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The present article is meant to pay homage and gratitude of the memory to the great Teacher, Mentor, Supervisor, Scholar in musicology of the Republic of Moldova, who had been educated and had also conveyed to his followers the distinguished traditions of the Conservatoires from Chisinau and Moscow. The author speaks about his teaching style, scientific and administrative work. He was severe to students, solicitous to post-graduate students, tactful to subordinates, an indefatigable toiler in every field offered by his profession, that was deeply marked by his presence. The influence of his way of working with his disciples, performers or musicologists, teachers or research scientists is also discussed in this article.

This paper tries to synthesize the history of economic thinking regarding the correlation between culture and the economic development during the last centuries. The use of culture to explain the economic performance has not been popular among social science researchers in recent decades. Most economic models are based on the idea that people are essentially rational beings and make decisions in their own interest. What people choose to do depends on their beliefs. But culture can give rise to a set of rational beliefs. In economic history, some economists have questioned the classic concept of the „rational economic man” mentioning the increasing role of non-economic behavior in modern economies. These two positions can be reconciled if we reduce the social norms that govern entire societies based on the actions of individuals who look out for their own interests. Regardless of which models of economic thinking a historical retrospective is based on, an important conclusion is that throughout history, social and cultural factors have been among the important catalysts of the economic life. In the paper, it is argued that some factors such as European culture and European political traditions, etc., have an essential contribution to the economic success of those countries that follow them.

Ball brooches make a difficult research theme in Denmark. This is mainly because very few of the hitherto published specimens were found in a context or under circumstances that help to shed light on their chronology. The most recently published study is a very brief paper by Jesper Laursen on the chronology and typology of ball brooches (Laursen 1984). Laursen’s paper was published at a time when hobby metal detecting was only at its early stages in Denmark. Therefore, this hobby had not yet had its impact on the material. Metal detecting favors objects with much metal and since cultivated soil contains a lot of iron waste most hobby detectorists tend to screen for iron. Consequently, objects of bronze, silver and gold will have a tendency to dominate the finds brought in by these people, and especially massive objects.

This paper aims to present a comprehensive and complete analysis of the separatist movements from the ex-Soviet space, especially in the Republic of Moldova. The paper focuses on presenting both the national and international context immediately after the fall of the USSR, as well as the factors that determined the apparition of the separatist movements. Multiple causes and effects are paired and presented to expose the chronology that followed the unfolding of those historical events. The paper is split into three main topics: the Transnistrian conflict and its consequences, the Georgian conflict, its aftermath, and the ongoing conflicts between Armenia and Azerbaijan. One of the most important aspects discussed is regarding the understanding of Russia’s foreign policy and how it contributed to an accumulation of tensions in the former USSR in the quest to consolidate its position of power in the region. The causes that led to the Transnistrian conflict, as well as the narrative of the situation and the current stalemate are provided.

The paper reflects the experiences of the social movements, civic initiatives and NGOs in St. Petersburg and other cities of Russia as well as in some other post-Soviet countries, aimed at the promotion and raising awareness of local populations about the World Heritage value in their cities. These efforts are needed, because the outstanding universal values of the historic centres of St. Petersburg and other cities are threatened by illegal construction, misguided urban planning, neglect and a lack of public attention; churches and cultural landscapes suffer from poor restoration, development pressure and an unregulated tourism boom. These effects are often possible because the almost most local population has no knowledge about the UNESCO World Heritage status and its implications. As a result, they are not sufficiently able to speak out for the protection of their site and do not know how the status of world cultural heritage can help them. Moreover, the population has little understanding of both the cultural value for their own community and what it means to be a World Heritage in general, leading to an insufficient realization of the potentials in the status of world cultural heritage. In this paper, we try both to show our previous research results and academic materials on the topic, but also reflect on our experience of participation in different activities, and especially within the recent project implemented in 2017 and aimed on intervention into the discursive and pragmatic space in the field of promotion and protection of St. Petersburg World Heritage site. However, to understand these experiences and reflections, it is necessary to present a historical context and conditions of the development of both the St. Petersburg World Heritage status and the St. Petersburg social movement for the protection of St. Petersburg world heritage.

The year 1987 represents a key-point in recognizing the universal value of the Frontiers of the Roman Empire, by inscribing Hadrian’s Wall into the UNESCO Heritage List. Followed closely by the Upper German-Raetian Limes (in 2005) and by the Antonine Wall (in 2008), the Frontier today is a single and complex monument of Roman Empire as a world state. The paper discusses the newly published volume – René Ployer, Marinus Polak, Ricarda Schmidt, The Frontiers of the Roman Empire. A Thematic Study and Proposed World Heritage Nomination Strategy (2017) – in the Romanian national context, as the State intends to nominate two segments of the Roman Frontier as UNESCO monuments until 2021. Besides presenting the content of the volume, with the intent of raising awareness upon the subject among different stakeholders, the paper also tries to reach out to the experts involved in the nomination process, by tackling the questions of if and how the study could be used as a tool in communicating nationally with all interested parties.

