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The effect of calcium silicate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and their mixture on the adaptation of wheat and corn to simulated acid rain has been evaluated in the pot experiments. Acid rain was simulated by watering twice with distilled water acidified with sulfuric acid to pH = 2. Test plants were grown in a plant growth chamber under controlled conditions of temperature, illumination and relative humidity for 18 days. The physiological state of the test plants was assessed by characteristics of growth (shoot height, root length, dry weight of shoots and roots), the content of photosynthetic pigments, flavonoids, and proline in leaves. For the corn, the content of anthocyanins in shoots and roots was also evaluated. In parallel, the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil (pH, electrical conductivity, redox potential, content of soluble carbonates, and nitrates) were determined. It was established that simulated acid rain inhibited the growth and accumulation of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of wheat and corn. The content of protective metabolites (proline, flavonoids, and anthocyanins) increased. Wheat showed greater sensitivity to the inhibiting effect of acidification compared to corn. The application of CaSiO3 was more effective than GABA in restoring pH value and HCO3- concentration in soil, while the application of GABA more effectively promoted the accumulation of NO3- anions in soil. Combining CaSiO3 with GABA was the most effective in restoring soil physical and chemical properties altered by simulated acidification and stimulating the growth and photosynthesis in the test-plants. Thus, the mixture of CaSiO3 with GABA is promising for further studies of the possibility of its application to mitigate the negative impact of acid depositions on vegetation and soil.

Мета. Проаналізувати практику найменувань основних видів і підвидів пшениці. Результати. Сучасні системи роду Triticum базуються на різних морфологічних та генетичних критеріях, і нараховують від 7(10) до 27 видів. В Україні культивують види (підвиди): пшениця літня (T. aestivum), пшениця кулястозерна (T. aestivum subsp. sphaerococcum; T. sphaerococcum), пшениця щільна (T. aestivum subsp. compactum; T. compactum), пшениця спельта (T. aestivum subsp. spelta; T. spelta), пшениця однозерна (T. monococcum L.), пшениця тверда (T. durum; T. turgidum subsp. durum), пшениця картлійська (T. carthlicum; T. turgidum subsp. carthlicum, T. persicum), пшениця польська (T. polonicum, T. turgidum subsp. polonicum) та пшениця двозернянка (T. turgidum subsp. dicoccon) або пшениця фаро (T. farrum, T. dicoccon, T. dicoccum). Поряд із системою ботанічних назв існує агробіологічна, що базується на назвах культур, але є менш упорядкованою. Через це один і той же таксон може мати понад десяток назв, що застосовують різні автори в агрономії. Водночас, правильний переклад видової назви T. aestivum – пшениця літня трапляється лише в одному джерелі з чотирнадцяти проаналізованих. Переклад латинських триноміналів підвидового рівня українськими біноміналами згладжує розбіжності між морфологічними і генетичними системами роду Triticum. У науковому стилі української мови домінує прямий порядок слів за якого прикметник передує іменнику, за виключенням наукових видових назв рослин. Це дозволяє легко розрізняти назви, що належать до різних терміносистем. «Тверда пшениця» є назвою культури в агробіологічній номенклатурі, а «пшениця тверда» це видова назва в ботанічній номенклатурі. Висновки. Унаслідок опрацювання етимології упорядковано українські наукові назви основних таксонів пшениці, які відповідають оригінальним латинським назвам. У неорганізованій агробіологічній системі назв сільськогосподарських рослин використовують суміш ботанічних назв таксонів та назв культур, які інколи тією чи іншою мірою збігаються. Назви культур та назви таксонів різняться між собою, відповідно, прямим та зворотнім порядком слів. Помилкове чи неусвідомлене заміщення одних назв іншими та нехтування правилами української мови призводить до небажаної плутанини. Її можна подолати дотриманням норм літературної української мови та Правил номенклатури, таксономії та культономії рослин.

