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Diversity of forms and kinds of speech communication and variability of national and regional accents in contemporary English define the necessity of phonetic variation study of oral speech and clearing up its sources. The speaker's accent indicates his social status (social class, education, religious, ethnic, professional affiliation). The present article is dedicated to the study of the speaker's social status prosodic markers. Complex prosodic investigation of speech behavior of the Australian native speech representatives of different professions has been conducted in the paper. The comparison of the revealed data allowed to state that the highest prosodic index is registered in the actress's speech and the lowest in the speech of the politician. Frequency range is correspondingly the widest in actress's speech, which can witness the high tonetic explication of female voice. The received by acoustic method intonograms allowed to speak about maximum frequency localization on the terminal tone in the speech of all the investigated informants. Corresponding to the aim and tasks of the paper prosodic markers of various professions of Australians have been defined. Prosodic markers of Australian politician are the following moderate pausation, which is revealed in speech delimitation average frequency range, and low tonetic variation. Main prosodic marker of the architect's speech is very insignificant syntagmatic division, prevalence of non-pausation means of utterance delimitation, monotonous character of speech due to low tonetic variation. Real estate agent and actress's speech can be defined as emotional on account of high tonetic level, wide frequency range, low recurrence of non-pausation delimitation and heightened level of tonetic utterance completion.

This paper is an attempt to reanalyze the established order within the category of parts of speech, in particular prepositions and adverbs, as the units from these categories are characterized by the highest level of functional transposition in the language. We argue that overlapping of the categories was caused by the inclination of the Old English grammarians to take over main grammatical rules and exceptions, class division, definitions etc. from the Latin language. At the same time, grammatical phenomena existing in Old English were ignored or fitted to the already adopted Latin definitions and rules. That led to confusions, misunderstandings and overlapping in the grammatical system of Old English. The paper addresses the processes of lexicalization and grammaticalization which, according to our hypothesis, are observed within the category of prepositions in Old English and predetermined subsequent functional transposition. The analysis explains the phenomenon of functional transposition of the units which are simultaneously ascribed to several categories, e.g. prepositions, adverbs, particles etc. The class of space and time prepositions has undergone lexical and grammatical transformations which were consequently institutionalized in the language and the units became subjects to functional-semantic and functional-grammatical transposition the results of which are observed in present-day English. The former process resulted in transposition of the meaning, sometimes metaphorical, and further functioning of these units as adverbs, particles etc.; whereas the latter led to purely grammatical usage of the units, for instance substitution of the category of cases in English, uprise of new grammatical prefixes, loss of rigidness in word order.

The English language in Canada occupies the dominant position. Both British and American English influenced the formation of Canadian English, which has undergone a long historical process. According to the latest census survey the population of contemporary Canada is devided into 3 linguistic groups: anglophones – those whose native language is English; frankophones – whose native language is French and allophones – Canadians whose native is some other language. The aim of the given paper is to analyse which peculiarities of the British pronouncing system influence and are reflected on prosodic characteristics of anglophones’ speech. The tasks of the paper included the distribution of terminal tones and scales and the character of syntagmatic devision in the speech of the analysed groups of informants. The conducted investigation revealed definite specific character of the speech of Anglophones, where the peculiarities of British prosody – the frequency of low falling nuclear tone and Descending Stepping Head influenced the formation of Canadian intonational system.This statement is based on the earlier received data about the frequency of intonational Scalеs and terminal tones in the works of native and foreign linguists.

From the perspective of cultural linguistics, this paper a) investigates and compares the conceptualisations of beauty in the Chinese, English and Slavonic (Polish and Ukrainian), b) analyses the cultural contexts of in which beauty conceptualises and c) reveals the crucial peculiarities of the human’s perception and evaluation of beauty in the appointed languages. Based on the theory that language is an activity the character and structure of which express the culture and individuality of speakers (Humboldt 1907), attention is mainly focused on the interrelationship of language and culture pointing out ontological features of Chinese, Polish, English and Ukrainian worldview and perception of beauty. A suffient number of examples demonstrate the ontological features and the empirical generalizations embedded in conceptual images of beauty in the analysed languages. Furthermore, the findings of the paper may assist in learning the axiological value of beauty and its origin in the chosen languages and cultures.

The paper discusses zeugma as a device characterized by a violation in the meaning of words functioning within the limits of the same grammatical structure. The semantic shift from what is semantically expected to unexpected meanings results in an illogical combination of words. The paper is intended as a practical aid while teaching the linguistic peculiarity of a stylistic device.

The article reports on the study of the interferential influence of Welch intonation on the speech of Australians. Special focus is given to historical factors which influence the phonetic realization of Australians’ speech. The article contains overview of the results of lingual and historical analysis proving that the first emigrants of Australia were representatives of the lowest social classes, native Cockney, Venaculas speaker from different parts of Britain. Investigators consider that Australian English is more likely to be close to Cockney dialect with a touch of Welsh, Irish and a definite share of Scottish dialects. In the frame of the conducted complex investigation on the basis of auditory and computer analysis melodic and frequency characteristic of Australian speech were studied and the influence of English speech of the first emigrants from Britain was traced. In the result of the auditory analysis the prevalence of the Falling terminal tone was fixed, which is the peculiarity of the British intonation, and also high frequency of Rising and Rising-Falling nuclear tones. Such tendency is the result of the Welsh intonation influence on the speech of Australians. Computer analysis showed the frequency characteristics in the speech of the investigated informants vary which depend on gender and territorial belonging of the speaker. Uniqueness of Australian English has been revealed in the paper, which was formed in the run of historical development of the country under the influence of emigrants’ speech as well as from different areas of Britain and other countries. The analysis of segmental characteristics which were formed under the influence of regional factors inside and outside Australia are to be the subject of the future investigation.

