medieval house buildings were revealed to be filled with soil at the end of the 14th century. In the 15th century, more building remains as well as subsequent burials have been deposited there. As a result, archaeologists most often may deal with redeposited occupation layers, and numismatic finds could hardly have been associated with undisturbed contexts at the site. It is perhaps due to the desolation of the occupation area under study, that the overall composition of the coin complex displays a break in coin losses in the 1360s — 1370s. In the 14th century until the 1360s, local markets were provided with pūls bearing names of mints located in the Lower Volga region. The chronological composition of surface finds does not statistically correspond to that of the coins found deep in the ground. The loss of coins on the right bank of the Ural River, in the medieval town of Saraychuq, is established to begin in the 1320s. In 2019, pūls dated back to the turn of the 14th — 15th centuries with unusual tamgha signs were discovered for the first time in the hillfort layers. They could have been minted in the town of Saraychuq since such coins have never been reported to be found elsewhere.

The paper provides, in a series of anecdotal observations and accounts, an impression of the main political and cultural conditions under which archaeology is being conducted in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan) in the early years of the 21st century. The author uses almost exclusively the experience of his own work in the region since 2009. The observations made over the best part of a dozen years suggest an amalgam of factors influencing the work of archaeologists there, ranging from post-Soviet national and ethnic ideologies voluntarily adopted by some native practitioners, to quite open and complete control and even suppression by the authorities in parts of the region. The status and behaviour of foreign archaeologists is often ambiguous, with a degree of compliance with ‘local conditions’ usually required in order to do any work at all. The attraction of the tremendously rich archaeology of Central Asia, as well as hopes of contributing to changes for the better, often appear to outweigh individual concerns about collaboration with the local powers that be.

The main objective of the article is to present the political-economic relations between the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan in 1991-2021. Fundamental research problems concern the issue of increasing partnership intensity. Ther main research questions are as follows: Is there a correlation between the transformation and reform measures undertaken by the authorities of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan and the growing interest in deepening relations by the Republic of Poland?; Has the announcement of further liberalisation measures in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan influenced the intensification of cooperation in political and economic aspects?; How has the perception of Poland by political dissidents in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan changed over three decades? The primary research tools used in the paper were source and quantitative analysis. Statistical data, official announcements of state institutions and press articles were used as the material for the source analysis. Sorting them out, then analyzing them, allowed drawing conclusions. The quantitative analysis was used to assess the frequency of meetings of state leaders or parliamentary groups, changes in the volume of Polish exports and imports with the countries in question, and the increase in the number of Polish companies operating in the Kazakh and Uzbek markets.

This paper explores the process of building a new literary community of the younger Russian-language writers in Kazakhstan starting from the 2000s. As a response to the shortcomings of previous literary infrastructure, writers created new ways of writing and literary interactions that can be called a new literary economy. The concept of literary economy refers to the act of a new literature creating its own infrastructure and literary space, with the objective of joining the world literary space. The younger Kazakhstani authors produce a new type of literature by (re-)writing language, time and space, and in doing so they produce new bilingual, historical and spatial imagination that results in a new identity. In this process of rewriting, authors create surplus value for their works and capitalize on their particular literary and cultural identities. By ‘value’ I mean new meanings and new ways of being Russophone.

The issues of market structure, pricing behaviour and market power are of great interest to research, industry and society. In recent years, Kazakhstan has become one of the largest wheat producers and exporters on international markets. This paper provides empirical evidence for measuring and identifying oligopsonistic market power in the Kazakh grain processing industry based on the well-known methodological approach in the New Empirical Industrial Organization (NEIO) literature – the General Identification Method (GIM). Using a regional-level panel data set covering the period 2000–2011, two estimation methods, the Nonlinear Three Stage Least Squares (N3SLS) and the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), were applied to estimate a structural model consisting of a nonlinear system of simultaneous equations. The main result of this empirical analysis is that the market behaviour of Kazakh grain processors in the wheat purchase market is rather competitive. The tests of the market power parameter imply that there was no exercise of oligopsony power. The market power parameter obtained was statistically close to zero, suggesting that grain processors do not have sufficient oligopsonistic market power to influence purchase prices in the Kazakh wheat market during the study period.