In this paper the author addresses the process of formation of the top echelon of the Moldavian Communist Party apparatus during the establishment and reestablishment of the Soviet power in Bessarabia in 1940-1941/1944. The core of the top party apparatus of the Moldavian SSR during the period under consideration were young Communists who arrived in / from the Moldavian ASSR, quickly established themselves and advanced to key administrative positions. They managed to make a dizzy career in the party after Stalin's repressions. Most secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Moldavia had a low educational level – primary or secondary education and were born in Ukraine or Russia. Among them there was not a single Bessarabian, and only one was from the left bank of the Dniester. And although in 1944 the leadership of the party apparatus of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Moldavia has undergone some changes, but its core remained practically the same. For this paper we used unpublished sources – documents of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Moldavia.

Estonia is often seen as a model student among the post-communist countries. Many renowned think tanks and organizations measuring the quality of democracy (e.g., Freedom House, Varieties of Democracy, Bertelsmann Foundation) often give Estonia the highest scores in the region. However, the seemingly spotless façade hides growing tensions and emergent contradictions. The current paper will focus on the two most worrisome trends that have become evident in recent years, if not even earlier: (1) the limited success in integrating the large Russian-speaking minority and (2) the rise of the populist radical right. The failure to integrate the ethnic minorities would increase frustration and political alienation among Russian speakers, making it more difficult to build a healthy, cohesive democratic community. However, the rise of the populist radical right, namely the remarkable electoral success of EKRE (Estonian Conservative People’s Party), has proven to be a bigger challenge because it demonstrates that many Estonians are deeply dissatisfied with how democracy works in their country. The article discusses whether it would be possible for dissatisfied Estonians and Russians to join forces to challenge the current liberal democratic model in Estonia. The analysis shows that even if the initial attempts have failed, one could not entirely rule out that prospect.

Since its first issue, of January 1, 1936, the „Însemnări ieșene” [„Notes from Jassy”] Magazine (1936-1940) has emphasized the orientation of „a group of intellectuals” that aimed to continue the tradition of the literary, cultural and scientific circles from Moldavia, with a focus on a series of ideas related to „national specificity”, „popular language”, „cultural unification”. For almost five years, the magazine polarized intellectuals from all over Moldavia and had an intense program of dissemination of the Romanian culture through the organization of itinerant conferences in the cities of Jassy, Tighina, Kishinev, Soroca and Balti. The September 1, 1940 issue of the magazine was dedicated to Bessarabia and Bukovina and was remarkable for its spiritual Romanian essence. The present paper dwells on the importance of this special issue of the magazine, which deals with a number of representative topics announced by the article titles such as: „Basarabia până la 1812” [„Bessarabia until 1812”], „Viața românească în Basarabia (1812-1918”) [„Romanian Life in Bessarabia (1812-1918)”], „Mărturii moldovenești la Nistru” [„Moldavian Testimonies on the Dniester River”], „Basarabia – provincie istorică rusească?” [„Bessarabia–Russian Historical Province?”], „Universitatea din Cernăuți” [„The University of Chernivtsi”], „A doua pierdere a Bucovinei și Basarabiei” [„The Second Loss of Bukovina and Bessarabia”], „Iar vremuri de bejanie”, [„New Times of Turmoil”], „Și totuși, nu deznădăjduim!” [„And Yet, We Do Not Despair!”] and many more. This unique issue was illustrated with numerous images from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, as well as with portraits of cultural personalities born in the Romanian land between the Prut and Dniester rivers, all meant to discuss and emphasize the national identity of Romanians through culture.

he events of the late 1980s-early 1990s played a key role in the history of Georgia. April 9, 1989, was one of the most important events in this respect. It defined the shared identity and memory for a long time and determined future developments in the country. April 9 proved to be a paradigmatic event in the recent history of Georgia. The narrative of trauma and triumph was formed, being reflected in historical, literary and documentary texts, as well as in different sites of memory. Two years later, at the very place of the tragedy, the restoration of independence of Georgia was declared. The paper deals with the process of the crystallization of April 9 as a paradigmatic event. Cultural patterns that played a crucial role in the establishment of the traumatic-triumphal narrative of April 9, 1989, and in the thirty-year dynamics of the attitudes towards this event are explored. The study presents how April 9 and its resonance influenced the perception of the past, as well as further developments. Theories of collective memory and cultural trauma serve as the theoretical framework for the research, while official documents, memoirs, literary texts and various types of media sources form its empirical basis.

The main goal of the paper is to analyze Swedish cultural heritage preservation policy, legal framework, and management practices. The work is based on the analysis of the legal framework, discussions and interviews with Swedish experts and scientific publications. The study discusses the transition from cultural policy to heritage policy, which makes Sweden one of the few states to have a special heritage policy. The paper presents the responsibilities of institutions in the field of cultural heritage: the Swedish National Heritage Board, the regional administrative councils, the inter- and intra-sectorial collaboration. The Historic Environment Act, which is the main normative act in this field, is analysed in detail. There is a summary of access to information, Data Bases and the communication system in the field of cultural heritage, as well as recent trends in the development of much more efficient Data Bases. Several specific issues, such as the export of cultural goods, the organization, monitoring, and reporting of archaeological surveys, research costs, compensation, and redemption, were also discussed in the study. The article also addresses issues of accountability for heritage crimes, appeals and a special emphasis on illegal archaeology: preventing, combating and punishments. Finally, the heritage police is discussed, a newly created unit under National Police, that deals with natural and cultural heritage crimes. Thus, the paper is a synthetic analysis of the cultural heritage protection system in Sweden, which can be a model for other states as well.

