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Îndelungata stare de fragmentarism teritorial şi de separatism politic între români a generat o criză a conştiinţelor liderilor din spaţiul românesc, tensiune din care s-a cristalizat ideea „daco-românismului”. Aceasta s-a concretizat prin iniţierea unei lupte naţionale, în special în spaţiul transilvănean, al cărei punct final a fost constituirea unei Românii întregite, rotunda şi adevărata patrie a tuturor românilor, care a reuşit să fixeze, în memoria urmaşilor, fireştile sale contururi geografice la 1 decembrie 1918. Astfel, ideea „daco-românismului” a devenit coşmarul guvernelor maghiare din perioada dualistă, neamul românesc fiind proiectat, potrivit acestei „legi nescrise” de la nivelul mentalului colectiv al elitei româneşti, ca un tot unitar, graniţele artificiale reuşind să despartă persoane, dar nu şi simţămintele sufleteşti fireşti. Esenţială şi necesară pentru transformarea vechii idei a „daco-românismului” în principiu politic-cultural a fost sinteza cultural-naţională a românilor din monarhia austro-ungară şi a celor din Vechiul Regat, care a pregătit conştiinţele pentru actul istoric de la 1 decembrie 1918. „Daco-românismul” a avut marele merit de a fi chemat la reflexie angajată în jurul unor idei majore, precum: „istorie”, „naţiune”, „neam”, „confesiune”, „conştiinţă naţională”, „limbă”, „cultură”, „politică”, ce-şi resemnifică mereu, pentru fiecare dintre vremuri în parte, conţinuturile. Cuvinte-cheie: naţiune, mişcare naţională, drepturi politice, unitate, modernitate, idei politice, intelectualitate.

Ball brooches make a difficult research theme in Denmark. This is mainly because very few of the hitherto published specimens were found in a context or under circumstances that help to shed light on their chronology. The most recently published study is a very brief paper by Jesper Laursen on the chronology and typology of ball brooches (Laursen 1984). Laursen’s paper was published at a time when hobby metal detecting was only at its early stages in Denmark. Therefore, this hobby had not yet had its impact on the material. Metal detecting favors objects with much metal and since cultivated soil contains a lot of iron waste most hobby detectorists tend to screen for iron. Consequently, objects of bronze, silver and gold will have a tendency to dominate the finds brought in by these people, and especially massive objects.

This paper aims to present a comprehensive and complete analysis of the separatist movements from the ex-Soviet space, especially in the Republic of Moldova. The paper focuses on presenting both the national and international context immediately after the fall of the USSR, as well as the factors that determined the apparition of the separatist movements. Multiple causes and effects are paired and presented to expose the chronology that followed the unfolding of those historical events. The paper is split into three main topics: the Transnistrian conflict and its consequences, the Georgian conflict, its aftermath, and the ongoing conflicts between Armenia and Azerbaijan. One of the most important aspects discussed is regarding the understanding of Russia’s foreign policy and how it contributed to an accumulation of tensions in the former USSR in the quest to consolidate its position of power in the region. The causes that led to the Transnistrian conflict, as well as the narrative of the situation and the current stalemate are provided.

This article provides an overview of the evolution of competition and competition law, both in the Republic of Moldova and in some European and US countries. Also, the paper crystallizes the conceptual approaches on cartels and offers an analysis of the doctrine of the Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russia, France, Germany, USA, Great Britain regarding cartel agreements. Following the analysis carried out in this paper, it was observed that the contribution of foreign academics in the field of defining and classifying cartel agreements is substantial, and the jurisprudence of the European Commission and the European Court of Justice has served as a source of inspiration and progress for the academic environment, as well as for the development of competition on the market. Although in the Republic of Moldova there is limited research in the field of cartel agreements, it is gratifying that the legislation is harmonized with European directives, and the doctrine is developed starting from the most important international research in the field of protection of competition.

The paper reflects the experiences of the social movements, civic initiatives and NGOs in St. Petersburg and other cities of Russia as well as in some other post-Soviet countries, aimed at the promotion and raising awareness of local populations about the World Heritage value in their cities. These efforts are needed, because the outstanding universal values of the historic centres of St. Petersburg and other cities are threatened by illegal construction, misguided urban planning, neglect and a lack of public attention; churches and cultural landscapes suffer from poor restoration, development pressure and an unregulated tourism boom. These effects are often possible because the almost most local population has no knowledge about the UNESCO World Heritage status and its implications. As a result, they are not sufficiently able to speak out for the protection of their site and do not know how the status of world cultural heritage can help them. Moreover, the population has little understanding of both the cultural value for their own community and what it means to be a World Heritage in general, leading to an insufficient realization of the potentials in the status of world cultural heritage. In this paper, we try both to show our previous research results and academic materials on the topic, but also reflect on our experience of participation in different activities, and especially within the recent project implemented in 2017 and aimed on intervention into the discursive and pragmatic space in the field of promotion and protection of St. Petersburg World Heritage site. However, to understand these experiences and reflections, it is necessary to present a historical context and conditions of the development of both the St. Petersburg World Heritage status and the St. Petersburg social movement for the protection of St. Petersburg world heritage.