In the paper, the author has outlined the metamodern specificity, explicated through the system of ideas, as well as the manifestations of intertextuality (including paratextuality) in the novel “The Cleft” by Doris Lessing. The views expressed and substantiated by L. Miroshnychenko in her work in 2012, analyzing the novel of the British writer in the paradigm of the philosophy of skepticism, have been developed. It is emphasized that both the epigraph and the plot complex of “The Cleft” represent a system of ideas that cannot be considered through the prism of stereotypes, in particular in the feminist studies. It is proved that the British author seeks to bring the conversation about anthropological and ontological (defined by the “divine” nature) differences between men and women to a new level of understanding, which is typologically related to the post-postmodern world, including metamodernism as one of its trends. Metamodernism makes it possible to construct a world, in which subjects with fundamentally different positions converge, but each of them has the right to exist. In this case, it is argued that “The Cleft” is an example of an intellectual British post-postmodern novel. D. Lessing from the first epigraph sets a special intellectual dynamics in the novel, where neither the position of a man nor the position of a woman, in the end, rises above each other, but exists, asserting its own anthropological status, determined by various external and internal factors. The role of women and the role of men are marked by differences that have biological, psychological, anthropological, etc. nature, and, hence, the differentiation of the world into one in which feminine and masculine models function is natural in the novel. The masculine world is associated with travel, movement, the discovery of new territories, while the feminine discourse is marked by the motive of preserving space. Such positions, according to the narrator, have ingrained in the masculine and feminine differences. It is emphasized that the “The Cleft” deconstructs feminist approaches, which for the British author are simplified, schematic and stereotypical in terms of understanding the nature of women.

In the paper, the author has provided the hermeneutical analysis of the play “The Dresser” (1980) by English playwright Ronald Harwood. It has been investigated that in this literary work, the writing of which was finalized in postmodernism, there are philosophical features of postpostmodernism. The role of Shakespearean intertext in the play has been outlined. A number of provisions on the features of post-postmodernism in English literature of 1980s has been clarified, as well as features of connection between postmodernism and neo-fabulism as one of the directions of post-postmodern literature. In the aspect of the development of B. Shalahinov’s literary approaches regarding the specificity of the interaction of two metaforms of world culture – carnival and mystery – in the play “The Dresser” has been spotlighted. The representation of existentialistic features in the outlook of the main actor (Sir) in the play, as well as King Lear, played by Sir, has been revealed. It is emphasized the explication of Shakespearean masks system as intertextual manifestations in order to counter the absurd reality and lift above it. The features of the humanistic worldview in the outlook of the main actors of the play have been described.

The article deals with the investigation of dynamic peculiarities of oral prayer texts used in modern English film discourse. Prayer personages’ appeal to God manifests intertextuality of the film discourse, that is the use of the elements of the existing text in the process of the creation of a new one. Two ways of personages’ appeal to God – with a canonical prayer registered in the Book of Common Prayers and with a “spontaneous” prayer address – have been investigated in the present paper. Four compositional parts having different pragmatic aims typical of the prayer texts of both types have been singled out. To determine the degree of the dynamic component participation in the organization of the prayer oral text, a complex phonetic analysis was conducted, the purpose of which was to identify the general trend of the dynamic organization of the prayer texts within a film discourse under study. As a result of perceptive and electroacoustic analysis, the main dynamic characteristics of the investigated texts were revealed. Distinctive intonation characteristics of the canonical prayer and the “spontaneous” prayer within a film component of intonation as a leading parameter. Instrumentally, it is found out that the differences in maximum intensity of the investigated prayer texts are essential. The “spontaneous” prayer demonstrates much higher maximum intensity than the canonical prayer. Howeverthe canonical prayer texts as well are characterized by the increased maximum intensity in introductory and concluding parts. The average syllabic intensity of the phrases constituting supraphrasal unities shows both the differences in their rate and the mutual tendency in their variability in different parts of the prayer. Thus the experimental research proved the hypothesis about the leading role of the dynamic component of intonation in prayer texts within a film discourse differentiation.

The article deals with the history of Ukrainian translations of French women’s prose. The role of the journal of Foreign Literature “Vsesvit” is described. It has been established that the Soviet period had its particularities of translation of French female literature through the interaction of different contexts – historical, cultural and political, literary, which influenced the choice of translation methods and the degree of faithfulness to the author’s plan. The role of ideological factors, including censorship, attitude to feminism, literary canons and translation were also under consideration. Special emphasis is given to the publications in the journal “Vsesvit”. The paper also contains the discussion of major difficulties translators (Viktor Koptilov and Hryhoriy Filipchuk) experience in rendering Françoise Sagan (Un profil perdu) and Régine Deforges’s (Sous le Ciel de Novgorod) novels in the target language. The Ukrainian translation by V. Koptilov of the novel «Un Profil Perdu» by Francoise Sagan was analyzed. Certain shifts in translation towards minimization or hyperbolization of feminine and masculine characters’ features can be interpreted as a translator’s effort to increase the expression of the translated text. The results of the study showed that the publication in 1991 of the novel by R. Deforges “Sous le Ciel de Novgorod” translated by H. Filipchuk became the desire of Ukraine to go out of the colonial translation discourse of the USSR and dependence on the ideology and publishing policy of Moscow. This novel contains erotic scenes, which for the first time in the history of French-Ukrainian translation were reproduced into Ukrainian. R. Deforges’ “Sous le Ciel de Novgorod” was published in Ukrainian translation under the title “Anna Kyivska”. The analysis demonstrates that translators used lexical and stylistic resources of the Ukrainian language, thus applying the strategy of domestication.