Are there connections between security policies, peacebuilding, and heritage politics? The first aim of this paper is to discuss how heritage policies sometimes are used to add to and reinforce security policies and practices. This issue is largely unknown and remains to be researched. Secondly, it would also be of importance to try to better understand how security policies may be influenced by notions of heritage and certain interventions on heritage sites. It is argued that it has become necessary to move beyond the study of wars to better understand how heritage affects security and vice versa not only in conflicts but also in peacetime and in “afterwar” periods. The paper builds on a critical reading of previous research mainly on heritage studies and partly on security studies, and on a case study of Swedish-led heritage interventions in the Balkans following the Yugoslavian wars. The case study discusses how issues of security and safety may become relevant in heritage politics in the Balkans following the Yugoslavian wars. It serves to demonstrate how heritage interventions can be seen as either providing security in a community or constituting a threat to its survival.

The aim of this paper is to present the pottery from Alba Iulia-Lumea Nouă (Pl. I-III, IV/2, V/8, VIII, IX/1, 3, X/1-2) and Petreşti-Groapa Galbenă (Pl. IV/1, 3-11, V/1-7, 9, VI-VII, IX/2, 4). The decoration is executed inside the incised parallel lines using the excision technique and consists in the ‘wolf ’s teeth’ and ‘chessboard’. The excised ‘wolf ’s teeth’ and ‘chessboard’ motifs are typical especially for phase I of Precucuteni culture. In the recent excavations, pottery fired using black-topped technique was discovered, also a fragment from a carinated bowl with rounded carina with ‘wolf ’s teeth’ decoration, all typical for the Foeni communities from Transylvania. Now, the repertory of Transylvanian discoveries comprises no less than 37 archaeological sites with Precucuteni-type pottery (Pl. XI). At the present state of research, we do not believe that all these artefacts can still be interpreted as merely Precucuteni imports in Transylvanian settlements. The lack of habitation levels or archaeological features that we can attribute to the Precucuteni culture, especially in the middle Mureş basin, makes it likely that there was a ‘fashion’ of decorating pottery among the communities of the early Eneolithic; thus, the typical decoration was taken up following some initial exchanges and contacts. In our opinion, the inclusion of the ‘wolf ’s teeth’ and ‘chessboard’decoration in the stylistic repertoire of the human communities living in the aforementioned geographic area, constitutes the main explanation of the large number of discoveries of this nature. We believe that especially among the large Neolithic settlements from the middle Mureş basin a significant percentage of the excised pottery had lost its initial ethno-cultural facet. For the moment, from the perspective of the pottery analysed in this paper, a separation between the group of settlements from South-Eastern Transylvania and the sites from South-Western and central Transylvania is taking shape.

This article examines the importance of knowing the diversity of plastic forms in ceramics. The paper shows the value of studying ceramics through the diversity of its forms in higher artistic education. The teaching impact of the study is to update the course of ceramics. The paper describes the technology of modelling plastic forms which is an important factor in the process of studying and training the students` modelling skills.

The present paper focuses on the preliminary interventions undertaken for the in situ and post situ preservation of the archaeological artifacts derived from the disinterment of the Metropolitan Gavriil Bănulescu-Bodoni, which took place in the context of the canonization held in Căpriana Monastery (the Republic of Moldova). The paper points out the importance of the pluridisciplinary approach in order to ensure the adequate conditions for a specialized and immediate first aid for the excavated artifacts, which thereby would be able to be part of and enrich the ecclesiastical heritage of the Republic of Moldova. Brief presentations of the monastic institution’s history and the metropolitan’s biography are also provided.

The relevance of the paper is in the target setting of the early vocal creative work of Gustav Mahler, an outstanding Austrian composer – the Cycle of Songs to Josephine Poisl, Fourteen Songs and Romances from Youth, Songs of a Wayfarer. This study is focused on exploring the early chamber-vocal cycles of G. Mahler in terms of style and musical theme features. The said topic has not yet been an object of a separate study. It was partly covered by such musicologists as I. Barsova, I. Leopa, D. Mitchell, Z. Roman, who studied the genesis and interaction issues of the word and music in the above-mentioned chamber-vocal cycles by G. Mahler. The research methodology is based on biographical, historical-cultural, system-analytical and comparative methods.

This paper discusses an upper Paleolithic cave in the foothills of the Caucasus. Since 1996 a joint team of Georgian, American and Israeli researchers has been involved in systematic archaeological excavations in Dzudzuana. Archaeological works revealed there three stages of upper Paleolithic period, but we present only final upper Paleolithic assemblages, which are characterized by the presence of microgravettes and backed and retouched bladelets. The paper further presents a lot of interesting materials.