În timpul comunicării interculturale, traducătorii deseori întâlnesc cuvinte şi sintagme cu anumite sugestii şi referințe culturale numite cuvinte realia sau cuvinte realități. Traducerea acestui tip de cuvinte prezintă dificultăți în procesul de redare a coloritului și a particularităților culturale, dificultăți cu care traducătorii și lingviștii s-au tot confruntat încă de la formarea traductologiei ca disciplină științifică.Problema pe care se bazează cercetarea noastră este abordarea pragmatică a cuvintelor realități în procesul de tra­ducere. În acest articol ne propunem să prezentăm o sinteză cu privire la definiția termenului pragmatică, precum și particularitățile traducerii literare, în special a cuvintelor realități. Lucrarea de față reprezintă, de asemenea, un studiu comparativ-contrastiv al strategiilor utilizate pentru traducerea din engleză în română a cuvintelor realități extrase din textele: Bridget Jones’s Diary și Memoirs of a Geisha scrise de H.Fielding și, respectiv, de A.Golden.Această temă a fost aleasă dat fiind faptul că este un aspect important al limbii și are o importanță teoretică și practică, fiind un obiect de studiu pentru mulți traducători, lingviști și specialiști în domeniu.Strategiile principale de traducere a cuvintelor realități analizate în această lucrare au fost: împrumutul, adăugirea, adaptarea, calchierea, generalizarea și omisiunea. THE PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO REALIA WORDS IN TRANSLATION THEORYDuring intercultural communication, translators often encounter words and phrases with certain cultural suggestions and references called realia words. The translation of this type of words presents difficulties in the process of rendering the colouring and cultural peculiarities, difficulties that translators and linguists have faced since the formation of translation studies as a scientific discipline.The issue which our research is based on is the pragmatic approach to the realia words in the translation process. In this article, we intend to present an overview of the definition of pragmatics and peculiarities of literary translation, in particular, the realia words. This paper is also a comparative and contrastive study of the strategies used for the translation of the realia words from English into Romanian taken from the texts: Bridget Jones’s Diary and Memoirs of a Geisha written by H. Fielding and A. Golden, respectively.This topic was chosen due to the fact that it is an important aspect of the language and has a theoretical and practical importance, being an object of study for many translators, linguists and specialists in the field.The main strategies for translating the realia words analysed in this paper were: borrowing, addition, adaptation, calque, generalisation and omission.

The year 1987 represents a key-point in recognizing the universal value of the Frontiers of the Roman Empire, by inscribing Hadrian’s Wall into the UNESCO Heritage List. Followed closely by the Upper German-Raetian Limes (in 2005) and by the Antonine Wall (in 2008), the Frontier today is a single and complex monument of Roman Empire as a world state. The paper discusses the newly published volume – René Ployer, Marinus Polak, Ricarda Schmidt, The Frontiers of the Roman Empire. A Thematic Study and Proposed World Heritage Nomination Strategy (2017) – in the Romanian national context, as the State intends to nominate two segments of the Roman Frontier as UNESCO monuments until 2021. Besides presenting the content of the volume, with the intent of raising awareness upon the subject among different stakeholders, the paper also tries to reach out to the experts involved in the nomination process, by tackling the questions of if and how the study could be used as a tool in communicating nationally with all interested parties.

In this paper the author addresses the process of formation of the top echelon of the Moldavian Communist Party apparatus during the establishment and reestablishment of the Soviet power in Bessarabia in 1940-1941/1944. The core of the top party apparatus of the Moldavian SSR during the period under consideration were young Communists who arrived in / from the Moldavian ASSR, quickly established themselves and advanced to key administrative positions. They managed to make a dizzy career in the party after Stalin's repressions. Most secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Moldavia had a low educational level – primary or secondary education and were born in Ukraine or Russia. Among them there was not a single Bessarabian, and only one was from the left bank of the Dniester. And although in 1944 the leadership of the party apparatus of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Moldavia has undergone some changes, but its core remained practically the same. For this paper we used unpublished sources – documents of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Moldavia.

Lucrarea urmărește examinarea noțiunii de eponimie prezentând modul în care aceasta este percepută în cadrul termi­no­logiei științifice. Pornind de la etimologie și trasând istoria și evoluția eponimiei, fenomenul este studiat din perspectiva formării termenilor. Sunt aduse exemple din domeniul bioingineriei medicale în limbile engleză și română, fiecare exemplu fiind însoțit de o notă care dovedește că eponimele stabilesc rolul unor personalități remarcabile și al activității acestora în dezvoltarea domeniului de specialitate. EPONYMY IN THE TERMINOLOGY FROM BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING DOMAIN IN ENGLISH AND ROMANIANThis paper aims at examining the notion of eponymy presenting the way in which it is perceived within the scientific terminology. Starting from the etymology and tracing the history and evolution of eponymy, the paper then proceeds to consider the phenomenon from the perspective of the term formation providing examples from the domain of biomedical engineering in English and Romanian, each example being accompanied by a note that proves that eponyms establish the role of prominent figures and their scientific work that lead to the ultimate development of the field.

Introduction. Intersectoral collaboration in public health represents a huge potential for optimizing the three fundamental public health actions: disease prevention, health protection, and healthcare awareness. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the engagement of the parties particularly interested in disease prevention and control. Material and methods. A mixed qualitative and quantitative research (in-depth interviews/questionnaire survey) was carried out in this paper. Results. Most of the respondents assessed the intersectoral cooperation as unsatisfactory and consider that the latest reform of the Public Health Service had a negative impact on it. The pandemic alert caused by the COVID-19 infection served as a catalyst to improve cooperation. The main barriers to collaboration are considered the lack of staff and insufficient communication, various viewpoints and lack of public health knowledge, an overlying complex legal framework, and lack of motivation, which often requires central authority involvement. Conclusions. Some barriers to cooperation can be overcome without any systemic changes and centralized involvement, while more easily achievable measures such as joint training are sufficient. Thus, understanding these aspects can greatly improve the interaction between services.

Estonia is often seen as a model student among the post-communist countries. Many renowned think tanks and organizations measuring the quality of democracy (e.g., Freedom House, Varieties of Democracy, Bertelsmann Foundation) often give Estonia the highest scores in the region. However, the seemingly spotless façade hides growing tensions and emergent contradictions. The current paper will focus on the two most worrisome trends that have become evident in recent years, if not even earlier: (1) the limited success in integrating the large Russian-speaking minority and (2) the rise of the populist radical right. The failure to integrate the ethnic minorities would increase frustration and political alienation among Russian speakers, making it more difficult to build a healthy, cohesive democratic community. However, the rise of the populist radical right, namely the remarkable electoral success of EKRE (Estonian Conservative People’s Party), has proven to be a bigger challenge because it demonstrates that many Estonians are deeply dissatisfied with how democracy works in their country. The article discusses whether it would be possible for dissatisfied Estonians and Russians to join forces to challenge the current liberal democratic model in Estonia. The analysis shows that even if the initial attempts have failed, one could not entirely rule out that prospect.