The article focuses on rendering non-equivalent lexis in English language fiction and nonfiction texts. Research has been done on the basis of the following texts: Odessa Tales by Isaac Babel, Moonlight in Odessa by Janet Skeslien Charles, journals – The Odessa Review and The Awesome Odesa and Internet resources. The final objective of the work is to describe local Odesa realia and systematize the ways of their rendering. The objective determined the tasks of the research: to analyse different scholar definitions of the term “realia” and formulate own definition; to outline relevant for linguistics and translation studies classifications of realia and the ways of their rendering, to single out 400 examples (obtained by random selection) from the texts given; to determine the place of each realia in semantic classifications and the classification of rendering realia. Our study relies substantially on the application of linguistic descriptive methodology and devices. The research gives recommendations to the enhancement of the S. Vlahov and S. Florin’s classification as it ignores some reality phenomena. The paper singles out the most frequent kinds of Odesa realia-localisms and the ways of their rendering. The work discovers that realia concerned society and politics and loan translation, half-calque and mix translation as ways of rendering realia are the most frequently used in fiction as well as non-fiction texts. The research highlights the ways of rendering realia which occurred to be omitted in the S. Vlahov and S. Florin’s classification. The prospects of the research lie in elaborating a bilingual glossary of the Odesa realia to fulfil professional needs of translators, interpreters, guides, culture and history researchers.

This article deals with the development of the English language in South Africa which can be regarded as a historically extraterritorial language. The aim of the investigation is to consider the influence of the specific ethnic environment on the lexical system of South African English in the eco-linguistic perspective. A special focus is laid on indigenous onyms which are considered as a means of maintaining the nation’s identity in the modern globalized society. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the autobiography of Nelson Mandela “Long Walk to Freedom” (1995). The article begins with a brief outline of a historic background for the formation of the South African variant of the English language. Then the researcher singles out the indigenous onyms employed in the text of N. Mandela’s autobiography and classifies them into anthroponyms, nationality names, names of clans, royal houses, and toponyms, including a wide variety of geographical names. After that the chosen onyms are subjected to the analysis in the eco-linguistic perspective, exemplifying the thesis that SAA is not only an extraterritorial, but also a contact-induced variety of English. Methodologically, this paper is grounded on the theory of language ecology as a framework for the study of language as an open synergetic system actively interacting with its environment. The study shows that the English language is in tough competition with the rest of official and national languages of the Republic, which form the unique linguistic environment of English in South Africa.

This article examines the conditions for the implementation of the mixing strategy in Spanish and Italian business writing communications. An attempt is being made to determine whether mitigation is a strategy or tactic in business communication. In this regard, these two concepts borrowed from many sciences, including linguistic, from military terminology are considered. In this paper, the mitigation is considered as a communicative strategy involving the use of a number of tactical techniques for the implementation of which language means are involved. Communicative category of mitigation considered as an element of communicative consciousness, which regulates the communicative behavior of communication participants. The linguistic pragmatics category of categorical utterance and linguistic means of its softening that realize communicative mitigation are investigated. The communicative category of mitigation (from the Latin verb 'mitigare' - to mitigate) is associated with a decrease in the illocutionary force of influence on the addressee in special communicative situations, namely, in potentially conflicting situations that often arise in business communication. Strategy mitigation, as well as tactical techniques of its implementation, is also the subject of research in the sciences related to management. They are of considerable interest to politicians, journalists, etc. On the one hand, the mixing strategies are considered in connection with the categories of cooperation, courtesy, trust, tolerance, non-domination and equality, on the other, conflict and rivalry, domination and inequality. The article states that, being associated with courtesy and mitigation of categoricality, tying however not their synonym is. Mitigation is a strategy, a means of expressing courtesy and softening categorical manner of statement - just some of the number of tools, techniques and moves tactically used in this communicative strategy. The linguistic characteristics and pragmatic tools of communicative language interaction in the process of updating their communicative intentions are studied. The linguistic behavior of participants in business correspondence is structured through the implementation of a communicative strategy, which is defined as a complex of pragmatically oriented speech actions aimed at achieving a communicative goal with the use of language tactics that contribute to the implementation of this strategy. In the course of the study, we draw conclusions about the role of pragmalinguistic tools for realizing the communicative strategy of mitigation in achieving success in business communication and the perlocutive effect.

The article in question deals with lacunicon in the English discourse. The properties of the object are being analyzed in the lexicographic experiment. The authentic dictionary entries make the investigation go. The paper verifies the taxonomy of active and marginal synsets. The statistic data are objectivized by the dimension validity. The abstract notions are being explained properly by basic metasigns. Their terminological paradigm mirrors the macrosystem of a language. The key units of humour are funny, amusing, queer, ridiculous, mind, liquid. The last two words (mind, liquid) refer to historical saga of humour, nowadays they are diachronically adherent. Tautology works mostly with marginal units which serve three masters – genres of humor, irony and satire. Humour is an aesthetic thinking category of anthropocentric and mentalese nature. It brings people high spirits and merry making. Humourous words transmit to irony and satire. Perspective vistas of scientific picture envisage the deeper investigation of irony and satire genre on lexicographic modus. Tautology is frequently considered with humourous elements in the entries, but it badly needs synsets company. The lexicographic analysis of the humour clusters raise many problems of perspective vistas. Processes of convergence and divergence go alongside in the genre triad – humour, irony, satire. The latter are highly anthropocentric with the polar author’s intentions – to help people, to comfort them and make a hard blow on them or destroy them. There works the law (tendency) of attraction and repelling. The humour marginal allonyms are not repellers with irony and satire. They are attractors herein. The intentions of the authors are being explicated by the language potentialities. The processes of convergence and divergence are volumous: synsets work wonders with allonyms, tautology yields poor results. Stylistic devices are highly beneficial: zeugma, oxymoron, periphrases.