The main research question of this paper is How the twentieth century leaders are treated in the History textbooks published within the last decade in the Republic of Moldova? The textbooks are a reflection of the History curriculum. Therefore, the analysis starts with the discussion of this document and its content concerning leaders and heroes. The main research sources are the History textbooks published in Moldova during the last decade that debate the events of the twentieth century. The paper analyses how the national, European and world leaders are treated in Moldovan textbooks, and how the discourse and the paradigm get changed depending on political regimes. Based on quantitative and qualitative methods, some conclusions have been made about various leaders, such as Lenin, Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini, Antonescu or leaders from the Cold War era. At the end, the leaders of independent Moldova are briefly presented too. As a result of this analysis we could see how the leaders are presented in the Moldovan textbooks and could conclude that the policy makers, textbook authors and publishers have to pay more attention to this topic.

Public Education was an essential feature of nation-building throughout Europe during the 19th century. Nationalizing states designed school policies to transform peasants into nationals and citizens. However, kindergartens were primarily urban institutions. One of their goals was to teach young children modern languages. At the beginning of the 20th century, Romanian elites started to create and adjust them to nationalise Dobruja and Cadrilater, the two provinces integrated into the Old Kingdom. Both regions were ethnically diverse. In localities primarily inhabited by a minority population, the purpose of kindergartens was to spread the Romanian language and national culture. This article focuses on the national integration of South Dobruja through public kindergartens. It also examines the professional path of teachers serving in these regions until the end of the 1940s. Finally, the paper follows teachers’ interaction with the locals and their efforts to mediate between the pedagogical and national aims of Greater Romania and the local interests that sometimes collided with the state school policies.

This paper discusses the development of cooperation between the Orthodox Church and educational establishments in Belarus. The first Agreement on Cooperation between the Ministry of Education and the Belarusian Orthodox Church (BOC) was signed in 1994, several years before the adoption of a new Law on the Freedom of Conscience and the signing of the Agreement on Cooperation between the Church and the State. Although many objectives, stated in the first Agreement, were not met on time, there was a continuing and mutually beneficial cooperation between the Ministry and the BOC since then, with a series of Programmes of Cooperation, signed every 2-4 years. The Orthodox Church is the only religious denomination in Belarus which concludes Programmes of Cooperation with the Ministry of Education; however, one cannot claim that the general legislative framework is particularly favourable for this Church. Indeed, there are some restrictions, limiting the presence of the BOC and its representatives in educational establishments.

The paper presents the results of the application of interactive teaching strategies in theoretical professional training in higher education in artistic disciplines with theoretical dominance, and in the technical ones. The interactive methods included in the study were applied in teaching activities both traditional „face to face” and remote – using the tools and techniques of „e-learning” through the „Moodle UTM” platform as well as a mixed form of organizing the teaching process. The efficiency of the application of interactive strategies is confirmed and estimated by quantifiable indicators, such as: attendance at current and final evaluations, final average mark of separate academic groups, the disciplines passing rate, number of research papers with participation in local and international scientific events and projects.

This paper attempts to synthesize the aspect of the importance of graphic representations referring to the situation of dwelling structures found and documented at the settlements across Muntenia which are dated with the 2nd century BC - 1st century AD. Without intending to categorize or fit the mentioned complexes or settlements into any typology, the paper takes into account the way in which the housing complexes characteristic of the second iron age are illustrated and how these representations are relevant to understanding the dwelling complexes from the given period.

On 14 May 2015 at the National Museum of History of Moldova in the presence of an impressive number of scientists and people of culture there was opened the commemorative exhibition "Oak from Caracui" dedicated to the centenary of the birth of Academician Nicolae Corlăteanu, the founder of the Romanian linguistics in the Republic of Moldova and the renowned teacher, State Prize winner, Honored Scientist, holder of the Order of the Republic, author of more than 55 scientific papers and memories. Most of the exhibits come from the Corlăteanu family archive. It is about 200 photographs, scientific papers, documents, awards, personal belongings, etc.

The present paper is intended for the students of the Decorative Art speciality, the discipline - Artistic Processing of Metal and Jewelry. In order to make an ornament, it is necessary to know the materials, tools and the execution stages, which will allow you to manually make in material a model of an ornament with a unique contemporary design. The concept of contemporary jewelry design is the foundation to the finished product.

This paper presents the assessment of the state of anxiety of vocalist students. Each individual has his own optimal or desired level of useful anxiety. Assessing the personal condition is an essential component of self-control and self-education. In order to differentiate the measurement of anxiety,both as a personality trait and as a state that reflects the current situation, the Spielberger-Khanin test was applied. It is a technique proposed by Ch. D. Spielberger and adapted into Russian by Yu. L. Khanin. This test helps to determine the anxiety within the personality structure.

The paper considers the methodologic problems of an all-round analysis of the image of an opera character as the object of compositional interpretation. For the first time in musicology there are examined the means of expression of a given character created by the librettist and composer — the authors of the opera. The author presents the main directions of this analysis that give the possibility to present the artistic image of the opera character in the most complex form. The main principles of the paper are illustrated by examples taken from world opera literature.