he events of the late 1980s-early 1990s played a key role in the history of Georgia. April 9, 1989, was one of the most important events in this respect. It defined the shared identity and memory for a long time and determined future developments in the country. April 9 proved to be a paradigmatic event in the recent history of Georgia. The narrative of trauma and triumph was formed, being reflected in historical, literary and documentary texts, as well as in different sites of memory. Two years later, at the very place of the tragedy, the restoration of independence of Georgia was declared. The paper deals with the process of the crystallization of April 9 as a paradigmatic event. Cultural patterns that played a crucial role in the establishment of the traumatic-triumphal narrative of April 9, 1989, and in the thirty-year dynamics of the attitudes towards this event are explored. The study presents how April 9 and its resonance influenced the perception of the past, as well as further developments. Theories of collective memory and cultural trauma serve as the theoretical framework for the research, while official documents, memoirs, literary texts and various types of media sources form its empirical basis.

Lucrarea pune în discuție și urmărește rolul contextului și al interdisciplinarității în politica lingvistică educațională prin contribuțiile a patru autori de ref­erință din spații culturale sau temporale diferite. Totodată, lucrarea prezintă diferite demersuri culturale în procesul constituirii cadrului metodologic al sociolingvisticii. Doi dintre autorii analizați sunt nume notorii din domeniul politicii lingvistice din spațiul anglo-saxon. Einar Haugen reprezentă prima generație de socio­lingviști, iar Robert L. Cooper pe cea de a doua. Ceilalți doi autori sunt nume notorii din spațiul cultural latin: Eugen Coșeriu din domeniul filozofiei limbii și din prima generație de lingviști preocupați de teoretizarea sociolingvisticii, iar Pierre Bourdieu din domeniul sociologiei, reprezentând prima generație de sociologi care și-au extins sfera de cercetare spre lingvistică. THE ROLE OF CONTEXT AND INTERDISCIPLINARITY IN LANGUAGE EDUCATION POLICYThe paper discusses and analyzes the role of context and interdisciplinarity in educational language policy through the contributions of four leading authors from different cultural or temporal spaces. At the same time, the paper presents different cultural approaches in the process of establishing the methodological framework of sociolinguistics. Two of the authors analyzed are notorious names in the field of language policy in the Anglo-Saxon area. Einar Haugen represents the first generation of sociolinguists, and Robert L. Cooper the second. The other two authors are notorious names in the Latin cultural space: Eugen Coșeriu in the field of language philosophy and the first generation of linguists concerned with the theorizing of sociolinguistics, and Pierre Bourdieu in the field of sociology, represents the first generation of sociologists who have extended their field of research to linguistics.

Problema pe care se bazează cercetarea noastră este traducerea cuvintelor realități. Lucrarea de față reprezintă un studiu comparativ-contrastiv al strategiilor de traducere utilizate de către traducătorii Ana Cartianu, R.C. Johnston și A.L. Lloyd pentru traducerea cuvintelor realități geografice din romanul lui Ion Creangă Amintiri din copilărie, acestea fiind clasificate în trei categorii: 1) flora și fauna; 2) geografia fizică; 3) geografia culturală.Această temă a fost aleasă dat fiind faptul că este un aspect important al limbii și are o importanță teoretică și practică, fiind un obiect de studiu pentru mulți traducători, lingviști și specialiști în domeniu.Strategiile principale de traducere a cuvintelor realități geografice analizate în această lucrare au fost: transferul direct și echivalența. THE TRANSLATION OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL REALIA WORDS FROM ION CREANGĂ’S NOVEL CHILDHOOD MEMORIES / RECOLLECTIONS FROM CHILDHOOD FROM ROMANIAN INTO ENGLISHThe issue which our research is based on is the translation of the realia words. This paper is a comparative and contrastive study of the translation strategies used by the translators Ana Cartianu, R.C. Johnston and A.L. Lloyd in order to translate the geographical realia words from Ion Creangă’s novel Childhood Memories / Recollections from Childhood. These realia words were divided into three categories: 1. flora and fauna; 2. physical geography; 3. cultural geography.This topic was chosen due to the fact that it is an important aspect of the language and has a theoretical and practical importance, being an object of study for many translators, linguists and specialists in the field.The main strategies for translating the geographical realia words analyzed in this paper were: direct transfer and equivalence.

Dans cette intervention, l’auteur a pour objectif de présenter certains aspects spécifiques du manuscrit 109 [p.2r-66r] des Enseignements de Neagoe Basarab, relatifs à la langue et, en particulier, à la coupure de mots conventionnelle et aux modalités de formation d’unités lexicales composées, au cours du temps. La présence aléatoire de signes typographiques divers (. , : =), dans le titre et dans le corps du manuscrit, témoigne du fait qu’il a été rédigé à une étape au cours de laquelle la normalisation n’est pas encore achevée et à un moment où leurs rôles dans la phrase pouvaient être potentiellement différents. Tout au long du fragment choisi, des mots sont scindés ou réunis, avec ou sans trait d’union, ou avec certains des signes typographiques mentionnés supra, ce qui correspond à des hésitations du copiste ou à une évolution dans l’usage de la langue. L’analyse des termes donnera l’occasion de mettre en évidence des tendances récurrentes mais aussi des variations, dans un contexte où de nombreuses formes ne sont pas non plus totalement normalisées et continuent à évoluer dans la période postérieure marquée par le remplacement de l’alphabet cyrillique par l’alphabet naturel, latin, jusqu’à l’époque contemporaine. Des points de vue diachronique et synchronique, cet article aura la volonté de montrer l’actualité et l’importance de l’étude des ouvrages manuscrits et des auteurs anciens, à un moment-clef pour la langue roumaine où elle se réorientait vers la latinité.THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE THROUGH THE MANUSCRIPT 109 OFNEAGOE BASARAB’S TEACHINGS: CONVENTIONAL WORD BREAKS AND COMPOUND WORDS WITH OR WITHOUT HYPHEN [p. 2r-66r]In this paper, the author aims to present some of specific aspects, registered in the MS 109 [p.2r-66r] of Neagoe Basarab’s teachings, connected with language and, especially, with the conventional word breaks and the way how compound lexical words are constituted, over time. The random presence of variable typographic signs (. , : =), in the title and in the body of the manuscript, reveals that it was redacted at a moment when normalization was not yet done and when their papers in the sentence could potentially be different. All along the chosen fragment, some words are split or reunited, with or without hyphen, or with some typographic signs mentioned above. That corresponds to a hesitation of the copyist or an evolution in the use of language. The analysis of many terms will give the opportunity to underscore some recurrent trends as well as some changes, in a context when numerous forms are not either totally standardized and are still developing during the later period when the natural, latin alphabet replaced the Cyrillic one, till nowadays. From the diachronic and synchronic points of view, this article will intend to show the topicality and the importance of studying manuscripts and ancient authors, at a key time for the Romanian language when it reoriented itself toward Latinity.