Ukraine signed the economic part of the European Union Association Agreement. It means that Ukraine should conform fully its national standards to the standards accepted through the territory of the European Union. Product compliance with the guidelines and standards of the EU is quite high appreciation of quality that is valuable at trade markets of many countries. Presently, certification of Ukrainian grain isn’t compulsory for its realization in Ukraine. To do this it’s enough to conduct analysis of grain lot as for the compliance with specifications. Doing in such a way a manufacturer proves that his production is qualitative. Compulsory certification of grain is a requirement by its realization to the European Union countries. To get a preferential access to the EU market within the free trade zone it’s necessary to confirm that the products are from Ukraine and to get EUR.1 certificate. The article deals with comparison of Ukrainian state standard for wheat grain with the requirements of the European Union regulations. Quality indicators of grain crops, which are regulated by the standards of both countries, are analyzed. Common characteristics and differences by defining grain quality are shown. The analysis of techniques for the defining of the main quality indicators is conducted. While exporting wheat from Ukraine to the European Union countries it’s necessary to take into account beforehand common (average) potentialities of exported grain use and to compare the grain quality not only on the basis of protein or gluten content in it, but also to compare quality of product derivatives and other consumer qualities. It’s impossible to compare fully the standards of different countries because there is a difference in the techniques of defining the classification parameters. Therefore, the certification of wheat sample classified according to the existing standard is important. By defining quality indicators it’s also essential to conduct analysis with the help of the same methods as it could be done by the foreign customers. Besides we should examine price as an indicator which is formed under the influence of market factors, whereas the difference in prices for grain with different quality indicators can vary greatly in different years.

Aim. Study of the effect of bacteria of the strains Lactobacillus plantarum ONU12, ONU311 and Bacillus atrophaeus ONU528 on germination of wheat seeds and growth characteristics of seedlings. Methods. Inoculation of surface sterilized seeds with the diluted cultures. The inoculated seeds were brought into wet cameras, and after germination the measurement of seedling growth characteristics were done. Results. The treatment by L. plantarum ONU311 resulted in increase of the length of seedlings roots in 31% as compared with the control and stimulation effect on the length of height was 48%. The mixture of the strains L. plantarum ONU12 and ONU311 increased the length of roots and height of the seedlings in 41.1 and 52.4% accordingly, and seeds germination – in 25%. The treatment of wheat seeds by bacteria B. atrophaeus ONU528 resulted in increase of mean length of roots in 39.7% and height of seedlings in 45% as compared with the control. Conclusions. Bacteria L. plantarum, B. atrophaeus and their mixtures had the stimulation effect both on roots and height of wheat seedlings. The influence of lactic acid bacteria depended both on the strains and concentrations of bacterial cells.

Purpose. To study morphoagrobiological and adaptive properties, level of yielding capacity of recently registered soft winter wheat varieties of various ecological groups under agroecological conditions of Kirovohrad variety testing station. Methods. Field study, laboratory test, analytical procedure and statistical evaluation. Results. It was established that the yield level of is a key composite indicator of genotype adaptation to agroecological growing conditions. Experimental data indicate significant deviations of yield depending on the genotype and the year of study. During three years of experiments, yield depending of the variety ranged from 4.26 to 9.71 t/ha, such varieties as ‘CN Kombin’, ‘Estivus’, ‘Tradytsiia odeska’, ‘Mudrist odeska’, ‘Lil’ and ‘Fabius’ had higher yields. In case of dry weather conditions and unfavorable agro-ecological factors, the following varieties as ‘Mudrist odeska’, ‘Veteran’, ‘Lil’, ‘Tsentylivka’, ‘Fabius’, ‘Patras’, ‘Montrei’ have demonstrated good adaptive properties. Their yield has decreased by 9,2–19,0%, while in the varieties ‘Mahistral’, ‘Poltavka’, ‘Harantiia odeska’ and ‘Pokrova’ – by 34.4, 42.4, 45.2 and 50.6% accordingly. Conclusions. Investigated soft winter wheat varieties differ in morphoagrobiological characteristics, productivity, height, maturation period, adaptability as well as economic and agronomic value. According to the complex of such indices as productivity, agronomic characters and properties as well as adaptability, in the microzone of Kirovohrad variety testing station it is advisable to grow varie­ties ‘CN Kombi’, ‘Pokrova’, ‘Mudrist odeska’, ‘Veteran’ and ‘Lil’.