The present paper deals with the investigation of lingual and extralingual peculiarities of Anglican Divine Service ritual which facilitate prayer discourse synergy attainment. The detailed analysis of the Divine Service sequence has shown a unique change of the communicative roles of the Liturgy participants. This change becomes possible due to the Liturgical context specificity. Sacral chronotope symbolism as submission of time and space to the context of Liturgy makes it possible to realize synergy collaboration of the congregants with God. The brightest manifestations of this collaboration are encapsulated in Symbol of faith (I believe…) which demonstrates multilevel ritual semantics and in God’s Prayer (Our Father) which is considered to be proto-prayer for all Christian prayers. It has been proved that ritual communication is a peculiar type of communication in which sacrality plays an essential part in ritual semantics being one of the basic categories in the religious discourse synergy investigation.

The article outlines main aspects of study of the Old High German written monument in Old Saxon dialect. The paper highlights the problem from diachronic side and presents it taking into consideration the historical processes occurring at that time. On the one hand, there are many processes in German language nowadays, which cannot be researched without the investigation of the principles of work in the language in different periods of its developing. On the other hand, it is necessary to use the methods of modern sciences, such as linguosynergetic, to describe the topical questions to get the information more exhaustively. When studying the development of the phonetic system, it is also necessary to take into account its connection with other levels of language. Therefore, knowledge of language development is essential for understanding many processes at all levels. And the manifestation of these dialectal features in the ancient languages can be used in the teaching of modern German language.

The purpose of this article is to introduce the scholars’ views on the topic of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and its various forms. The researchers came to the conclusion that there is a need for universities to develop and implement a Continuing Professional Development policy for teachers of English in Ukraine. This work presents the stages of teacher development (awareness, understanding, engagement, integration) and reasons (recognition, imposition, self-improvement, enjoyment) for carrying out CPD. Scientific literature compares traditional professional development activities (workshops, seminars, conferences) to non-traditional ones (mentoring, coaching, peer observation etc.). The results of the research which consisted of different forms (interviews, a workshop) are discussed. The ways of creating a unique selling point (USP) and the forms of professional development portfolio, which will help teachers of English to promote themselves, are introduced in this paper. Ten tips on how to develop English teachers’ USP are presented in the article.

Some cases of functioning of grammatical groups (Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous) and tenses (Present, Past, Future) in the text of fiction (on the basis of O. Henry’s works) are investigated in the article. Different tenses are not considered separately on the paradigmatic and syntagmatic level, but they are considered on the level of the text that unites them. The material about the scientists and researchers who studied or compared tenses with artistic time and the definitions of terms, which were used by us, were submitted in this paper before analyzing. The range of functioning grammatical groups and tenses, their intertwining, mixing, dynamics of the transition from one group to another is analyzed here, the interaction and mutual influence of tense and artistic time in the short stories and novels of the selected author is studied, the role of grammatical means of expressing artistic time in the text is considered too. The article also characterizes the typical features of correlation, interinfluence, transfusion of artistic time and tense in the works of an American writer; the favorite tense specifiers are listed; frequency and dominance of tense using (as well as their impact on the development of the plot) are statistically calculated; lexical means which participate in the transmission of the forecast-prospective or retrospective functions are noted; the advantages of non-localization of the action in time, used by O. Henry, are explained; the role of grammatical means of expression of artistic time in building a meaningful picture of the artwork is examined too. The structured conclusions regarding artistic time and tense, which represent various systems (structuring, interpreted refraction of objective time, the using a reference point on the time axis, the presence and absence of temporal resources) have common features (multidimensionality, continuity and discontinuity, reversibility , the definition of events` correlation, participating the verbal forms in the category of artistic expression of time) in the analyzed by us O. Henry`s stories, are supplied at the end of the article.

The article is devoted to the analysis of speech behavior of Welsh male and female representatives. The speech situation in Wales in characterized by the presence of two languages – English and Welsh. Such situation is connected with the history of Celtic territories. There isn’t any general point of view as to the status of English in Wales. The term “Welsh English” is of mostly common use. The aim of the present paper is to study the prosodic characteristics of English in the speech of Welsh English representatives. Melody being one of the prominent intonation means, participating in making up speech portraits of Welsh representatives was investigated to find out differences in intonational scales functioning. One of the main distinguishing feature of Welsh English is high pre-head (the unstressed syllables at the beginning of intonation pattern) in combination with low terminal tone and gradually rising level of the tail. Gradually Descending Stepping, Scandant and Level Scales prevail among other Heads in the speech of analysed informants. Stepping Head (30%) characterize female speech and Level Head (29%) is more common in male speech. General percentage of Rising, Scandant and Broken Scales comprises 33% in male and 29% in female speech. Emphatic Scales prevail in female speech making it more emotionally coloured. Male speech is more characterized by Scandant and High Head. Thus, we may state that Welsh English can be characterized as having emphatic melody consisting of Rising, Scandant and High Head, which we consider to be the common feature.

The aim of the present paper is to scrutinize the possibilities of religious discourse investigation from the point of view of both philological science - lingual synergetics and theological doctrine about synergy. Having observed fundamentals of synergetic approach in linguistic studies we managed to trace the correlation between synergetic and synergy nature of transforming processes. There have been singled out those phenomena and processes described and studied by lingual synergetics which were initially characterized by theological synergism. Basic synergetic notion “combined/joint action of energies” strictly correlates with “compatibility”, “potency” and “energy” being fundamental notions in synergism. Participation of internal and external energies in the open systems studied by synergetics is evidently associated with the synergy of divine and human energies in synergism. The concerted actions of energies lead to structural dynamic changes in “inner” sphere in synergetics and to transcendental effect of human approaching to the spheres of the celestial existence in synergism.