In search of a deeper understanding of elements underlying the formal organization of literary narratives and their impact on the textual meaning, the paper aims at correlating text linguistics to narratology. Based on the assumption that the literary narrative relies on the binary opposition of story vs. discourse, the paper seeks to elucidate how each of the seven standards of textuality, advanced by Robert de Beaugrande and Wolfgang U. Dressler, are actualized in literary texts by means of particular narratological concepts, such as fictional communicative situation, text architectonics, narrative perspective, the truth of the text world, implicitness, presentational modes etc. The revealed mutual dependence of the constitutive properties of literary texts on elements of textual content leads to a fine-grained linguistic analysis and interpretation of diverse aspects of textual organization and reception with a view to uncovering the overall meaning of the text. LINGVISTICA TEXTULUI ŞI NARATOLOGIAFiind în căutarea unei înţelegeri mai profunde a elementelor ce stau la baza organizării formale a textelor narative literare şi a impactului acestora asupra sensului textului, lucrarea de faţă are drept scop corelarea lingvisticii textului cu naratologia. Pornind de la premisa conform căreia textul narativ literar este fundamentat în baza dihotomiei istorie vs. discurs, ne propunem să elucidăm modul în care fiecare dintre cele şapte standarde ale textualităţii propuse de către Robert de Beaugrande şi Wolfgang U. Dressler se actualizează în textul literar prin anumite concepte naratologice, precum cadrul comunicativ al discursului ficțional, arhitectonica textului, perspectiva narativă, veridicitatea lumii textuale, implicitul, moduri narative etc. Stabilirea interdependenţelor existente între proprietăţile constituente ale textelor literare şi elementele narative contribuie la o analiză lingvistică şi interpretare mult mai detaliată a diverselor aspecte ale orga­nizării şi receptării textuale menite să releve sensul general al textului.

The main goal of the paper is to analyze Swedish cultural heritage preservation policy, legal framework, and management practices. The work is based on the analysis of the legal framework, discussions and interviews with Swedish experts and scientific publications. The study discusses the transition from cultural policy to heritage policy, which makes Sweden one of the few states to have a special heritage policy. The paper presents the responsibilities of institutions in the field of cultural heritage: the Swedish National Heritage Board, the regional administrative councils, the inter- and intra-sectorial collaboration. The Historic Environment Act, which is the main normative act in this field, is analysed in detail. There is a summary of access to information, Data Bases and the communication system in the field of cultural heritage, as well as recent trends in the development of much more efficient Data Bases. Several specific issues, such as the export of cultural goods, the organization, monitoring, and reporting of archaeological surveys, research costs, compensation, and redemption, were also discussed in the study. The article also addresses issues of accountability for heritage crimes, appeals and a special emphasis on illegal archaeology: preventing, combating and punishments. Finally, the heritage police is discussed, a newly created unit under National Police, that deals with natural and cultural heritage crimes. Thus, the paper is a synthetic analysis of the cultural heritage protection system in Sweden, which can be a model for other states as well.

Are there connections between security policies, peacebuilding, and heritage politics? The first aim of this paper is to discuss how heritage policies sometimes are used to add to and reinforce security policies and practices. This issue is largely unknown and remains to be researched. Secondly, it would also be of importance to try to better understand how security policies may be influenced by notions of heritage and certain interventions on heritage sites. It is argued that it has become necessary to move beyond the study of wars to better understand how heritage affects security and vice versa not only in conflicts but also in peacetime and in “afterwar” periods. The paper builds on a critical reading of previous research mainly on heritage studies and partly on security studies, and on a case study of Swedish-led heritage interventions in the Balkans following the Yugoslavian wars. The case study discusses how issues of security and safety may become relevant in heritage politics in the Balkans following the Yugoslavian wars. It serves to demonstrate how heritage interventions can be seen as either providing security in a community or constituting a threat to its survival.

The aim of this paper is to present the pottery from Alba Iulia-Lumea Nouă (Pl. I-III, IV/2, V/8, VIII, IX/1, 3, X/1-2) and Petreşti-Groapa Galbenă (Pl. IV/1, 3-11, V/1-7, 9, VI-VII, IX/2, 4). The decoration is executed inside the incised parallel lines using the excision technique and consists in the ‘wolf ’s teeth’ and ‘chessboard’. The excised ‘wolf ’s teeth’ and ‘chessboard’ motifs are typical especially for phase I of Precucuteni culture. In the recent excavations, pottery fired using black-topped technique was discovered, also a fragment from a carinated bowl with rounded carina with ‘wolf ’s teeth’ decoration, all typical for the Foeni communities from Transylvania. Now, the repertory of Transylvanian discoveries comprises no less than 37 archaeological sites with Precucuteni-type pottery (Pl. XI). At the present state of research, we do not believe that all these artefacts can still be interpreted as merely Precucuteni imports in Transylvanian settlements. The lack of habitation levels or archaeological features that we can attribute to the Precucuteni culture, especially in the middle Mureş basin, makes it likely that there was a ‘fashion’ of decorating pottery among the communities of the early Eneolithic; thus, the typical decoration was taken up following some initial exchanges and contacts. In our opinion, the inclusion of the ‘wolf ’s teeth’ and ‘chessboard’decoration in the stylistic repertoire of the human communities living in the aforementioned geographic area, constitutes the main explanation of the large number of discoveries of this nature. We believe that especially among the large Neolithic settlements from the middle Mureş basin a significant percentage of the excised pottery had lost its initial ethno-cultural facet. For the moment, from the perspective of the pottery analysed in this paper, a separation between the group of settlements from South-Eastern Transylvania and the sites from South-Western and central Transylvania is taking shape.

