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Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper analyzes the relationship between reading and systematization. It is dedicated to the problems of formation, development and analysis history of classification of the sciences by Hugh of Saint Victor. The article investigates an influence of Hugh’s classification of the sciences on the evolution of classification ideas and, particularly, on the development of systematization. The conclusion points out the dependence of reading level to the proper ordering of the priorities of the study data.

The paper emphasizes relevance of library's old printed books collection to the university educational processes. It outlines the structure of this library stock, dwelling on some remarkable rare books. Rare books and manuscripts Department's relations with other library and university departments are also described, as well as its own service activities. Some words are dedicated to the integration of Rare books and manuscripts Department's collection into the world cultural space.

The article outlines the process of setting up a digital repository of the Maksymovych Scientific Library of the Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University. It briefly describes old printed books collection as a basis of digital repository. It also pays attention to digitalizing process and, finally, specifies the type of a library online resource which may be applied to this particular digital collection.

The current state of security research work of library and information resources. Theses of the report provide an automated analytic-synthetic processing of documents (ASPD) as part of the process of an information retrieval formation system library. The main stages of ASPD were analyzed. It was found that the provision of research library and information resources requires a modern multifunctional Library Automation System, implemented in an electronic environment.

The article presents the analytical review of Colon classification. It the main structural properties of this classification in the context of practical use of its conceptual possibilities. It have been determined the conclusion has been made as to the current state and prospects of Colon classification in professional systematic practice.

The thesis describes creation and development of the digital collection of the Maksimovich Scientific library (Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv) since 2006 with information about its content and research potential added. Special features of collection referring to representation of repository content are examined. It is concluded that further activities are required to expand such collections as it appears to be an important direction of integration with foreign information-oriented society.