With increasing depth of exploration and process boreholes (at small drilling diameters), the probability of deviation of the borehole path from design trajectory increases many times; i. e. zenith curvature and azimuth deviation of the borehole path occur. Therefore, developing methods for keeping vertical path of the borehole when drilling deeper horizons of ore bodies is a very topical issue. The paper presents the results of developing a new bottom-hole assembly for drilling boreholes in soft rocks using screw casing centralizers, which provide good stabilizing and centering effects to mitigate horizontal departure of the hole axis from the design direction and minimize vertical curvature of the hole path (zenith angle) while maintaining sufficient drill string flexibility. The developed technical solutions provide simplicity of design and ability to adapt to wide range of mining, geological and technological drilling conditions. The feasibility of manufacturing the centralizers by own efforts and the technological feasibility of quick and easy connecting the centralizer with other elements of the bottom-hole assembly have been substantiated. The manufacture efficiency is proved by the use of inexpensive and wear-resistant materials in the centralizer armouring, for which tungsten-cobalt or titanium-cobalt hard-alloy inserts were used. In addition, prevailing volume of borehole drilling in soft rocks allowed using replaceable centering elements, as well as their repair and restoration to increase their service life. The manufactured centralizer has a low production cost due to the design simplicity and the use of inexpensive wearresistant material and will compete in the market of drilling tools and technical devices for drill string stabilization. The economic effect from the introduction of the self-produced centralizers amounted to more than 170,000 tenge per a borehole.

The publication presents materials of the funeral necropolis Kyrykungir (East Kazakhstan), in which two sets of astragals with traces of coloring pigments were discovered. The design of the burials accompanying the inventory and the general archaeological context allows dating these objects from the 12th to 13th centuries BC. Data from archaeozoological analysis and SEM-EDX analysis of the painted surface of objects (alchiks) are present in the paper. The species composition of animals has been established, demonstrating a combination of astragals of both domestic and wild species. A diverse chemical composition of paints with which objects were covered, as well as cases of renewal of staining, was revealed. In the initial version, individual astragals could belong to population with different traditions of making paints, possibly from different regions. The results allow us to offer a different point of view on the phenomenon of the presence of alchiks in archaeological cultures. The range of interpretations of astragals (alchiks) finds implies not only understanding them as elements of game traditions, but also designating their complex social and cultural role in the funeral rites of the population of Eurasia in the Bronze Age.

The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) was introduced in the United Nations’ agenda in 2017. Since then, it remains a corner stone in the discussions on the perspectives of the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The Treaty has already divided the community of non-nuclear states and stipulated the rise of anti-nuclear activism around the world. This paper is aimed at the analysis of the position of post-Soviet Central Asian states towards TPNW. The author consequently analyses the reaction of the governments of Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan, with the special focus on Kazakhstan’s policy, as this country supports TPNW and demonstrates an example of the most consistent anti-nuclear policy course. The review of the Central Asian states’ positions towards TPNW is worth studying in particular due to their partnership with Russia, and the specific feature of combining the partnership and sometimes different views on the international issues.

The new model of economic growth in Kazakhstan is focused on reducing production dependence on imports and increasing internal stability. The paper shows that the growth of investment attractiveness of the mining-and-smelting industry is largely caused by introducing in Kazakhstan the international system of reporting standards for mineral reserves CRIRSCO. Based on the geological and economic assessment of the Kusmuryn deposit, recommendations have been given for its improvement, approximation to the international standards.

Cooperation in education with high income countries is becoming more essential than ever. However, Kazakhstan is still falling short in development of educational cooperation with some of the high-income countries in the world as Japan. This paper aims to clarify the role of Japanese governmental organizations in development of bilateral in Kazakh-Japan relationship as well as educational cooperation between the two states. A historical and systematic analysis was used , for a better understanding the policy of Japanese educational organizations in Kazakhstan. Along with official information of embassies, the annual reports of a Kazakhstani university were used to conduct the research. In general, the Japanese governmental organizations play a crucial role as actors that foster cultural integration, political relations and peace-building. However, promotion of Japanese traditions and Japanese language education can have an aim of strengthening its influence and prestige in Kazakhstan. Yet, especially in the case of Japan and Kazakhstan, it is far from being a hegemony tool of a dominant country. The results of this study may be useful for everyone who is interested in cooperation in education, Kazakhstan-Japan relations, internationalization of higher education in Kazakhstan and the role of governmental bodies in these processes.

The world is undergoing irreversible structural changes in global geopolitical space. The dynamic development of Asian countries has brought significant changes to the geopolitical and geoeconomic structure of the world. The COVID-19 pandemic restrictions more than ever demonstrated the role of rising Asian states not only in providing manufacturing facilities but also in maintaining the global supply chain and logistics. The role of China in this process is significant. India also working on enhancing its connectivity channels, whilst the post-COVID global supply chain reality provides new opportunities for India’s aspirations. For Kazakhstan, which integrated with China’s Belt and Road Initiative, and working to connect to India’s alternative Chabahar port, the role of connectivity is critical. Given the geographic location that bridges Europe with Asia and provides alternative roads bypassing Russia, Kazakhstan's transit potential is immense. Against this backdrop, the paper reveals Kazakhstan’s state-of-the-art in transport sector in regard to China and India. First, we analyse the theoretical framework of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Then, we explore China’s engagement with Kazakhstan, especially during the COVID-19 hindrances. We further provide India’s alternative connectivity visions from a comparative perspective. We conclude with the assessment of the current partnerships and opportunities to expand connectivity with Kazakhstan. The major argument of discussion is that although Kazakhstan has been widely integrating into China’s BRI, it still has successfully diversified its connectivity networks in line with its multivector policy.