The present paper focuses on the preliminary interventions undertaken for the in situ and post situ preservation of the archaeological artifacts derived from the disinterment of the Metropolitan Gavriil Bănulescu-Bodoni, which took place in the context of the canonization held in Căpriana Monastery (the Republic of Moldova). The paper points out the importance of the pluridisciplinary approach in order to ensure the adequate conditions for a specialized and immediate first aid for the excavated artifacts, which thereby would be able to be part of and enrich the ecclesiastical heritage of the Republic of Moldova. Brief presentations of the monastic institution’s history and the metropolitan’s biography are also provided.

Introduction In the new globalized world, noise pollution has started to become a public health problem. We searched for publications about noise pollution in our study. In our study, we examined the noise pollution articles in the Web of Science (WoS) database. Material and Methods A total of 2722 papers were identified which were published between 2001 and 2020, finally, 1815 articles were analyzed. VOSviewer (version 1.6.11) tool used for bibliometric web visualizations. Results When trend analysis was applied to the number of articles by years, a statistically significant increase was detected. The United States contributed the most publications. The countries with the most articles per million population were determined to be Scotland, Singapore, and Ireland, respectively. Most articles on noise pollution were published in the journal Applied Acoustics. The three most used keywords are “noise pollution”, “noise” and “traffic noise”. Conclusions This study showed that there has been a trend of an increasing number of articles on noise pollution in recent years. Also it can be considered that this bibliometric study will help identify gaps in the current research data.

This paper discusses an upper Paleolithic cave in the foothills of the Caucasus. Since 1996 a joint team of Georgian, American and Israeli researchers has been involved in systematic archaeological excavations in Dzudzuana. Archaeological works revealed there three stages of upper Paleolithic period, but we present only final upper Paleolithic assemblages, which are characterized by the presence of microgravettes and backed and retouched bladelets. The paper further presents a lot of interesting materials.

The main research question of this paper is How the twentieth century leaders are treated in the History textbooks published within the last decade in the Republic of Moldova? The textbooks are a reflection of the History curriculum. Therefore, the analysis starts with the discussion of this document and its content concerning leaders and heroes. The main research sources are the History textbooks published in Moldova during the last decade that debate the events of the twentieth century. The paper analyses how the national, European and world leaders are treated in Moldovan textbooks, and how the discourse and the paradigm get changed depending on political regimes. Based on quantitative and qualitative methods, some conclusions have been made about various leaders, such as Lenin, Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini, Antonescu or leaders from the Cold War era. At the end, the leaders of independent Moldova are briefly presented too. As a result of this analysis we could see how the leaders are presented in the Moldovan textbooks and could conclude that the policy makers, textbook authors and publishers have to pay more attention to this topic.

Public Education was an essential feature of nation-building throughout Europe during the 19th century. Nationalizing states designed school policies to transform peasants into nationals and citizens. However, kindergartens were primarily urban institutions. One of their goals was to teach young children modern languages. At the beginning of the 20th century, Romanian elites started to create and adjust them to nationalise Dobruja and Cadrilater, the two provinces integrated into the Old Kingdom. Both regions were ethnically diverse. In localities primarily inhabited by a minority population, the purpose of kindergartens was to spread the Romanian language and national culture. This article focuses on the national integration of South Dobruja through public kindergartens. It also examines the professional path of teachers serving in these regions until the end of the 1940s. Finally, the paper follows teachers’ interaction with the locals and their efforts to mediate between the pedagogical and national aims of Greater Romania and the local interests that sometimes collided with the state school policies.

This paper discusses the development of cooperation between the Orthodox Church and educational establishments in Belarus. The first Agreement on Cooperation between the Ministry of Education and the Belarusian Orthodox Church (BOC) was signed in 1994, several years before the adoption of a new Law on the Freedom of Conscience and the signing of the Agreement on Cooperation between the Church and the State. Although many objectives, stated in the first Agreement, were not met on time, there was a continuing and mutually beneficial cooperation between the Ministry and the BOC since then, with a series of Programmes of Cooperation, signed every 2-4 years. The Orthodox Church is the only religious denomination in Belarus which concludes Programmes of Cooperation with the Ministry of Education; however, one cannot claim that the general legislative framework is particularly favourable for this Church. Indeed, there are some restrictions, limiting the presence of the BOC and its representatives in educational establishments.

The authors of this paper present a detailed analysis of the evolution process of the writ proceedings within different systems of law applied throughout the current territory of the Republic of Moldova. This work also highlights main historical moments that led to the modification, adjustment and even removal of the writ procedure from the content of civil procedure codes. The paper provides details on categories of claims that traditionally were part of the writ proceedings and the trial in writ proceedings cases at different stages of evolution of the writ proceedings.

This paper attempts to synthesize the aspect of the importance of graphic representations referring to the situation of dwelling structures found and documented at the settlements across Muntenia which are dated with the 2nd century BC - 1st century AD. Without intending to categorize or fit the mentioned complexes or settlements into any typology, the paper takes into account the way in which the housing complexes characteristic of the second iron age are illustrated and how these representations are relevant to understanding the dwelling complexes from the given period.

On 14 May 2015 at the National Museum of History of Moldova in the presence of an impressive number of scientists and people of culture there was opened the commemorative exhibition "Oak from Caracui" dedicated to the centenary of the birth of Academician Nicolae Corlăteanu, the founder of the Romanian linguistics in the Republic of Moldova and the renowned teacher, State Prize winner, Honored Scientist, holder of the Order of the Republic, author of more than 55 scientific papers and memories. Most of the exhibits come from the Corlăteanu family archive. It is about 200 photographs, scientific papers, documents, awards, personal belongings, etc.