The ethnic political mobilizations, which were originally led by the non-titular nations of the Soviet republics, traced different paths at their latter phase, after the collapse of the USSR in particular; the emerging of de facto independent states inside de jure newly-established states (Moldova and Georgia), the political reconciliation by forming autonomy (Moldova and Ukraine), the uprising of the inter-state war (Azerbaijan and Armenia), and the ethnic tension toward improvement of minority rights (Lithuania and Estonia). The four casestudies presented in this paper demonstrate that rich material and immaterial resources increased the sustainability of ethnic political mobilization. The sustainability was an important factor in achieving de facto independent states after the collapse of the Soviet Union. This paper emphasizes that these material and immaterial resources were not valid for the mobilization until the appearance of political opportunity and political will for collective action by social political organizations. The political mobilization in Transnistria not had only rich resources, but strong political will among associates toward regional independence. The political actors discovered the resources, supplied the resources to the participants of collective action, motivated them toward political activity and increased the potentiality of immaterial resources.

The paper focuses on the myth of ‘Holy Russia,’ as restored and promoted by the Russian Orthodox Church under Patriarch Kirill (Gundiaev), and explores the new imagining identities and spatial configurations generated by this myth. While before ‘Holy Russia’ was a metaphor, associated with relics, deposited in Russian monasteries and churches, Kirill ‘geo-politicized’ it, informing it with practical political meaning, and as such it is viewed as including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and on many occasions Moldova, and less often – Kazakhstan. The paper discusses the metaphor of ‘Holy Russia’ as a geopolitical utopia, as a postcolonial invention, and as a method of mental mapping. It uncovers Kirill’s modernist philosophy of history, based on Messianic meta-narrations of enslavement and subsequent liberation. As such, ‘Holy Russia’ does not stop colonial practices, but perpetuates them in many aspects. It continues the ‘internal re-colonization’ of the Russian population by ‘re-churchizing’ it, and by claiming to be the cultural center of the Western civilization.

This paper is the result of research of the collection of concert posters from the NMHM collections. It was found that the posters refer to the period of time from 1900 to 2010 and represent a brief chronicle of the musical life of Moldova east of the Prut River. Chronologically and by the method of production, form and content they can be classified into four categories: 1) concert posters of the times of Imperial Russia, 2) concert posters of the times of Romanian government, 3) concert posters of the Soviet period, and 4) concert posters of the Republic Moldova. The posters of the first two categories contain much text, partly black and white images, are of small size (A4 sheet), printed on paper of poor quality, mainly newsprint. Posters of the Soviet period are of two types: posters with lots of text without images and color posters, of various sizes. Concert posters of the Republic of Moldova have diverse formats and images, but provide little information. It was also found that the concert posters of the times of Tsarist Russia and the Romanian government are very few, and posters of singers and musical groups, as well as folk singers and orchestras of 1960s are completely missing.

In the paper the author analyzes different Russian international identities of the post-Soviet period. Stressing that the Russian identity discourse cannot be simply reduced to the Soviet one, the paper emphasizes the plurality of Russia’s identity discourses. At the same time the menu of Russian foreign policy identities to a large extent depends upon a variety of international structures in which Russia may imagine to engage with. The paper suggests that there are four possible types (models) of the international society, which different Russian identities might be inscribed in. The author seeks to explain the range of Russian international identities by the variety of the patterns of international society which co-exist and offer alternative policy strategies for Moscow.

The special literature from Republic of Moldova has approached constantly in the last two decades the thematic of political repressions from the period of the totalitarian communist regime by valorizing numerous documentary evidences discovered in secret collections of the former regime and in personal archives of survivors of the Soviet Gulag. An important resource in reconstructing the totalitarian past are memoirs of former deported persons and political prisoners. Unfortunately, the biggest part of memorial materials signed by survivors of concentrated camps and direct witnessers of events are dispersed through news-papers and journals. Very few of them have been gathered in volumes and collections of memories. Few are also those who did not try to forget the ordeal they went through and had the courage to relive it one more time when putting it on paper. These facts leads to the need of encouraging witnessers to write their memories for researcher to collect them into a unique database, to valorize and offer the society a specialized analysis of these valuable historic evidences. The author is proposing a series of memorial materials for analysis from the collections of the National Museum of History of Moldova. Here are names of several authors of terrible pages about the ordeal of Stalinist deportations from Bessarabia: Alexandru Pripa, native of v. Pelenia, jud. Bălţi, Dumitru Berezovski, native from Drochia, Vladimir Buşilo from Comrat, Apolinarie Vataman from v. Ghica Vodă, Drochia and Emilia Vataman-Racoveţ from v. Cuconeşti, Brătuşeni, deported in 1941; Nadejda Pascal from Durleşti, Fiodor Cociu, native from Hânceşti and Simion Buiuc from Chiperceni, Orhei, deported in 1949. On base of these valuable details can be reconstructed the gloomy picture of the Bessarabian who new the deportations drama, the picture of an entire generation who had to confront face to face the soviet machine of repressions. An epoch can be rediscovered from these details.