The statement of the popular Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek -„Every state needs its own Balkan” best describes uniquenessof the Balkans. From this point of view, the treatment of the Balkans as 'rhetoric of the otherness' is totally justified. In that sensewe are talkingabout Europe without boundaries and for a difference between the physical and mental presence of borders. As Žižek pointed, the latter is more difficult to remove and is usually transferred from one generation to another in a process known as mental mapping- which also means that 'Balkan' in the European mental perception presents 'the other'. Other common features that converge Balkan nations except language and religion can be divided into several areas: the culture, the nature of state institutions, common historical past, and similar social structure of the population. In order to confirm that uniqueness Balkan also accept the negative stereotypes which are attributed to him. So it is often defined as "the dark side of Europe", "its anti-civilization element". But at the same time every state needs its own 'Balkan' for dividing itself from the others. However it must be emphasized that similarities that connect the Balkan peoples and which has created the perception of the Balkans as a separate entity on the territory of Europe, have no intention to isolate Balkan from the rest of Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious freedoms and their regulation by international and regional legal instruments, is undoubtedly considered the foundation of every modern democracy. Freedom of conscience and religious beliefs have a Millennium character and their origins are grounded in the being of man and his community. Based on the concept ofthe generally known separation of the religious feelings of the state - the legal system in the country is developing specific symbiotic blend of state with the two major religious communities. The State more or less has successfully managed this very sensitive issue elaborated as a fundamental principle of the human rights, of course only if it is practiced as an individual rather than a collective right, which must not jeopardize the rights of others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: Problems & Perspective: Conference Proceedings is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After the end of the World War I, the Entente forces, in their capacity as victors, made the division of territories in the Balkans. In this sense, the French domination was largely reduced vis-à-visGreat Britain, domination, which took over the role as the victorious country in the Balkans and elsewhere.Acting as a colonial power in decline, at the Paris Peace Conferencethe French foreign policy will draw the main contours of the new state entities of the Balkan Peninsula, with the exception of Greece, which will be protected by the Englishstrategicinterest. The Versailles system, which has defined the borders in Europe since the 1941, will order the Sevres Treaty from August 10, 1920 in regards to the OttomanEmpire. This agreement proposed affixation of Eastern Thrace and the Smyrna area to Greece, which was followed by the revolutionary reaction led by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. The Greek - Turkish warerupts in March 1921, under the leadership of Ataturk, requesting retrieval of full independence of the state and the protection of the national interests of the Turkish people of their own national territory. Military actions were terminated with the signing of the Lausanne Treaty on July 24, 1923. As a result of the war, the Republic of Turkeyproclaimed independence on October 29, 1923, an event that officially marked the abolishment of the Empire and the Caliphate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a form of a state Hereditary Monarchy aroused in Europe in the period between X and XV century, and it was founded by the patrimonial state during the period between V and X century. The basic characteristics of a hereditary monarchy were manifested by two basic assumptions: first, by the perception of the contractual basis of the power of their ruler; and second by the thesis in classical feudal system which has already relied on Roman Byzantine principle - princeps legibus non solutes, or princeps legibus alligatus, in the sense that the ruler is bound by the laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses experimental studies of lexical ambiguity (polysemy and homonymy). In total, 42 papers published between 1981 and 2017 were selected for analysis. Selected works were analyzed from the point of view of a) interaction of the main factors of lexical ambiguity resolution (meaning dominance and context), b) modularity/ interactivity of language systems. The choice of these issues was caused by the fact that, despite a significant number of papers addressing them, a common theoretical model of lexical ambiguity resolution is still missing. The analysis concluded that none of the existing models could be chosen as the only true one. I believe that it is more promising to combine all models into one; in this case, we should not talk about "models" but about "algorithms" or "strategies". This merge is compatible with the results of studies of hemispheric asymmetry, which showed that the right and left hemispheres differently process ambiguous words. This difference is projected on the difference between the two main points of view on language processing, interactive and modular. Also, as a result of the analysis, the properties of meaning dominance and context as the main factors influencing the perception of ambiguity are summarized, and the ways and possibilities of their interaction are determined. These factors can participate in the process of resolving ambiguity autonomously or together, with different functions, speed, and levels of perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: Problems & Perspective: Conference Proceedings is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Challenges to the Legal System is the property of University of East Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper explores the conditions of the emancipation of serfs of the private estates and the state-owned ones in the North-West Russia due to the reforms in 1863 and 1866, their organization and management arrangements. The paper describes the implementation of the acts of 26 June, 1863, 18 January, 1866, and 24 November, 1866 by the local authorities. The intention of the Government and local authorities to change the conditions of the serfs of the private estates and state-owned ones to the conditions of private-owned ones, which could be bought out, is examined. The process of the title-deeds creation is explored. A special attention is given to the procedure of dealing with allotments for the former serfs from private estates and state-owned serfs. Particular details are revealed about the emancipation of the private-owned and state-owned peasants from feudal duties in comparison with the former peasant serfs. The reasons for the reduction of land received by the peasants during the reforms as compared to the pre-reform allotments are explained. Insufficiency of the peasant households during the whole post-reform period is defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On this short essay, we will question whether there is any practical difference today between a Social Democratic government and Hayek's neoliberal view of the state. For that, we will go through a review of Hayek's thought on certain aspects of the functions of the state. After, we will take shortly on Keynesian doctrine and, taking into account the current European financial crisis, we would analyse what proposal both chains of thought propose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we deal with imagined presentations of the studied literary pieces, for whose formation the socio-political context in which they were created plays a vital role. More specifically, this paper explores imaginary experiments with imagological characters, taken from the novels Sahib by Nenad Veličković and Nowhere Man by Aleksandar Hemon. The purpose of this paper is to initiate a change in the way Balkan and European cultures perceive each other, with the aim of correcting mutual negative stereotypes present in all sectors of life. This change of direction is difficult to establish, especially when taking into account the wide dispersion of stereotypes, their centuries-long persistence, and their function in considering the dissimilar as something strange and foreign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Proceedings of the Sarajevo Philogy Meetings / Sarajevski Filoloski Susreti is the property of Bosnian Philological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: Problems & Perspective: Conference Proceedings is the property of Liepaja University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An introduction is presented in which the author discusses articles within the issue on topics including the political science in Republic of Macedonia and the development of the political science thoughts.

Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of BCES Conference Proceedings is the property of Bulgarian Comparative Education Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 1921-1924, the Polotsk District militia passed through the stage of organizational development. During this period, the number of staff members and the structure of the enforcement Agency radically changed. Polotsk militia was burdened with various functions. Local administration saw it as a unit, which had always been at hand and could relatively quickly carry out orders of the bodies of the Soviet power by using force. The fact that Polotsk District was situated on the border predetermined the specific activities of the Polotsk district militia (after signing the Treaty with Latvia, the border was placed in the immediate vicinity of Polotsk). In the early 1920s, one of the main aims was fight against banditry. In the border zone, armed groups acted. They had different goals - from political to purely economic ones. While pursuing bandits, the militia had been monitoring the mood of the peasantry, identifying the potentially dangerous and unreliable “elements” in this environment. Polotsk District was the area of smugglers. Combating this type of crime was carried out in cooperation with the customs authorities. The customs was involved by the staff of the Polotsk district militia in searching and arresting the escaped smugglers, verifying the information, implementing penal sanctions against smugglers, etc. Sometimes, militiamen were involved in the detention of smuggled goods within the province out of the line with Polotsk customs. One of the most common illegal goods taken in large numbers to Polotsk District from Poland and Latvia was alcohol. The present paper was prepared on the basis of the materials of the Zonal State Archives of Polotsk, which have large information capacity and representativeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main focus of the present paper is the problem of the identity of the Metropolitan of Tallinn and all Estonia Alexander (Paulus). The identity of Metropolitan Alexander, who was the head of the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church from the early 1920s until his death in 1953 in Stockholm, is still not fully understood both by Estonian and Russian, as well as foreign authors. A talented organizer, a clear supporter of national lines in the governance of Estonian Orthodox parishes, he was able for the interwar period to achieve relative unity of Orthodox priests and believers in the country. Meanwhile, there are also certain controversial issues in his biography, which are still not fully understood by modern scholars. We have identified five main issues in his biography that have not been fully studied by historians. The first is the problem of the reason for the rapid transition under the authority of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in the early 1920s: whether this decision was a trend of the time, or it was really due to the arising problems in Russian Orthodoxy. The second problem is whether Estonian Church was reunited with Moscow in 1940-1941 on a voluntary basis. The third problem concerns the main cause of subordination to pro- Moscow ruler Sergius (Voskresensky) during the Nazi occupation. The fourth problem concerns the level of the popularity of Metropolitan Alexander among the Russian Orthodox parishes in Estonia. The fifth problem concerns his activities during his exile in Germany and Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 3 July, 1910 Nikolai II arrived to Riga and the great celebrations of the bicentenary of Livland’s accession to the Russian Empire began. The information about those events was provided in detail by Latvian newspapers expressing different tendencies in the Latvian society. The author of the present paper analyses the materials of 9 Latvian periodicals. The most popular and large-circulation newspapers such as “Dzimtenes Vēstnesis”, “Latviešu Avīzes”, “Jaunas Latviešu Avīzes” wrote with delight about the great happiness of Latvians upon meeting their beloved monarch and his family. The newspapers published speeches of the Latvian public figures representing the Latvian bourgeoisie who told that the Latvians were thankful to the Russian monarchs as they had found their fatherland to be wealthy in Russia. “Latviešu Avīzes” stressed that the Latvians’ patriotic behavior during the Emperor’s visit rehabilitated them after their very active participation in the revolution of 1905. Still publications of the other newspapers showed that a large part of the Latvian society did not feel the same love to the Empire. Those newspapers paid more attention to the 5th Song Festival, which was held in the framework of the celebrations. Some periodicals were rather skeptical of the faithful speeches and behavior of the Latvian bourgeoisie. They agreed that there were many positive changes in the life of Latvians, but they believed that the development of the Latvian nation needed the formation of the national school system and the reform of the regional administration system, which would provide wide participation of the Latvians in the administration of the Baltic provinces. This meant the beginning of the Latvian national autonomy, which did not correspond with the imperial nature of the Russian monarchy, and could not be adopted without a radical change in the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of everyday life is a relevant and controversial topic, especially in respect of the period of the Nazi occupation of Belarus (1941-1944). Vitebsk region in its present borders is of interest to the researcher’s problem field, as in the period from 1941 to 1944 it consisted of different administrative- territorial units (Western districts - General District of Belarus with the civil administration, part of which in 1942 was transferred to the General District of Lithuania, and Eastern regions of the rear area under the military control of the army group “Center”). In accordance with this implemented regulation of all spheres of life of the population of Vitebsk Region, who were under different conditions of existence in the period from 1941- 1944, this paper analyzes the records groups of the State Archives of Vitebsk Region: Affairs of the district boards of Glubokoe district (f. 2836), documents relating to the area of the rear of the group of armies “Centre” (FF. 2073 - 2074, 2077 - 2099, 2102 - 2150), and periodicals (“Uriadovy Bulletin of the CommissionerGeneral of Belarus”, “Vitebsk Vedomosti”, “The New Path”, and others). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 7 April, 1311, one of the largest battles of the 14th century in the Baltic region between the troops of the Teutonic Order and Grand Duchy of Lithuania took place near Woplawki in Prussia. The army of the Great Commander Heinrich von Plockau routed utterly the army of Grand Duke Vytenis. The result of the victory for the Teutonic Knights was the strengthening of the position of the Order in Prussia. In its turn, Grand Duchy of Lithuania was forced to take a defensive position against the State of the Crusaders for some time. The victory of the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Woplawki and its political consequences drew a wide public response in Prussia. The news of the event spread with the speed of lightning all over towns, castles, and monasteries. It is not surprising that the battle of Woplawki was reflected in numerous testimonies of Prussian chroniclers. At the same time, despite its historical significance, the battle has not become an object of special historical research until present. The paper reviews the information on the battle in the Teutonic Order chronicles. The author concludes that the most important narrative sources for detailed consideration of the issues related to the Battle of Woplawki are the works written by Peter von Dusburg, Nikolaus von Jeroschin, and Wigand von Marburg. We should rely on these “three pillars” of the Prussian chronicles in the reconstruction of the events that occurred at Woplawki in April 1311. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functioning of the Belarusian police during the Nazi occupation is considered in the present paper. Theoretically, the police are obliged to ensure public order and protect civilians, but unfortunately they often became an instrument of violence against them. From the very beginning of the occupation, looting civilians became everyday practice, sometimes under the pretext of fighting the guerrillas. This tendency was especially in rural areas, where armed police officers, being away from their detachment in the regional centre, could commit violence not only against ordinary citizens, but also against members of the grass-roots level collaborative administration. Such a behavior was due to the low motivation of police service, criminal records, low educational level, and the narrow political outlook of many police officers. The bulk of the Belarusian police was not an effective tool for the Germans in the fight against guerrillas, forcing the occupation authorities to use police battalions from the Baltic States and Ukraine on the territory of Belarus for this purpose. In public conscience, the police officer image entrenched as a criminal and a traitor, and in spite of the fact that the police led the fight against crime, this assessment holds true. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BCES Conference Proceedings is the property of Bulgarian Comparative Education Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of BCES Conference Proceedings is the property of Bulgarian Comparative Education Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Russian and Latvian phraseologisms with the meaning 'to die' are examined in the paper, as well as phraseologisms with the meaning 'a death from the hands of a stranger', 'a suicide', that means an unnatural death. The phraseologisms are examined from the point of view of cultural code. V.Krasnyh determines the 'cultural code' as 'a 'net' which the culture 'throws' on the surrounded world, divides, categorises, gives structure and values it. The cultural code is related to people's archetypal views, it 'codes' these ancient views. V.Krasnyh distinguishes six cultural codes: somatic, dimensional, time, objective, biomorphic and spiritual. The cultural code has no rigid boundaries, this is confirmed during this research. The somatic cultural code is the most represented in this research, which could be explained by its antiquity, primacy in relation to other cultural codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new and different world, hitherto unknown, has begun to emerge in many districts of certain European cities, in a tendency that dismays and often shocks their native populations. Immigrants living on the outskirts of these cities, and pushed to the margins of society, create their own states within states, where integration processes are non-existent. This paper deals with the problems of national identity and analyzes the emergence of invisible/visible ghettos and borders on the basis of contemporary Slovenian and European literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Proceedings of the Sarajevo Philogy Meetings / Sarajevski Filoloski Susreti is the property of Bosnian Philological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vēsture: Avoti un Cilvēki is the property of Daugavpils University, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper an important feature of the world's picture of the novel "Crime and Punishment" by F. Dostoevsky was examined - "non-entirety", which appears on different levels - the spatial, the objective, and in relation to the characters of the novel. An interest in the 'non-entirety' is based on the frequency of the appearance of the objects, features or qualities that possess given semantics; secondly, because of the "non-entirety" itself as a unit of the language which is of interest not only in linguistic, but also cultural, Christian, philosophical and universal aspects. The analysis of the units with the semantics of "non-entirety" in the novel "Crime and Punishment" has shown that the picture of the world in the novel appears as uncoordinated, "non-whole" unity. Everything from the general spatial descriptions, including descriptions of items in it, and to the descriptions of the characters, their clothes - everything is proved to be lacking the organization, the internal sense. That use of the units with the semantics of "non-entirety," sums up the idea of a picture of the world of the novel "Crime and Punishment" as "non-whole", chaotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]