Skrajda Marta Natalia, Konopka Iwona Zofia. Związek między profilem składników bioaktywnych a potencjałem antyoksydacyjnym ziarna w zależności od gatunku pszenicy i warunków uprawy = The relationship between profile of bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential of grain depending on the species of wheat and growing conditions. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(7):309-318. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.57878 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3691 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.06.2016. Revised 09.07.2016. Accepted: 09.07.2016. ZWIĄZEK MIĘDZY PROFILEM SKŁADNIKÓW BIOAKTYWNYCH A POTENCJAŁEM ANTYOKSYDACYJNYM ZIARNA W ZALEŻNOŚCI OD GATUNKU PSZENICY I WARUNKÓW UPRAWY The relationship between profile of bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential of grain depending on the species of wheat and growing conditions Marta Natalia Skrajda, Iwona Zofia Konopka Katedra Przetwórstwa i Chemii Surowców Roślinnych Wydział Nauki o Żywności, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie Katedra Przetwórstwa i Chemii Surowców Roślinnych Pl. Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn e-mail: marta.skrajda@uwm.edu.pl Streszczenie Wprowadzenie i cel pracy: Ziarno pszenicy, będące głównym surowcem zbożowym na świecie, zawiera szereg małocząsteczkowych związków o właściwościach prozdrowotnych. Celem pracy było scharakteryzowanie głównych związków bioaktywnych pszenicy oraz czynników wpływających na ich akumulację. Skrócony opis stanu wiedzy: Małocząsteczkowe związki bioaktywne stanowią nawet do 2% masy ziarniaka pszenicy. Zalicza się do nich związki fenolowe (głównie kwas ferulowy), sterole (głównie β-sitosterol), tokole (głównie α-tokoferol i β-tokotrienol), karotenoidy (głównie luteina) oraz lipidy fenolowe znane jako alkilorezorcynole. Związki te tworzą potencjał antyoksydacyjny pszenicy, który według danych literaturowych mieści się w zakresie od 1 µmol TE g-1 do 140 µmol TE g-1. Różnice te zależą od odmiany, warunków środowiskowych, miejsca uprawy oraz interakcji między czynnikami środowiskowymi oraz genotypem. Podsumowanie: Na całym świecie podejmowane są próby określenia czynników determinujących koncentrację związków biologicznie aktywnych w ziarnie pszenicy. Uzyskiwane wyniki wciąż są jednak niejednoznaczne. Wskazuje się, że każdy składnik może reagować inaczej na warunki środowiskowe, przez co istnieje możliwość optymalizacji zawartości tych składników poprzez odpowiednią modyfikację warunków uprawy. Słowa kluczowe: pszenica, aktywność antyoksydacyjna, związki bioaktywne, genotyp. Abstract Introduction and aim: Food of plant origin contains a number of compounds with health-promoting properties. Wheat grain, which is the principal raw material grain throughout the world, is a good source of antioxidants. The aim of the study was to characterize the main bioactive compounds wheat and factors affecting their accumulation. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Antioxidants in wheat grains account for as much as 2% of the kernel weight. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic forms are included in this group. They include phenolic compounds (mainly ferulic acid), sterols (mainly β-sitosterol), tocols (mainly α-tocopherol and β-tocotrienol), carotenoids (mainly lutein) and phenolic lipids known as alkylresorcinols. These compounds provide the antioxidant potential of wheat, which, according to the literature data, falls within the range from 1 µmol TE g-1 to 140 µmol TE g-1. These differences depend on the variety, environmental conditions, place of cultivation and the interactions between environmental factors and the genotype. Summary: All over the world, attempts are being made to identify factors determining the concentration of biologically active compounds in wheat. However, the obtained results are still inconclusive. Researchers have found that each component may react differently to environmental conditions, which allows them to see the possibility for the optimisation of the content of these components through the proper modification of environmental conditions. Key words: wheat, antioxidant activity, phytochemicals, genotype.