This paper focuses on Ecoweek, an environmental project for young people in Moldova, in order to explore the themes of post-Soviet cultural identity construction and the adaptation of Western ideas to local contexts. It considers how Ecoweek participants’ establishment of international connections allowed them to create an environmentalism that was cosmopolitan, yet distinctly Moldovan. Their approach reflects the strong global awareness of many urban young people in Moldova, who often look outside of the country for opportunities. The paper argues that students’ participation in the project was related not just to a determination to solve environmental problems, but also to a desire to be part of a global trend, to gain experience, and to make useful contacts. Moreover, it suggests that the same factors leading the students to produce a globally informed environmentalism also made it difficult to build a lasting movement.

Paul Constantinescu had close ties with musicians from Bassarabia and Bucovina from a young age. In 1936 he published in Cernăuţi the work” Costea”, on lyrics by George Coşbuc, with the support of his friends Liviu Rusu and Paul Streinul, at the Mitropolitan Silvestru’s Priningt House. In the same year, the second performance of the” Liturghia în stil psaltic” („Liturgy in Psaltic Style”) also took place in Cernăuţi, and in 1939 the first performance of the Sinfonietta was held in the same city. This paper brings to the fore two works composed by Paul Constantinescu in 1941, the year when Marshal Ion Antonescu signed the June 22nd decree that marked Romania’s entry into the war. Animated by strong patriotic emotions, the composer wrote, in a few days, two works: the cantata „Moartea eroului” (Death of the Hero) and the symphonic poem” Cântarea Basarabiei”(Singing to Bassarabia). If during the communist regime, the two works were kept well hidden in the archives of the Romanian Union of Composers and Musicologists, they were recovered for the cultural circuit after the events of 1989. „Cântarea Basarabiei” was published in the year of the Great Union Centenary at the Music Publishing House in Romania.

This article is dedicated to the analysis of the premises, causes, content, and impact of the 1992 war to defend the independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Moldova, the effect of the Moldovan-Russian Agreement of 21.07.1992 on the principles of peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of Moldova. The paper presents the chronology of historical and geopolitical events related to Bessarabia, annexed in 1812 by the Russian Empire, occupied by the Red Army of the USSR according to the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact of August 1939, subject to armed rebellion in 1990-1992, period of disintegration. of the Soviet Union and the self-determination of the Republic of Moldova as a sovereign and independent state. The author refers to the political-legal processes of becoming a sovereign and independent state of the Republic of Moldova, as well as to establishing a criminal, anti-national and separatist regime in the eastern districts of the Republic, supported by the 14th Army of the Russian Federation - the real war against the constitutional order of the Republic of Moldova.

This article explores the 1912 print media in Serbia in their relation to the Balkan Wars, comparing the nationalist topoi with the contemporary age and contemporary national groups. It analyzes the content of several articles printed in papers such as Illustrated War Chronicle (Ilustrovana ratna kronika) and the Serbian newspaper (Srpske novine), juxtaposing their discourse with contemporary Serbian nationalism. The primary sources from 1912 have not been discussed in scholarship, except a few mentions. It shows that after a century since the Balkan Wars has passed, the nationalist discourse has remained more than similar, using the same historical pathos of victimhood and “othering” of the Enemy.

Th e article is dedicated to the analysis of some lieds and choral works written by the composer from Iaşi Vasile Spătărelu on the lyrics of the poet Nichita Stănescu. Th e lieds Short Ballad, Game with Planes and Evening Game, taken from the poet’s debut volume, Meaning of Love, and the choral miniature To... are analyzed in this paper. Th e author focuses on the musical-stylistic language, the compositional aspect and other aspects related to the conceptualization and transposition into music of Stanescu’s works. Th e conclusions refer to the versatility and originality of the compositional approaches that capture the philosophical, deeply lyrical contents of Stanescu’s verb.

The paper proposes to identify what the 19th century brought as novelties in the “life” of toys, seen as items dedicated explicitly to children; I have focused, naturally, on the Romanian case. By correlating the accounts to which I had access, I was able to outline certain evolutions in the manufacture, use, purchase, and characteristics ascribed to toys in that period. I have noted, first of all, the social differentiation in terms of toy consumption.

This text discusses Straja Țării, the Romanian youth organization patronized by King Carol II, and created in the tense social and political atmosphere of the The 1930s. While reinforcing the loyalty to the king, Străjeria aimed for an integral education based on moral values, religious and patriotic feelings, and physical training. Although active for a short time, Straja was one of the main social intervention institutions, with high autonomy during the royal dictatorship, mobilizing considerable human and financial resources. It developed specific mechanisms and tools for youth control, including discipline through physical education leading to the strengthening of the young bodies. The paper analyzes the multiple functions of these mechanisms using archival documents, legislation, and health surveys carried out in that epoch. The research builds on three levels of analysis: the regulation of physical education and public health in interwar Romania (1); the social control of young bodies through Straja Țării (2); the health deficiencies of the young generation (3). The main argument of this article is that Straja has built an overrated national prototype of the vitality of youth, without properly addressing the deficiencies and cleavages of a relatively healthy nation.