The paper is devoted to the analysis of theolinguistics, an incipient philological branch at the junction of theology, religious anthropology and linguistics. Having appeared in the 70-s of the 20-th century theolinguistics was meant as a branch of linguistics seeking to describe how human discourse may be employed to refer to the divine and how language operates in ‘religious’ situations. Further developments of this branch of learning broadened the scope of scientific interests to the study of the relationship between language and religious thought and practice illustrated by ritual, sacred texts, preaching, doctrinal statements and private affirmations of belief. Slavonic linguists took up the idea of the western philologists at the end of the 20-th century. Since then they have been working out a generic system of theolinguistics including its terminological apparatus, methodology, goals and tasks. The main difficulties theolinguistics is confronted with can be both of objective and subjective characters. The main objective problem is gnoseological roots of its constituents (scientific and theological). On the other hand it is inhomogeneity of theolinguistics, that can be helpful to solve many problems incapable of being solved by means of purely scientific methods.

This paper aims at studying the paraverbal organization of female political discourse in Spain, Latin America and Ukraine based on public speeches delivered by female Spanish-speaking (Eva Peron, Cristina de Kirchner, Manuela Carmena) and Ukrainian-speaking (Yulia Timoshenko, Lesya Orobets, Irina Farion) public figures. The article summarizes theoretical approaches to the study of gender-specific female speech, lingual and prosodic features of Hispanic and Ukrainian female political discourse, and means of female expressiveness explicated in vocabulary, prosody, and co-speech gestures. Contrastive audio-visual processing using PRAAT 5.0.43 and Sound Forge 9.0 software revealed similarities and contrasts in prosodic and kinetic female expressiveness in Spanish, Latin American and Ukrainian political discourses. The study allowed validating the hypothesis that contrastive verbal and paraverbal (prosodic and kinetic) features of female political speech are typologically specific for Spanish and Ukrainian languages. On the other hand, the integral features of female speech in Spanish, Latin American and Ukrainian linguistic cultures are determined by the persuasive specifics of political discourse and are explicated in common rhetorical tools, discursive strategies and tactics used by women to achieve maximum impact on the audience in any linguistic culture of any genetic affinity.

The article investigates the English language, functioning as a lingua franca, in a modern multicultural and polyethnic universe in cross-cultural communication across the extrapolation of the secondary varieties of the given lingual system. The paper discusses history and meaning of the term “lingua franca”, characterizes its various definitions, describes the role, played by English, as an intermediary language in the distribution areas of the secondary varieties in contemporary community. The study also discusses functioning of lingua franca as a means of communication within multicultural ethnic communities. As a sociolinguistic term “lingua franca” does not have a unified definition and represents a variety of interpretations: “any language of wider interethnic communication”; certain types of “contact languages” used in interethnic communication; “verbal means of interethnic communication.” Having analyzed the problematics, we consider that in the era of globalization the English language has the status of macrointermediary language by virtue of the fact that it not only plays an intermediary role as in the context of certain nations, ethnic groups, but also covers the entire world community and is a global, world, polyethnic and multicultural one.

The author focuses on the methods of graphic (visual) coding of narrative polyphony in English postmodern fiction text. Resting on integrative interdisciplinary approach applied to the study of the issue under analysis, the author substantiates that the graphic surface of postmodern fiction text bears a particular layout, perspective and store of graphic (visual) signs originating from heterogeneous semiotic modes, both verbal and nonverbal. In this paper, the author defines and classifies visual signs as units of graphic coding of narrative polyphony in English postmodern multimodal fiction text. Graphic signs do not only change the graphic surface of the text, but also shape its new narrative structure, both of which construct polysemantic content of the text. Sinking into multimodal research, the author provides a study of the nature of graphic innovations as text units functioning on various text levels, both as attractors and distractors of its coded content that mirror linguistic norm democratization. By illustrating the applied methods in a text fragment from the English multimodal polyphonic fiction narrative, the author concludes that graphic coding units manifest postmodern fiction text as a synergetic whole in that the latter is a self-organized non-linear dissipative system that generates multiple ways of deconstructive text interpretation manipulating the reader. The author strongly believes that the findings may generate consequent research in the field of multimodal narratology.

This paper investigates some questions of the language policy of France. In particular the thesis is emphasizing on that the French language universalism is based not only on the centralized force of French economy, culture, politics but also on a free choice of many citizens of the world to use the French language as the universal form of communication. The principles of the language policy of France fit in the following system of terms: centrism that is manifested by the intention to create the single language (French) within the framework of the unitary great-power status; expansionism that is expressed by the purpose to attach the general character to French language and to extend it to the whole territory of France and other countries of the world; purism that is expressed by the intention to develop an ideal and correct form of the French language and to impose it upon all users of the French language in France as well as abroad. Traditionally the French linguistic (language) heritage is mainly of a centrist character that consists in considering the French language as the single language variant in the country. This kind of policy is official and it is widely propagandized by the state central authorities.

The article dwells on the analysis of the functioning of the lexical-semantic field “Metal” in the naïve picture of the world, namely on the material of English proverbs. The notion of “the naïve picture of the world” has been determined and the constituents of the given field and the peculiarities of their direct and transferred usage and connotation have been analyzed. In the given paper, analyzing the functioning of the constituents of the lexicalsemantic field “Metal”, we have made an attempt to research such side of language as folk art. The choice of the material of the investigation is conditioned by the fact that proverbs typify different phenomena of life, being anthropocentric, they establish the experience piled up by the centuries, reflect culture, the way of life and the values of ethnos. Having analyzed eleven English proverbs, first of all it is necessary to note their anthropocentric directivity. Most of them are employed to depict the peculiarities of humans’ characters. Four of the analyzed proverbs express advice; three of them signify encouragement; two proverbs convey admonition and two voice condemnation. The investigation of the constituents of the lexicalsemantic field “Metal” has pointed out that most of them are employed in transferred meaning, having metaphor in their composition. Due to the exploration of all metal nominations on the given material, we managed to define the following paradigms of the humans’ attitude to the metal: 1. The paradigm of the positive attitude, where all the names of the metal are employed with positive connotation and are associated with nobility and preciousness. 2. The paradigm of negative attitude, associated with pejoratively connotated nominations of metal, manifesting craftiness and cowardice.