Для оцінки стійкості до фузаріозу колоса в 2009 році 41 сорт твердої та м’якої пшениці, переважно з Італії, пройшов сортовипробування у CIMMYT (Міжнародний центр поліпшення кукурудзи та пшениці). Крім того, виконано оцінку впливу одного з основ­них QTL стійкості до фузаріозу колоса (Qfhs.ndsu-3BS QTL), вперше виявленого у китайського сорту пшениці м’якої ‘Sumai 3’, на хромосомі 3В, у 125 удосконалених ліній пшениці твердої BC4F6, отриманих шляхом схрещування з вихідним сортом пшениці м’якої ‘Sumai 3’ (68 ліній з ‘Sumai 3’ QTL та 57 ліній без цього QTL), були досліджені в однакових умовах штучного зараження. Для обох груп ділянки заражували під час цвітіння суспензією односпорових культур F. graminearum, підтримуючи вологість до 100%, щоб сприяти розвитку захворювання за допомогою системи дрібнодисперсного зволоження. Через тридцять днів після зараження підрахували кількість колосків, інфікованих F. graminearum, на колосі десяти рослин на кожній ділянці; пошкодження виразили показником зараження фузаріозом (кількість випадків ураження  ступінь ураження / 100, де ступінь ураження = кількість інфікованих колос­ків / загальна кількість випадків ураження  100 та кількість інфікованого колосся / загальна кількість колос­ся  100). В обох випадках пізнє цвітіння було ключовим чинником, здатним обмежити ураженість хворобою. Попередні дані стосовно впливу Qfhs.ndsu-3BS QTL не виявили відмінності між двома групами вдосконалених ліній.

Purpose. Study of winter wheat varieties that were bred at the Institute of Irrigated Farming NAAS through ecological testing in Turkey. Test procedures both in Ukraine and Turkey meet the requirements of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). Methods. Field, laboratory ones: structural analysis, quality analysis, statistical analysis. Results. The Exporter Unions Seed and Research Company (ITAS) during 2011–2013 tested winter wheat varie­ties bred at the Institute of Irrigates Farming (IIF) NAAS at four areas of the Central Plateau of Turkey comparing them with local varieties registered in this country. According to the results of these tests the Exporter Unions Seed and Research Company identified Kohana variety as candidate for the state registration in Turkey. Conclusions. The realisation of the innovative product in Ukraine and entitlement to use intellectual property due to licensing agreements is expected. The Institute of Irrigated Farming NAAS continues to create new varieties of winter wheat which can be transferred to other countries for testing for the purpose of introduction and further expansion.

Results of studying morphoagrobiological characteristics and properties of new high-protein variety of soft winter wheat Natalka are presented. It is determined that this variety successfully combines high natural productivity potential with genetically inherited the highest grain quality and positive reaction of protein accumulation. It can be classified as superstrong wheats by qualitative properties. It belongs to intensive varieties, has higher winter and drought hardiness. This variety is characterized by wide agroecological plasticity. To realize genetic potential of productivity and qualitative properties variety sowings should be placed after the best forecrops with high soil fertility creation, implementation of intensive technologies and sowing at the end of optimal time for appropriate agroclimatic zones.

Results of studying morphoagrobiological characteristics and properties of a new variety ofsoftwinterwheat Nyva Kyivschyny are presented. It is determined that it has high genetic productivity potential, belongs to intensive variety type of universal use, is characterized by high winter and drought hardiness. This variety realizes its natural potential in a greater degree in case of growing after the best forecrop, at high soil fertility, with intensive agrotechnologies implementation and sowing at the end of the optimal time for appropriate agroclimatic zones.