The article is focused on a remarkable musical collection of Romanian folklore from Bessarabia, collected and transcribed by Gleb Tchaikovschy-Mereshanu — university professor, ethnomusicologist, musicologist, a remarkable personality of the national culture. The author of the article focused especially on the melodies collected in the villages situated on both sides of the River Dniester, attributed to the lyrical vocal genre of the proper song that was a novelty at the time of the publication. The scientific principles of transcribing and classification and their impact on the future scientific papers were also analyzed in the article. In order to emphasize the importance of the analyzed collection, the author presented a brief overview of some other musical folklore collections, which include melodies from the Dniester area, published since the beginning of the interwar period. The author remarks that the analyzed collection “Doine, cantece jocuri” by Gleb Ciaicovschi Meresanu was a scientific milestone, which conditioned the publication of new folklore collections of high scientific value.

The article is focused on a remarkable musical collection of Romanian folklore from Bessarabia, collected and transcribed by Gleb Tchaikovschy-Mereshanu — university professor, ethnomusicologist, musicologist, a remarkable personality of the national culture. The author of the article focused especially on the melodies collected in the villages situated on both sides of the River Dniester, attributed to the lyrical vocal genre of the proper song that was a novelty at the time of the publication. The scientific principles of transcribing and classification and their impact on the future scientific papers were also analyzed in the article. In order to emphasize the importance of the analyzed collection, the author presented a brief overview of some other musical folklore collections, which include melodies from the Dniester area, published since the beginning of the interwar period. The author remarks that the analyzed collection “Doine, cantece jocuri” by Gleb Ciaicovschi Meresanu was a scientific milestone, which conditioned the publication of new folklore collections of high scientific value.

The main subject of this paper is techno-typological and traceological analysis of the stone artifacts found as a result of archaeological excavations in the Kobuleti Early Holocene site. The novelty of the work consists in the fact that the study of the stone industries of this period has not yet was carried out on the territory of Adjara. The obtained results allow us to conclude that the site was a temporary camp of primeval hunters, where mainly the initial processing of meat and skin was carried out.

Bronze items from the Noua-Sabatinovka cultures mainly come from hoards or are strayfinds, while being very rare found in settlements. They are usually represented by pins, awls, chisels, sometimes ornaments, knives, daggers, or socketed axes. In the collection of the National Museum of History of Moldova, there are more than 70 such items, some of which have been published. The goal of this paper is the presentation of this collection, as well as the analysis of the chemical composition of the metal, which will clarify some issues of the metal objects spread in the settlements of the Noua-Sabatinovka cultures on the territory of the Republic of Moldova.

The paper for the first time publishes the Iron Age materials discovered as a result of archaeological research near the Raşcov village in the Middle Dniester left-bank region. A small site with a total area of 66 m² was investigated during the fieldwork. Constructions and artifacts, including fragments of hand-shaped pottery were found during the excavations. Among the discovered objects there are the remains of two archaeological structures. One of them, most likely was a dwelling structure, and the other was a household pit. The finds represent a fragment of an anthropomorphic figurine, two spindle whorls, and a well-preserved iron knife with a deer antler handle. Other finds are an assemblage of hand-shaped pottery, which includes fragments of pots, bowls, and cups. An urn found in situ together with human bones should be singled out among the hand-made pottery as the most significant find. Thus, the analysis of the material collected during the excavations showed that a new settlement of the Iron Age and a burial ground adjacent to it (?) were discovered in the surroundings of the village of Raşcov. The pottery assemblage from the site indicates its belonging to the Getae culture and, together with the discovered funerary urn, dates back to the 5th-3rd centuries BC.

The article publishes materials researched in 2018 in two regional museums of Odessa region – in Ovidiopol and Tatarbunar. Also, the publication is supplemented by finds collected in 2019. Collections consist of the findings of archaeologically intact amphorae and large portions of them found in the northwestern Black Sea by amateur fishermen and submariners. The descriptions of the collections are presented separately because of their heterogeneity in terms of morphological features and chronological affiliation, although both collections contain vessels of ancient times and the Byzantine period. It should be noted that among the studied transport amphorae there are quite rare types of Roman containers. In addition to introducing new materials to the scientific circulation, the paper reviews the history of the underwater archeology of the region and analyzes existing publications of amphorae originating from the bottom of the area of the same region. An analysis of the materials of new and old sites of amphorae finds revealed that, apart from single finds, they are the remains of ships («Zmiinyi Patroclus» and “Kinburn Spit”), areas of several shipwrecks (the «amphorae slope» И. Сапожников, А. Синельников, Амфоры Северо-Западной акватории Черного моря 205 of Zmiinyi Island, Adzhalyk and Tuzla estuaries) or of a single shipwreck (near the Dniester Estuary, Kinburn Fortress and Tendra Island). Another type is anchorages (the «amphora field» of Zmiinyi Island and possibly near Berezan Island and in the Odessa Gulf). It should be noted that just past Zmiiniy, adjacent to the water area and further north, one of the main routes of supply of imported products in amphorae packaging came from both the Southern Pontic cities and the Mediterranean. That is why we hope that the article presented will add new facts to the study of ancient maritime import trade, its starting points and structure, as well as demonstrate the massive and rare types of amphorae used in the Northwest Black Sea.