The article outlines approval, praise, compliment and flattery in terms of Speech Act Theory. The illocutionary aims of approval, praise, compliment and flattery speech acts have been differentiated.The author offers her own definitions of approval, praise, compliment and flatter as positive evaluative speech acts.The research has been carried out on the basis of Modern English artistic Discourse.The main purpose of the paper is to report on the carried out functional-semantic analysis of positive evaluative speech acts. The subjects of this study are approval, praise, compliment and flattery illocutionary aims. The main methods of investigating the data have been the contextual interpretational method as well as the conversational analysis. They have been helpful to determine the functional-semantic peculiarities of the taken speech acts, their objects and participants and their communicative structure. The article establishes the definition of approval, praise, compliment and flattery speech acts main and secondary illocutionary aims. The achieved results have practical value, since they can be discussed within the courses of Discourse Analysis and Communication Theory.

The article outlines the peculiarities of the verbalized integration of the archetypal concepts AIR and EARTH in W. Golding’s prose fiction. The research suggests the definition of the segment of correlation, and describes its structure; it also specifies the key, conditionally key, and basic lexemes to verbalize the addressed concepts within the segment of correlation.Given the general trend to desyncretization of the archetypal concepts of the elements at the general cultural level, the systemization of the selected unites in W. Golding’s prose fiction reveals they are largely integrated. The research provides the term “the segment of correlation” to describe the area where the two archetypal concepts overlap. Structurally, the segment of correlation falls into sections of the correlation and groups of nominative units. The lexemes to represent the studied mental phenomena are classified as key, conditionally key, and basic, depending on their share in the verbalization of the concept. The segment of correlation of the archetypal concepts AIR and EARTH features three sections: one with the dominating “air” component, one with the dominating “earth” component, and the section “the prototypical axis”, with the latter being represented most expensively. The section “the prototypical axis”, in its turn, is subdivided into such groups of nominative units as “the mountain”, “the tree”, “the axis”, and “the movement along the axis”. The key lexemes to represent the integrated verbalized concepts AIR and EARTH are the following: tree, cliff, rock, and wall. The paper suggests that the dominative nature of these units can be explained by the episodes of Golding’s biography (e.g. his joining the Naval Service), which were consequently reflected in his works too.

The structural peculiarities of English siteonyms are outlined in this paper. In particular, the theoretical background of categorizing the siteonyms of the English sector of the Internet into different groups is thoroughly studied. Some of the existing classifications are cited, combined, and adapted to face the challenges posed by the novelty of this field of onomastics. Three possible structural types are singled out, each containing a certain amount of subtypes. Statistical data concerning the structure of the most frequently visited siteonyms has been gathered and analyzed.

The paper argues that English news stories create the effect of impartiality referring to information sources in different ways which is reflected in four text-building models: subjective, subjectivizing, objectivizing, and objective.

This paper addresses the issue of mimesis in its specificity acquired in Virginia Woolf’s short fiction, as a literary manifestation of the ephemeral in its three dimensions − pseudoreal, virtually fanciful as well as material and virtual, all of them together creating the effect of stereoscopic vision, being at once a game-with-the-reader technique.

This paper deals with the definition of aggressive rhetoric as a persuasive method in political communication, the transformation of the concept ‘speech aggression’ towards its positive semantic, the complex of aggressive speech means on the verbal and paraverbal levels. The verbal means of an aggressive rhetoric are the rhetorical figures, such as the antithesis that creates the greatest emotional stress due to its underlying semantic contrast. The paraverbal means of aggressive rhetoric are the prosody and co-speech gestures of the antitheses.

The paper studies linguosemiotic interpretation as a method of text analysis. The suggested linguosemiotic approach to the defining of the communicative process is based on the claim that it is the process of coding, decoding and recoding of sense structures applying linguocultural space. The latter is viewed as a model of human lifeworld which also serves as a model of interpretation. Linguocultural space as a linguosemiotic category is reckoned to be an effective tool for studying reproductive interpretation as a method of translation analysis. The author formulates basic canons of applying linguosemiotic approach in translation studies.

The present paper deals with some of James Thurber’s works that feature parody. Analyzed is the collection of short stories “Ladies’ and Gentlemen’s Guide to English Usage.” It is argued that the humorous effect is achieved through the interplay of various types of discourses. The article also addresses the terms “intertextuality”, “interdiscursivity”, and other relevant notions.

This paper deals with the oral English sermon texts. The research of sermons allow us to emerge correlation between addressee and addresser and found out the definite features of addressee and addresser . A sermon is a special kind of religious speech acts and is an inseparable part of any Christian service – a liturgy, a moleben, a funeral service. Unlike reading a prayer or singing during a liturgy, which a fixed in form and content, a sermon is characterized by a much higher degree of freedom of choice in terms of lexical, syntactical and prosodiacal means of realization. The present article presents research into relations between the addressee and the addresser in how they structure the text of an oral sermon in English. A unique feature of a sermon, uncharacteristic of any other kind of oral public speech, is that during a sermon a preacher talks not only to its people on behalf of church and God but also turns to God on behalf of the parish. Such an unusual communicative situation is called “double addressee factor” and it is found only in sermons. Participants of communication do not enjoy equal rights in the process of reading a sermon. In this sense this type of communicative situation can be compared to public lectures, moral lecturing of pupils done by a teacher, tourist guide stories, political speeches, etc. Despite a deep emotional response in the addressee no switching of roles between the speaker and the listeners is possible. In the case of a sermon the scheme of the speech impact is as follows: the preacher (and addresser of a certain sermon) has a specific social directive – to impact the addressee in a focused religiously motivated way with the aim of regulating the behavior of the addressee by means of presenting him or her with certain information, both religious and secular. The process of managing the actions of the addressee with the help of speech is achieved by reaching a hierarchy of different goals where the main goal is to urge to certain actions after communication is over. Thus, despite unequal positions of the addressee and the addresser in publish speech a preacher is interested in establishing communicative contact and understanding with the audience.