Skrajda Marta Natalia, Konopka Iwona Zofia. Związek między profilem składników bioaktywnych a potencjałem antyoksydacyjnym ziarna w zależności od gatunku pszenicy i warunków uprawy = The relationship between profile of bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential of grain depending on the species of wheat and growing conditions. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(7):309-318. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.57878 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3691 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.06.2016. Revised 09.07.2016. Accepted: 09.07.2016. ZWIĄZEK MIĘDZY PROFILEM SKŁADNIKÓW BIOAKTYWNYCH A POTENCJAŁEM ANTYOKSYDACYJNYM ZIARNA W ZALEŻNOŚCI OD GATUNKU PSZENICY I WARUNKÓW UPRAWY The relationship between profile of bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential of grain depending on the species of wheat and growing conditions Marta Natalia Skrajda, Iwona Zofia Konopka Katedra Przetwórstwa i Chemii Surowców Roślinnych Wydział Nauki o Żywności, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie Katedra Przetwórstwa i Chemii Surowców Roślinnych Pl. Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn e-mail: marta.skrajda@uwm.edu.pl Streszczenie Wprowadzenie i cel pracy: Ziarno pszenicy, będące głównym surowcem zbożowym na świecie, zawiera szereg małocząsteczkowych związków o właściwościach prozdrowotnych. Celem pracy było scharakteryzowanie głównych związków bioaktywnych pszenicy oraz czynników wpływających na ich akumulację. Skrócony opis stanu wiedzy: Małocząsteczkowe związki bioaktywne stanowią nawet do 2% masy ziarniaka pszenicy. Zalicza się do nich związki fenolowe (głównie kwas ferulowy), sterole (głównie β-sitosterol), tokole (głównie α-tokoferol i β-tokotrienol), karotenoidy (głównie luteina) oraz lipidy fenolowe znane jako alkilorezorcynole. Związki te tworzą potencjał antyoksydacyjny pszenicy, który według danych literaturowych mieści się w zakresie od 1 µmol TE g-1 do 140 µmol TE g-1. Różnice te zależą od odmiany, warunków środowiskowych, miejsca uprawy oraz interakcji między czynnikami środowiskowymi oraz genotypem. Podsumowanie: Na całym świecie podejmowane są próby określenia czynników determinujących koncentrację związków biologicznie aktywnych w ziarnie pszenicy. Uzyskiwane wyniki wciąż są jednak niejednoznaczne. Wskazuje się, że każdy składnik może reagować inaczej na warunki środowiskowe, przez co istnieje możliwość optymalizacji zawartości tych składników poprzez odpowiednią modyfikację warunków uprawy. Słowa kluczowe: pszenica, aktywność antyoksydacyjna, związki bioaktywne, genotyp. Abstract Introduction and aim: Food of plant origin contains a number of compounds with health-promoting properties. Wheat grain, which is the principal raw material grain throughout the world, is a good source of antioxidants. The aim of the study was to characterize the main bioactive compounds wheat and factors affecting their accumulation. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Antioxidants in wheat grains account for as much as 2% of the kernel weight. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic forms are included in this group. They include phenolic compounds (mainly ferulic acid), sterols (mainly β-sitosterol), tocols (mainly α-tocopherol and β-tocotrienol), carotenoids (mainly lutein) and phenolic lipids known as alkylresorcinols. These compounds provide the antioxidant potential of wheat, which, according to the literature data, falls within the range from 1 µmol TE g-1 to 140 µmol TE g-1. These differences depend on the variety, environmental conditions, place of cultivation and the interactions between environmental factors and the genotype. Summary: All over the world, attempts are being made to identify factors determining the concentration of biologically active compounds in wheat. However, the obtained results are still inconclusive. Researchers have found that each component may react differently to environmental conditions, which allows them to see the possibility for the optimisation of the content of these components through the proper modification of environmental conditions. Key words: wheat, antioxidant activity, phytochemicals, genotype.

Here we report the cytogenetic characteristics of variability of mutation induction in new wheat varieties and some relationships between the means of the cytogenetic characteristics and different doses and types of mutagens. Analysis of chromosomal aberrations caused by mutagenic action of any kind of mutagen by the meto-anaphase method is one of the best known and most precise methods which we can use for determining the fact of mutagenic action on plants, and identifying the nature of the mutagenic factor. The strategy of investigation combined the identification of genotypes with a specific low-sensitivity to mutagenic factors using cytological analysis screening of mutagen treated wheat populations with the approach of comparing different varieties by breeding methods to reveal their connections and differences, specific sensitivity to mutagenic effects on the cell level. Dry seeds of 8 varieties of winter wheat were treated by nitrosomethilurea at concentrations 0.0125%, 0.0250%, and nitrosoethilurea 0.010%, 0.025%, which are normal levels for mutagenic selection of winter wheat mutation. The frequency and spectra of chromosomal aberrations were investigated. The overall correlations between the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and the value of a concentration were at the level 0.7–0.8. It was established that the fragments-bridges ratio is a reliable parameter for identifyingthe nature of mutagen. We identified genotypes and groups of genotypes which have a resistance to different types of mutagenic action. The resistance of a group is dependant on the breeding method of the variety initially obtained. It expressed as a decrease in the frequency of aberrations. Varieties obtained through chemical mutagenesis were less sensitive to the same chemical mutagens. Higher rates of chromosomal aberrations were typical for varieties obtained through field hybridization without any mutagen treatment or when the initial material was changed by low temperatures.