Th e authors of this paper present a detailed analysis of the evolution process of the writ proceedings within diff erent systems of law applied throughout the current territory of the Republic of Moldova. Th is work also highlights main historical moments that led to the modifi cation, adjustment and even removal of the writ procedure from the content of civil procedure codes. Th e paper provides details on categories of claims that traditionally were part of the writ proceedings and the trial in writ proceedings cases at different stages of evolution of the writ proceedings.

Th e authors of this paper present a detailed analysis of the evolution process of the writ proceedings within diff erent systems of law applied throughout the current territory of the Republic of Moldova. Th is work also highlights main historical moments that led to the modifi cation, adjustment and even removal of the writ procedure from the content of civil procedure codes. Th e paper provides details on categories of claims that traditionally were part of the writ proceedings and the trial in writ proceedings cases at diff erent stages of evolution of the writ proceedings.

Introduction. Sugar consumed in reasonable quantities plays a beneficial role for the human body. In recent decades, however, it has been found that increased sugar consumption has negative effects on the health of the population. Material and methods. The paper presents a synthesis of official international and national documents and bibliographic sources on the occurrence of certain non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as a result of excessive sugar consumption. A focused search of literature sources was conducted using the Google Scholar search engine, PubMed, Research for Life, and Medline databases. The criteria for selecting the items included health problems caused by excessive sugar consumption. Results. Excessive sugar consumption contributes to the emergence of various NBTs such as circulatory system diseases, type 2 diabetes and a. Excessive sugar consumption has a major contribution to the phenomenon of overweight and obesity with its consequences. Excess sugar in the daily diet is one of the main causes of tooth decay. According to WHO recommendations, complex, multi-sectoral interventions are needed to reduce sugar consumption. Conclusions. In order to prevent NCDs associated with the nutritional factor, especially with excessive sugar consumption, in the Republic of Moldova, it is important to implement cost-effective interventions both socially and economically.

It is well-known that transnational data flows are rising simultaneously with the increasing use of social media, webmail, messaging services, and apps to communicate, work, socialize and gain information, unfortunately, including also unlawful purposes. Criminal procedural measures for gathering evidence as part of a criminal investigation are usually national in scope, but obtaining electronic evidence often has cross-border implications. Courts and legislatures have often failed to keep pace with rapid advances in digital technology and computer software capabilities. This paper analyzes the European legal framework for the transnational gathering of electronic evidence in Europe. Initially, it argues the challenges of the cross-border gathering of electronic evidence in criminal investigations

Within a democratic state and the rule of law a separate and very important role is played by the courts. The judiciary is the third power in the state, whose duty is to determine cases of violation of the rules of social coexistence, to resolve disputes arising between the subjects of the law, as well as other duties provided by the legislation in force. The courts are the main subject of the criminal process, because they fulfill the duties of judging and resolving criminal cases. The trial in the first instance is a stage that takes place after the criminal investigation stage and is the most important for the simple reason that it decides whether the person will be limited in certain of his rights or not. The basic purpose of this paper is the study regarding the presentation of evidence in court, focusing on the judicial analysis of the principles of the criminal process.

The ethnic political mobilizations, which were originally led by the non-titular nations of the Soviet republics, traced different paths at their latter phase, after the collapse of the USSR in particular; the emerging of de facto independent states inside de jure newly-established states (Moldova and Georgia), the political reconciliation by forming autonomy (Moldova and Ukraine), the uprising of the inter-state war (Azerbaijan and Armenia), and the ethnic tension toward improvement of minority rights (Lithuania and Estonia). The four casestudies presented in this paper demonstrate that rich material and immaterial resources increased the sustainability of ethnic political mobilization. The sustainability was an important factor in achieving de facto independent states after the collapse of the Soviet Union. This paper emphasizes that these material and immaterial resources were not valid for the mobilization until the appearance of political opportunity and political will for collective action by social political organizations. The political mobilization in Transnistria not had only rich resources, but strong political will among associates toward regional independence. The political actors discovered the resources, supplied the resources to the participants of collective action, motivated them toward political activity and increased the potentiality of immaterial resources.

The paper focuses on the myth of ‘Holy Russia,’ as restored and promoted by the Russian Orthodox Church under Patriarch Kirill (Gundiaev), and explores the new imagining identities and spatial configurations generated by this myth. While before ‘Holy Russia’ was a metaphor, associated with relics, deposited in Russian monasteries and churches, Kirill ‘geo-politicized’ it, informing it with practical political meaning, and as such it is viewed as including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and on many occasions Moldova, and less often – Kazakhstan. The paper discusses the metaphor of ‘Holy Russia’ as a geopolitical utopia, as a postcolonial invention, and as a method of mental mapping. It uncovers Kirill’s modernist philosophy of history, based on Messianic meta-narrations of enslavement and subsequent liberation. As such, ‘Holy Russia’ does not stop colonial practices, but perpetuates them in many aspects. It continues the ‘internal re-colonization’ of the Russian population by ‘re-churchizing’ it, and by claiming to be the cultural center of the Western civilization.

This paper is the result of research of the collection of concert posters from the NMHM collections. It was found that the posters refer to the period of time from 1900 to 2010 and represent a brief chronicle of the musical life of Moldova east of the Prut River. Chronologically and by the method of production, form and content they can be classified into four categories: 1) concert posters of the times of Imperial Russia, 2) concert posters of the times of Romanian government, 3) concert posters of the Soviet period, and 4) concert posters of the Republic Moldova. The posters of the first two categories contain much text, partly black and white images, are of small size (A4 sheet), printed on paper of poor quality, mainly newsprint. Posters of the Soviet period are of two types: posters with lots of text without images and color posters, of various sizes. Concert posters of the Republic of Moldova have diverse formats and images, but provide little information. It was also found that the concert posters of the times of Tsarist Russia and the Romanian government are very few, and posters of singers and musical groups, as well as folk singers and orchestras of 1960s are completely missing.