The article suggests the author’s interpretation of communicative unity of a picture reproduction and its text annotation in a museum catalogue as a type of polycode text. The point of code transformations is investigated as well as the point of communicative posteriority of iconic and verbal messages. Communicative activity of a catalogue user is treated as transitivity of addressee-reader’s and addressee-on-looker’s roles. This publication is devoted to a new perspective in our study of polycode messages in different functional styles. At this time, the object of our research is a specific communicative phenomenon: the article of a museum catalogue (of an art gallery) as the unity of the reproduction of a picture and a verbal (i.e. English) text annotation containing the information about the represented picture and its author. As the subject of study we chose the semiotic relationships of two thematically united multimodal messages: iconic (picture) and verbal (annotation). Following Ch.Morris we interpret painting as "a set of signs" created "to display and preserve what is dear to people". The combinations of colours and lines on the surface of the canvas / paper has a two-dimensional static sign integrity, which "pulls" the viewer into an imaginary three-dimensional depth of the dynamic world depicted by the artist. Accordingly, a picture is understood by us as a semiotic phenomenon as an iconic message, reproducing a non-semiotic reality. A verbal message using the signs of other code (language code) also provides information about the externality of its reality. In our case this information largely concerns pictures, the description of their meaningful and formal characteristics. The focus of our attention in the discussion of semiotic features of the article of a museum catalogue as a single communicative unit is also drawn to the questions of communicative posteriority. Under communicative posteriority we understand the reproduction in a message of such a referent, which in itself is a communicative phenomenon, or a protomessage. In this study, we are interested in the relationship between a protomessage and its communicatively posterior reproduction. By this we mean the following. Firstly, the relationship between the actual scenic canvas (we treat it as an iconic protomessage) and its catalogue photographic reproduction (we treat it as a posterior reproduction of the original by means of an identical, in this case also iconic code). Secondly, it is the relationship between an iconic protomessage (scenic canvas / reproduction) and its descriptive, verbal (communicatively posterior) reproduction in a verbal text by means of a different, not iconic, but a language code.

This paper’s aim is to define the role of Psalms in Anglican Church service and to identify basic lexical syntactic means adding expressiveness to these texts. The scope of the research is built from texts of psalms in English used in Anglican services. The object of the research is identified as Anglican service containing psalms. Texts of two English language prayers from Morning Prayer pronounced by archbishops of Anglican church (Archbishop of Canterbury J.Carry in 2011 and Archbishop of Canterbury R.Williams in 2008) during common prayer were selected for investigation. Psalms are not just a prayer, it is a prayer written in verse. European poetry that we are so familiar with is based on rhythm and rhyme. Psalms are organized in a different way. Semitic poetry is organized on the basis of meaningful parallelisms. In our work we used the classical scheme developed by an Anglican bishop Robert Lowth who identifies the following kinds of parallelisms: 1. Synonymic parallelism 2. Antithetic parallelism 3. Synthetic (progressive or ascending) parallelism 4. Chiasmus As a result of the work done in the course of our investigation we can say that a psalm is one of the most interesting and colourful genres of religious discourse that concentrates and disseminates central intentions and primary aims of religious discourse of which a religious service is a big part. These aims include strengthening in faith, presenting the Divine knowledge, and they reflect the leading strategies in the development of psalms, those of prayer, confession and assessment.

The article deals with the problems connected with the functioning of American prosody in business discourse. Prosodic, lexical and syntactic affective means are defined in convincing monologues. Frequency of key words and their accentuation attract the listeners' attention to that part of utterance, which is accentuated according to the goals of both the speaker and communicative situation. The relevance of the chosen topic is dictated by the process of globalization, the development of business contacts and cooperation in the field of business, and in this regard, the growing need for more in-depth and detailed study of the conditions of successful communication. The subject of this study is prosodic characteristics in their relation to the lexical composition of words and a pragmatic objective of impact in monological discourse. The material of research is based on the monological part of interviews of 10 American businessmen in Audiocourse "Conversations with the greatest world leaders of business network", publishing house "Upline" 1996. The total duration of the experimental material was 5 hours. Monological utterances of 3 men and 3 women were selected for the audit analysis. Thus, the narrow corpus of study lasts 45 minutes. As the minimal unit of analysis in this study we consider the intonation group defined as a speech segment, limited on two sides by pauses and having a prosodic integrity and completeness. The purpose of this study is to identify the prosodic speech means that contribute to the realization of the communicative strategies aimed at attracting new "leaders" for business expansion. Based on the purpose of the study, this paper addresses the following tasks: - To identify the relative frequency of key words relating to the frame 'success - business - leaders" and the syntactic and lexical means of their foregrounding in discourse; - To conduct an audit analysis of melodic configurations of quasi-spontaneous monological speech employing the system of phonetic marking. The problem of prosodic realization of the function of impact has been paid much attention. However, in our opinion, this issue requires a further careful study, as the realization of function of impact involves linguistic means. Along with prosodic means we should talk about the lexical and syntactic means of foregrounding the relevant information in discourse, i.e. an integrated approach when dealing with this phenomenon.