Oral communicative competence is the core ability for second language learners to conduct daily communication. In order to get close to the current situation of spoken Chinese teaching in the classrooms of indigenous Kazakhstan people, this survey takes the Chinese classroom of the International Kazakh-Chinese Language College as a case study. Mainly using interviews and naturalistic observation of classroom, this study examined not only the teaching practices but also the concepts and attitudes of the teachers and students in the school regarding the teaching of spoken Chinese and the development of oral communicative competence. The paper discussed several defects of the spoken Chinese teaching in the school in four dimensions: teacher quality, textbook resources, teaching methods, as well as testing and assessment. According to the general situation of Chinese language teaching in Kazakhstan, the reasons for these problems are analyzed in the context and suggestions for improvement are put forward.

In 2018 in the framework of its chairmanship in the EAEU, Russia has continued the implementation of the main objectives of the Eurasian integration (the single market of goods and services, the implementation of a unified industrial policy, import substitution, etc.). Russia also started the implementation of new initiatives, including the support of the sectors previously little involved in integration projects (such as nuclear energy, renewable energy, medicine, space, etc.). The Russian state paid special attention to the deepening of international and cross-border cooperation, closer cooperation at the regional level, as well as the cooperation in the social and humanitarian sphere. The paper analyzes the main results of the Russian Federation as the Chairman of the EAEU and assesses the directions of its development in 2019.

Central Asia (CA) is a region spanning five countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan) which emerged after the fall of the Soviet Union. Recently, the biggest CA country – Kazakhstan – spurs a growing interest in the media due to its rapid development and the emerging role as the key player in Central Asia economy, politics and culture. The aim of this paper is to analyse how the capital of Kazakhstan (and the country per se), is represented in online news coverage in a selection of newspapers published in Kyrgyztan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. The theoretical and methodological framework of the investigation hinges on the assumptions of the Framing Theory used in media studies on the one hand, and follows a corpus-assisted discourse analysis widely used in linguistic inquiries on the other. The data come from a monitor JSJ corpus, from which virtual corpora illustrating the news published by the above-mentioned countries were teased out. The corpus-based tools used in the quantitative study involve: the analysis of collocations, keywords and frequencies, as well as sentiment analysis. The examination of framing illustrates a qualitative investigation. The results of the study demonstrate that Kazakhstan is represented in online CA news coverage in highly positive terms, as a powerful leader of the whole Central Asia region (in terms of economy, politics and culture).

The paper is devoted to the development of general methodological approaches to evaluate and identify the possibility for creating IT clusters in Kazakhstan regions. The present study considers the formation of IT clusters as growth poles. These poles are based on the establishing the groups of interconnected companies and institutions in IT industry linked by commonalities. The analysis of previous literature has shown that this approach is a novel approach to IT clusters formation. The study employs methods, which focus on analysing and identifying IT clusters in the interests of innovative development and the possibility of spreading information technology in Kazakhstan regions. We propose the methodological tools for presenting a standard form to assess innovative potential and industry specialization. This assessment allows to objectively and realistically define a potentially important region for creating IT cluster. The empirical analysis has identified certain trends in possibilities to create IT clusters in the cities of Almaty and Astana. Therefore, these regions play the role of specialized platforms for a new generation. This platform is to provide a multiplier effect on the development of the agglomeration and located in close territories or periphery. The results of this research can be used to elaborate important strategic documents in the field of the development of the IT industry, digital technology, knowledge-based and high-tech sectors in Kazakhstan on the way to Industry 4.0.

A collection of research papers by Polish, Kazakh and Lithuanian authors dedicated to the formation and development of modern Kazakhstan was published in 2016. The collection examines a wide range of historical, legal, political, economic, ecological, ethno-confessional and cultural issues. Some of the articles are written in Russian, some in Polish, the rest in English. The publication of the collection shows the interest in Poland towards Kazakhstan – a country where tens of thousands of Poles have been thrown at various times, and where the Polish diaspora still exists.

The study analyzes phenomenon of the traditional Romanian wedding in the context of dramatic changes of the middle of the 20th century, especially of those produced in the communities of Bessarabians deported by the totalitarian-communist regime of the Moldavian SSR and imposed, between 1941-1956, to stay in the remote regions of the Soviet Union. The use of original sources – oral history documents, illustrative testimonies (photographs, journals, letters), papers from the family archives – and identifying the main narrative themes relevant to the survivors’ memories allowed the author to elucidate the popular customs and representations under the conditions of forced exile. Beyond continuity at the level of wedding practices and attributes of ritualized communication, the functions and role of its main actors, the study brings to the attention of researchers the semantic ruptures and the cultural transformations produced in the nuptial tradition of deported Bessarabians. The prescriptions of the totalitarian-communist regime with regard to the marriage of the descendants of the „enemies of people” and the social, cultural and economic circumstances in which the Bessarabian deportees in Siberia and Kazakhstan have aff ected the ethno-cultural roots, at the same time requiring the development of new models and strategies of solidarity, capable of maintaining identity and anchorages in the home tradition.