The paper presents the research and the conservation-restoration treatment of the Metropolitan Gavriil Bănulescu-Bodoni’s vestment – the paraman discovered as a result of archaeological excavations in the area of the Căpriana Monastery in the Republic of Moldova. The metropolitan, who was buried in 1821 in the church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary at the Căpriana Monastery, was canonized in 2016. On this occasion, archaeological investigations of his crypt were carried out and various types of artifacts were revealed. Among them there are vestments (sticharion, epimanikia – fragments, girdle, epitrachelion, great omophorion, sakkos, epigonation, mitre, head covering, and paraman), textile fragments of the pillow, fragments of galloon from the coffin, leather fragments from shoes, metal objects (ornamental and functional elements), religious objects – a hand cross, a pectoral cross with a ribbon, clothing accessories – buttons. The study of the paraman from the point of view of determining the technique and material of manufacture showed that it was made using the technique of manual relief embroidery of the textile base with natural silk threads, silver and gilded threads, spiral or faceted silver gilded braid and silver gilded sequins. The results of the research and the analysis of the state of conservation of the textile object made it possible to establish the stages of the conservation and restoration process. Interventions carried out during this process included mechanical cleanings, wet cleanings, chemical cleanings, neutralizations and strengthening by sewing on torn parts, restoring losses of textile base, metal sequins and metal threads. The conservation and restoration of archaeological textiles from the Căpriana Monastery allows us to preserve these most valuable historical, spiritual, artistic and documentary treasures for present and future generations.

The current IT and digital technologies such as Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) enable the overlap of digital and real world information in relation with a topic, in an engaging and efficient manner, and therefore can be used to store intangible heritage and to study it in the context as well. The current paper refers to such an augmentation of cultural information, performed at the Kallatis site, whose ruins, at present mostly covered by the modern town, do not offer sufficient information on the complexity of the Greek civilization. The implementation of a MAR application consisted in defining several points of interest of the important local archaeologic discoveries, which can trigger, for the visitors using our application, an augmentation of the historical site with images and videos. With the current research work, the authors propose and demonstrate that a mobile MAR application can constitute a modern method for providing visitors with an immersive and holistic experience for understanding the local material and intangible heritage.

Conservation of heritage sites is considered to be a vital component of their management since they are irreplaceable resources for the tourism industry. The present generation of human beings needs to be aware of the benefits and challenges of preservation and management of the cultural resources and the heritages. The process of managing the heritages of local or national significance has gained importance over the years to an extent that it has attained the status of an individual academic discipline. In an attempt to address this issue related to Sustainability, some appropriate measures should be taken. In order to obtain sustainable development, different Strategic management principles can be used. Strategic Management relates to the identification of the purpose as well as the plans and actions to achieve the purpose. This paper focuses on the benefits of the application of the principles of Strategic Management for the sustainable development of heritage sites of the Bishnupur district in West Bengal, India. From this study, it may be concluded that the multi-disciplinary approach is the need of the hour. By the way of integrating the two varied disciplines of heritage management and strategic management, it will be possible to achieve sustainable development of the heritage sites.

The social poster of the Soviet period was one of the main tools for influencing public opinion, an effective means of communication, reflecting significant problems of society. The process of creating posters was very complicated, requiring the work of a large number of specialists: artists, writers, poets, journalists. There was a special commission to control the process of creating social posters. The post-war social poster is characterized by great expressiveness, colorfulness, poignancy, sometimes even aggressiveness, laconic text and a thought-provoking image that is quickly perceived and clearly conveys the meaning of the message. The highest quality paper was used to print these posters, so they could last a long time even in outdoor conditions. Paints for images and text were also selected very carefully. In general, the mission of the posters was to inform the population about the initiatives of the Soviet state, to form citizens’ attitudes to various problems, to create new social values. In this regard, the posters were diverse in theme and message, as well as format and design. However, most often they called for the development of agriculture, the fight against alcoholism and drug addiction, a healthy lifestyle, etc.

The change in the values of our society, which has a long temporal span, with tensions and contradictions within its own internal reality, with confrontations between two worlds - an outdated one, denied by the process of change, another one- new, under construction, leads to the loss of some values and taking over others. Hence, the inevitable coexistence of old and new values, the coexistence of axiological senses and contrasts with different effects influence the self-consciousness and its involvement in the value system of the personality of young people, provoking the necessity of new investigations. This paper focuses on the value orientations and the values of young people. The possible existence of a crisis of educational values can be announced by lowering the interest of young people and of society, in general, in school, by lowering the prestige of the diplomas that the school institution offers to the graduates, by decreasing the prestige of the teaching profession, by the impartiality of the school achievements and the socio-professional ones.

The article is devoted to the manifestation of one of the most popular trends in modern musical culture in the vocal duet of the style of classical crossover. The subject of the study was the famous Barcelona duet performed by the world pop star Freddie Mercury and the queen of the opera stage Montserrat Caballé. The paper examines the poetic content, the musical language and composition of the song, as well as the nature of the dialogical interaction of the duet participants