In this paper we review up-to-date approaches to impoliteness studies as well as to one of its strategies – aggravation. We outline some problem issues of constituting of impoliteness and aggravation – the status of intention, context influence and conceptualization as well as we present a critical review of two main methodological approaches to impoliteness study – first order approach and second order approach. We also present a methodological strategy of our research. The object of the study is the analysis the methodological approaches to the study of communicative strategy as subtype of impoliteness and the subject is the problematic parameters constituting impoliteness and methodological possibilities for solving these problems. The aim of this article is to analyze methodological approaches to the study of impoliteness offered by modern cognitive-discursive paradigm, to reflect critically on these approaches and to describe the stages of the proposed research methodology. The research is based on the theoretical work by linguists who develop approaches to the study of impoliteness, analyzing the parameters such as context and intention, which contibute to the impoliteness in discourse. The topicality is caused by rising social and cultural role of the phenomenon of impoliteness in modern communication (primarily - online communication), and also by the lack of elaborated methods for studying and analyzing the parameters that constitute impoliteness in discourse. We outlined the strategy, in our opinion, a researcher can use: Step 1. Study of the dictionaries which helps to determine which language units (lexemes, idioms and phraseological units) embody the concept BELEIDIGUNG. We have found that these are units: Beleidigung, Missachtung, Verachtung, Urteil, Spott, Angriff, Verletzung, üble Nachrede, Frechheit, Unterschätzung, Überhebung, Unhöflichkeit, verbale Aggression. Step 2. Analysis of the data from corps DWDS. We conducted a content analysis, i.e. quantitative search for specific lexical units, which according to the dictionary data embody the concept BELEIDIGUNG, namely: Beleidigung, Urteil, Spott, Aggression, Verachtung. Step 3. Study of the first order and searching comments with the explicit qualification of the expression as offensive by the addressee using lexemes mentioned in the preceding paragraph. The most frequent lexemes denoting the concept BELEIDIGUNG are the following - Beleidigung, Angriff, Verachtung, Verleumdung and Urtel. Step 4. The next step is the linguo-pragmatic analysis involving the methods of structural and semantic, logical-semantic, stylistic, transformative, contextual, intentional, interferential analysis, the methods of periphrasis, explication of implicit meaning and the elements of the method of formalization and quantitative method. Step 5. Finally, the influence of specific features of the online communications on the strategy of impoliteness and aggravation. In our study an integrated approach that combines the research of first and second order is used. Firstly, it involves the online discourse as a special context of communication and material for analysis, and secondly, it focuses on the interpretation of reaction of an addressee to the offensive statements about the speaker, as well as the intentions of the speaker. Finally, it analizes strategies of impoliteness from the point of view of cognitive, communicative and socio-cultural aspects of its implementation.

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the sermon definitions existing in rhetoric and homiletics. The study of the developed sermons classifications contributes to more detailed and profound investigation of sermon discourse The existing definitions of sermon according to their purpose can be subdivided into two groups. In the definitions of the first group sermon is understood as a special kind of oratory, conveying an important doctrinal position, containing ethical requirements. In these definitions sermon is viewed from a "secular" perspective, without considering its sacredness. The definitions of the second group are based on the understanding of religious sermon as one of the functions of the church: it (sermon) is inextricably connected with the church, it is first of all the speech in church and on behalf of the Church. The analysis of the above definitions shows that, regardless of which aspect of religious sermon forms the basis of the understanding of its essence, all the authors acknowledge that sermon is a speech uttered by the addresser before the mass addressee in order to exert a religiously motivated influence on the latter. Sermon is mainly realized orally in the form of a monologue, it is associated with particular religious formalities and peculiarities and has a definite spiritual content. According to the target and the level of impact on the listener three basic types of sermons may be singled out in the existing classifications: informational, agitational and manipulative. The sermons of informational character are subdivided into three types: message, prophecy and homily. In the classifications based on the topic (content) of sermon we may single out such types of sermons as exegetical, catechetical, dogmatic, moralizing, apologetic and missionary. In another classification according to this principle such types are represented: exegesis, eulogy, moral and ethical homilies, publicist sermon. Thus, the analysis of the existing definitions and classifications of sermons on the one hand, shows the versatility of the phenomenon of sermon, and secondly, it can contribute to a more detailed and thorough study of sermon discourse.

The article studies peculiarities of functioning of precious stones nominations in author’s tales. Direct, indirect and symbolic meanings of the investigated nominations are being viewed in the article. The purpose of this paper is to study the use of gender-specific nominations of precious stones in fairy tales written by British authors. The material of our study is based on two tales by two great authors of English literature: O. Wilde, the writer of the nineteenth century, and A. Carter, the writer of the twentieth century. Both are known for their stories, striving to speak about the reality in a different language. The nominations of precious stones in folk fairy tales are exclusively anthropocentric, i.e. they are used to describe man and his life in literal and figurative senses. The literary sources use the nominations of precious stones to depict other objects - cities, plants, drinks and more. All the recorded cases of the names of precious stones in the analized works can be subdivided into two groups: 1) the nominations of precious stones used in the direct meaning; 2) the nominations of precious stones used figuratively. The nominations of precious stones in the direct meaning are mainly of anthropocentric nature. These nominative units are mostly used to describe various jewelry. In the figurative meaning the nominations of precious stones are employed in stylistic devices of metaphor, simile and epithet. Oscar Wilde describes a variety of things both abstract and concrete, including other precious stones. Unlike male texts, the nominations of precious stones in female prose obtain an important symbolic value for the realization of the author's message. Thus, in fairy tale "The Bloody Chamber" by A. Carter jewelry made of ruby and opal are a gift of the French Marquis (whose prototype is Bluebeard) to his young wife, and the nominations ruby and opal obtain the meaning of "imminent death" and realize a prospective function. In the texts of both authors the nominations of precious stones are used both in the direct and figurative meanings. In the direct meaning these nominations denote jewelry - here we do not establish differences in use. However, the functioning of the vocabulary in denoting precious stones in the figurative meaning was found to have some discrepancies connected with the gender of the author. Thus, in the fairy tales by O. Wilde the nominations of precious stones are mainly used to describe objects and events, and serve as a powerful tool of imagery. By contrast, the main function of the nominations of precious stones in the fairy tales by A. Carter is the realization of textual categories: prospection and concept of the text. In the text the nominations expand their semantic structure through a series of contextual meanings.