The paper presents analytical review of data concerning the reasons for mass deaths of saiga antelopes in Kazakhstan. It was demonstrated that the data on saiga antelope disease etiology are contradictory: pasteurellosis (bovine haemorrhagic septicemia), anaerobic enterotoxemia, ruminai tympany, tryptophan-induced bovine atypical interstitial pneumonia and unknown virus. It means that when investigating the reasons of mass morbidity and mortality in wild ruminants the data of epidemic survey, remote clinical examination, post mortem lesions and results of laboratory tests of pathological samples from dead and killed animals were taken into account. To study the reasons of mass deaths in wild ruminants it is necessary to involve highly qualified specialists experienced in this pathology research. It was shown that clinical and pathological samples collected from dead and killed wild animals shall be tested according to the procedure of precise testing centres also for the purposes of excluding infections pathology and intoxications of different nature.

The current paper uses the sources of the State Archives of Kokshetau, the State Archive of Akmola region (Kokshetau) and the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Almaty) to cover the history of the deportation of the Chechen and the Ingush peoples to Kazakhstan. These are mainly reports, notes, various correspondence, which contain information about the process of resettlement, the economic and domestic and labor arrangements of the socalled special settlers from the North Caucasus. The identified sources of archives give the author an opportunity to recreate the history of the resettlement and the economic accommodation of the special settlers – the Chechens and the Ingush – from the North Caucasus to the territory of the Kokchetau region in the Kazakh SSR. The information obtained has allowed the author to analyze the economic, socioeconomic, cultural structure of the special settlers and, thus, to consider the formation of the Chechen and the Ingush Diasporas on the territory of Kazakhstan. The author introduces a large number of previously unpublished archival materials into scientific use. The use of archival documents allowed the author to disclose various aspects of the issue under consideration.

Administrative reform and, in particular, the civil service reform in Kazakhstan, like other countries of the former Soviet Union in the past 25 years, was due not only need to implement state-building in the former Soviet republics, but also influenced by global trends.The aim of this paper is a comprehensive description of the main stages of the reform of the civil service in the post-Soviet Kazakhstan. The article used the methods of institutional and diachronic analysis (the study of the successive in real historical time steps). Since 1995, Kazakhstan’s leadership proclaimed the establishment of a modern, efficient public service system a strategic priority of its policy. Analyzing the world experience and learning from their own miscalculations, the authorities have made significant progress in this area. At the same time, the unwillingness to make the final choice in favor of the positional model of public service, based on the competitive selection of cadres of public servants, their generous financial reward to bring you to the civil service people from the business, or career model, involving, on the contrary, «closed» career combined intangible benefits and guarantees for public servants, considerably reduces the effectiveness of the reforms. In 2015, President Nursultan Nazarbayev announced a new ambitious program of modernization of the civil service in Kazakhstan. However, the government of Kazakhstan announced plans to reform demonstrate actual recognition of the serious flaws and shortcomings in the implementation of civil service reforms in the early stages.

This paper is devoted to studying cultural monuments – bronze vessels, a jug and a basin from the barrow no. 1/1967 of the Lebedevka Late Sarmatian burial mound (Western Kazakhstan), dating back to the middle of the 3rd century AD at the latest. These items do not find exact parallels among the bronze vessels of provincial Rome. Although the shape of the jug handle with a curved leaf turned upright between two horizontally arranged swan heads has parallels on the so-called “composite jug with handles” (“gegliederten Henkelkrügen”), the cylindrical form of the jug’s neck peculiar of the glass jugs of allegedly Syrian manufacture of the second half of the 3rd-4th centuries AD is very unusual. Even more unusual is a basin with horizontally bent rim and elaborate handles with pearls on a high narrow stand-ring. The XRF analyses of the Lebedevka jug’s metal revealed that its body and handle were made of a copper-based alloy with very high admixtures of zinc (24-27 %) and inconsiderable additions of lead (up to 3 %). A similar alloy was used for manufacturing a vessel in the form of a crouching young negro from Niederbieber. Most objects of provincial Roman import reached Western Kazakhstan via the Bosporan kingdom along the Northern branch of the Silk Road. The above discussed bronze vessels from Lebedevka let suggest, that the nomads could receive some import articles that were brought along the caravan routes leading from Egypt and Syria to the East.