In the paper the author analyzes different Russian international identities of the post-Soviet period. Stressing that the Russian identity discourse cannot be simply reduced to the Soviet one, the paper emphasizes the plurality of Russia’s identity discourses. At the same time the menu of Russian foreign policy identities to a large extent depends upon a variety of international structures in which Russia may imagine to engage with. The paper suggests that there are four possible types (models) of the international society, which different Russian identities might be inscribed in. The author seeks to explain the range of Russian international identities by the variety of the patterns of international society which co-exist and offer alternative policy strategies for Moscow.

The special literature from Republic of Moldova has approached constantly in the last two decades the thematic of political repressions from the period of the totalitarian communist regime by valorizing numerous documentary evidences discovered in secret collections of the former regime and in personal archives of survivors of the Soviet Gulag. An important resource in reconstructing the totalitarian past are memoirs of former deported persons and political prisoners. Unfortunately, the biggest part of memorial materials signed by survivors of concentrated camps and direct witnessers of events are dispersed through news-papers and journals. Very few of them have been gathered in volumes and collections of memories. Few are also those who did not try to forget the ordeal they went through and had the courage to relive it one more time when putting it on paper. These facts leads to the need of encouraging witnessers to write their memories for researcher to collect them into a unique database, to valorize and offer the society a specialized analysis of these valuable historic evidences. The author is proposing a series of memorial materials for analysis from the collections of the National Museum of History of Moldova. Here are names of several authors of terrible pages about the ordeal of Stalinist deportations from Bessarabia: Alexandru Pripa, native of v. Pelenia, jud. Bălţi, Dumitru Berezovski, native from Drochia, Vladimir Buşilo from Comrat, Apolinarie Vataman from v. Ghica Vodă, Drochia and Emilia Vataman-Racoveţ from v. Cuconeşti, Brătuşeni, deported in 1941; Nadejda Pascal from Durleşti, Fiodor Cociu, native from Hânceşti and Simion Buiuc from Chiperceni, Orhei, deported in 1949. On base of these valuable details can be reconstructed the gloomy picture of the Bessarabian who new the deportations drama, the picture of an entire generation who had to confront face to face the soviet machine of repressions. An epoch can be rediscovered from these details.

Introduction. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major problem with a negative impact on animal health and public health worldwide. Actions to reduce this phenomen are of major importance and require collective management in the context of "one health". Material and methods. The research material constituted the legislative acts that regulate the activity of the veterinary sanitary service within the National Agency for Food Safety, statistical data regarding the use of antimicrobial in the animal population from the republic. Results. The analysis of the data presented in the paper is focused on the legal acts of activity of the veterinary service in order to reduce the effect of RAM at the national level with the involvement of the authorities in the field of human and animal health, as well as environmental protection. Conclusions. The reduction of AMR at the national level can be achieved by creating an institutional framework responsible for intersectoral coordination and collaboration as well as the effective implementation of control of the release of animal medicaments only on the basis of veterinary prescriptions.

This paper focuses on Ecoweek, an environmental project for young people in Moldova, in order to explore the themes of post-Soviet cultural identity construction and the adaptation of Western ideas to local contexts. It considers how Ecoweek participants’ establishment of international connections allowed them to create an environmentalism that was cosmopolitan, yet distinctly Moldovan. Their approach reflects the strong global awareness of many urban young people in Moldova, who often look outside of the country for opportunities. The paper argues that students’ participation in the project was related not just to a determination to solve environmental problems, but also to a desire to be part of a global trend, to gain experience, and to make useful contacts. Moreover, it suggests that the same factors leading the students to produce a globally informed environmentalism also made it difficult to build a lasting movement.

This article is dedicated to the analysis of the premises, causes, content, and impact of the 1992 war to defend the independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Moldova, the effect of the Moldovan-Russian Agreement of 21.07.1992 on the principles of peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of Moldova. The paper presents the chronology of historical and geopolitical events related to Bessarabia, annexed in 1812 by the Russian Empire, occupied by the Red Army of the USSR according to the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact of August 1939, subject to armed rebellion in 1990-1992, period of disintegration. of the Soviet Union and the self-determination of the Republic of Moldova as a sovereign and independent state. The author refers to the political-legal processes of becoming a sovereign and independent state of the Republic of Moldova, as well as to establishing a criminal, anti-national and separatist regime in the eastern districts of the Republic, supported by the 14th Army of the Russian Federation - the real war against the constitutional order of the Republic of Moldova.

The general level of democratic, political culture in one country is the important determinant that should be taken into consideration both when analyzing its constitutional order as well as when considering its future shaping and direction. Countries that have had a substantial discontinuity in their historical-democratic development face special challenges when returning to the paths of liberal-democratic constitutionality, perhaps the biggest of which is raising the general level of political culture and(re)building a constitutional, democratic tradition. During this process particular systematic distortions may occur, among others, those regarding the mutual control and influence of the highest state authorities. In the Republic of Serbia, there is a noticeable inconsistency in what is generally perceived by the general public (as well as by the constitutional law scholars) as the level of powers and the authority of the President of the Republic. Constitutional framework is often being interpreted without taking the wider scope of the problem into consideration, which includes the immaturity of the democratic culture. This leads to (apparent) inconsistency between the presidential powers by the Constitution and how they really manifest themselves in reality. In this paper the author analyses Serbian constitutional omissions in this regard and offers possible solutions.

The article reveals the reasons for the lack of coordination functions and horizontal links in the apparatus of public authorities in the Republic of Moldova. The object of the research is a complex of legal and non-legal relations, multiparty, which arise in the initial stages of the formation of unstable organizational structures, linear-functional, of the central public administration bodies. The aim of this paper is to develop methods for streamlining the relationships and structures of the functional matrix at all levels of governance and self-government. Ways to weaken the multiparty factor are proposed by developing self-regulatory organizations of entrepreneurs and delegating them to state functions. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that the lack of flexible links and coordination structures between the governing bodies, in the conditions of constant conflicts between party leaders, can lead to problems that call into question the very existence of the state. The author also argues that concrete measures need to be taken in order to combat imperfect legal rules in the form of tightening control over departmental regulation and establishing a permanent review of legislation. Based on the author’s experience in using the various questionnaires and surveys in his monographs, it is proposed, in drafting each new bill, to conduct a content analysis of current regulatory acts in the relevant field or industry and, from a scientific point of view, reach a final decision on whether such a regulatory act can be adopted. It is proposed to formulate at the state level and include in the legislation the various strategic objectives of promoting cooperation in the field of scientific and technological progress and small business.

The reason that led to this paper to be written is to explain the new meanings of the notions of ethics, integrity, responsibility and accountability - in order to hold accountable those involved, directly or indirectly, in sports. Ethics management, “as one of the disciplines of management”, deals with the development of those leadership tools that contribute to the ethical development of an organization, as well as the methods that can be used to determine in which direction organizations should develop. Sport, already considered a notable social phenomenon, requires a real “legalization” able to frame it harmoniously and consciously in the context and rigors of a civilized conduct, of the highest morality, but also of strict legality and responsibility. The author argues that ethical management seeks to improve decision-making processes, procedures and organizational structures, so that the activities of the organization are as closely related to ethical principles

This article explores the 1912 print media in Serbia in their relation to the Balkan Wars, comparing the nationalist topoi with the contemporary age and contemporary national groups. It analyzes the content of several articles printed in papers such as Illustrated War Chronicle (Ilustrovana ratna kronika) and the Serbian newspaper (Srpske novine), juxtaposing their discourse with contemporary Serbian nationalism. The primary sources from 1912 have not been discussed in scholarship, except a few mentions. It shows that after a century since the Balkan Wars has passed, the nationalist discourse has remained more than similar, using the same historical pathos of victimhood and “othering” of the Enemy.

The paper proposes to identify what the 19th century brought as novelties in the “life” of toys, seen as items dedicated explicitly to children; I have focused, naturally, on the Romanian case. By correlating the accounts to which I had access, I was able to outline certain evolutions in the manufacture, use, purchase, and characteristics ascribed to toys in that period. I have noted, first of all, the social differentiation in terms of toy consumption.

This text discusses Straja Țării, the Romanian youth organization patronized by King Carol II, and created in the tense social and political atmosphere of the The 1930s. While reinforcing the loyalty to the king, Străjeria aimed for an integral education based on moral values, religious and patriotic feelings, and physical training. Although active for a short time, Straja was one of the main social intervention institutions, with high autonomy during the royal dictatorship, mobilizing considerable human and financial resources. It developed specific mechanisms and tools for youth control, including discipline through physical education leading to the strengthening of the young bodies. The paper analyzes the multiple functions of these mechanisms using archival documents, legislation, and health surveys carried out in that epoch. The research builds on three levels of analysis: the regulation of physical education and public health in interwar Romania (1); the social control of young bodies through Straja Țării (2); the health deficiencies of the young generation (3). The main argument of this article is that Straja has built an overrated national prototype of the vitality of youth, without properly addressing the deficiencies and cleavages of a relatively healthy nation.

Introduction. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is a rare X-linked disorder characterized by microthrombocytopenia, eczema, and recurrent infections. It is caused by mutations of the WAS gene which encodes the WAS protein (WASp) – a key regulator of actin polymerization in hematopoietic cells. Mutations within the WASp gene result in a wide heterogeneity of clinical disease, ranging from ‘classical WAS’ to mild asymptomatic thrombocytopenia (X-linked thrombocytopenia [XLT]), or congenital neutropenia (X-lined neutropenia [XLN]). Case presentation. This present paper reports a phenotypical and laboratory description of two children diagnosed with WAS and one child diagnosed with XLT. The first case was a six months old male with septicemia, thrombocytopenia, eczema and petechial rash. The second case was a 2 years old boy presenting with complaints of recurrent infections, eczema and thrombocytopenia with small platelet size. The third case was a 16 years old boy who presented with thrombocytopenia and recurrent sinopulmonary infections. Conclusions. Due to a wide spectrum of clinical findings, the diagnosis of WAS/XLT should be considered in any male patient presenting with petechiae, bruises, and congenital or early-onset thrombocytopenia associated with small platelet size.

The article reveals the reasons for the occurrence of various types of corruption and the classification of anti-corruption measures. The object of research is a complex of legal and non-legal relations that arise at the initial stages of the appearance of various forms and varieties of corruption. The purpose of this paper is to study the external and internal factors of the emergence of systemic corruption and to develop proactive methods for its weakening and disappearance at all levels of government and self-government. Ways are proposed to weaken corruption by developing self-regulatory organizations of entrepreneurs and delegating them to certain state functions. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that corruption is a universal property of any state, a property that, potentially, under certain conditions of social life, can lead to the emergence of problems that call into question the very existence of the state. The author also believes that it is necessary to take concrete practical measures in the direction of changing imperfect legal norms in the form of stricter control over departmental regulation and conducting permanent expertise of “anti-corruption”legislation

With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, both teachers and students were forced to acquire competence remotely through online learning environments. This article aims to investigate how COVID-19 influenced the learning outcomes in Moldova and Nigeria from the perspective of educational psychology. Based on the complexity of the questions of the online survey, developed in Romanian and English, the scale for measuring learning outcomes in distance learning is established. The scale is composed of eight dimensions (i.e. the best teaching format, the best teaching method for a contemporary student, the most affordable category of methods, the most important method of learning, the most used digital resources, the most used method to evaluate students’ knowledge, the most appropriate statement of assessment and balance of assessment, measurement, and testing tools). It was concluded that respondents from both countries (N=182), choice face-to-face as the best teaching format and paper tests photographed and transmitted, as the most used method to evaluate students’ knowledge. The differences are in the perception of learning strategies and the best teaching methodology for achieving lifelong outcomes. Future research could improve understanding of these psycho-pedagogical issues.