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This paper examines the role of the -val-/-lav- phonological sequences which create the semantic centre of the Don Juan theme in world literature and parallel folk texts, and concentrates on the Stone Guest by Pushkin. The phonological equivalence of the Spanish cavalera/cavallero, and Buslaevic/golova/valjatisja in the Russian bylina is the most important line generating semantic and dramaturgic constructions. The sequential structure of the text accomplishes the motif of punishment/forgiveness in the relations of the three main characters (Don Juan=Diego de Calvado, Dona Anna de Solva, Don Alvar) and in the author’s final instruction the sequences collapse (provalivajutsja).

This paper examins a chapter of Lermontov’s novel which has rarely been discussed so far, and concentrates on the semantic and phonetic levels of the text. The starting point of the analysis is Pechorin’s name and its phonetic, semantic and ethymological links. Pechorin’s name includes two binary oppositions (fire-water, one’s own world-alien world), which are realized through the mythological background in the text. In the mythological cast the blind boy plays the role of the evil, the girl the role of rusalka and the narrator the role of the domovoj. The text of each chapter in the novel is constructed in the same way, therefore the analysis of Taman’ can give a clue to the interpretation of the novel as a whole.

In my paper I tried to show how difficult the translation of literary works is. The German translation mainly reproduces the meaning (besides the fact that it also contained blatant errors). But in Yerofeyevs composition the form is as important as the meaning. A word, besides its semantical meaning, also implies symbolic meaning, in terms of numbers, The problems of translation, for example in connection with numerology, start with the original title, consisting of 13 letters, which is not reflected in the German translation. And it ends with the Russian letter „Ю” the hero catches sight of, before he gets murdered (?) at the end of the poem. The Russian letter „Ю” could be an abbreviation, the English personal pronoun you or a number as well. This simply cannot be reproduced in German, where this letter does not even exist.

R. M. Rilke visited Russia twice at the turn of the century, first in 1899 then in 1900. During the months between the two trips, he even started to study Russian and started to do some literary translation. Among others, he translated the poem Vesna i noč (Spring and Night) by a contemporary poet, K. M. Fofanov into German. Compared to the original text, Rilke's translation shows considerable lexical and semantic alteration and addition, retaining, at the same time, Fofanov's rhymes. The paper intends to present some examples of the poetic word-creation so characteristic of Rilke's life-work as well as the relationship between Fofanov's poem and Rilke's early poems.

In this paper the literal translation of Goethe's poem The Forest King by the famous Russian poetesse M. Tsvetayeva in her essay The Two Forest Tzars is compared with the modern attempt to translate this poem against the background of the brilliant translation The Forest King by V. Zhukovsky, the well-known Russian poet. The predictable failure of any translation of this poem in Russian (after V. Zhukovsky's translation) is discussed in the paper on the basis of linguistic arguments.

A proverb is not just one ordinary sentence in context. Its semantic and syntactic properties, as well as lexical components are widely used or alluded to anaphorically or cataphorically in literary publications. Proverbs are typically used in context as quotations that allude to known utterances from the system of folk wisdom. It comes from similarity to quotations proper that proverbs occur in microcontexts containing lexical, syntactic and semantic indications of proverbial features. The paper researches of typical proverbial usage in Russian discourse from the viewpoint of linguistic analysis and translation rules. The possibilities and the limitations of equivalent, analogue and descriptive translators are overviewed and characterized, adequate solutions are suggested.

The author gives an overview of Russian neologisms that have occurred after the recent political changes. An analysis of the types of word formation is presented and particular attention is paid to the problems of word formation to create Hungarian counterparts of the lexical items within the given lexicon. The influence of American English, as well as the reaction of the Russian and Hungarian languages are monitored in the paper.

Transfers, Offers, Dividends and Other: the Experience of Teaching Translation and Interpretation to Postgraduate Italian Students at the University of Economic Science in Budapest. This paper examines present transformations in Russian economic terminology. The authors compare a series of Russian and Italian phrasealogical models which have no equivalence in the other language, illustrating possible translation transformations.

The Use of Translation to Improve the Linguistic and Communicative Levels of Intermediate and Advanced Russian Language Students. This paper is the result teaching experience in Bulgaria focussing on two languages with the same root: Russian and Bulgarian. The authors describe a series of teaching exercises at both beginner and advanced level designed to eliminate language interference.

The Use of Songs to Stimulate the Study of Russian in Hungary: the Songs of Vysockij. This paper outlines the prospects for changes in the teaching methodology in Hungary towards the acceptance of songwriter texts.

The paper investigates the differences between written translation and simultaneous interpretation (SI) from a pragmatic perspective. In particular, some concepts, developped by Goffman are applied to SI analysis. The starting point is the “orality” of SI, considered in terms of the physical means of transmission. SI is characterized by the folowing situational macro-traits: the phonic-acoustic means, the shared context of utterance and the simultaneous presence of the interlocutors. The paper discusses also the following points: discreteness vs. linearity, the activation of psycholinguistic mechanisms, planned vs. unplanned discourse, the impossibility of deleting (the phenomen of self-correction, redundancy and problems of performance), evanescence of the oral message, the importance of prosody, frequent recourse to non linguistic and paralinguistic means, extensive use of deixis, the importance of the phatic function and the shared knowledge of the participants.

This paper is an introduction to a field mentioned above. It tries to explain how to translate from similar languages when the translator focusses on the expressive, instead of the cognitive function of language. It also tries to define a specificity of drama translation: the stress is on the “physical” level of the translation so that the most important thing is ease of pronunciation, and not the “optical” correspondence between original and translated text. Theater plays were often translated in Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro from the Slovenian and Macedonian languages; in Slovenia from Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian; in Macedonia from Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian. This paper tries to indentify typical errors in one Slovene translation of a Serbian drama Koštana; it also tries to answer the question of status of Serbian, Croat, and Macedonian drama on Slovene theater stages, and to put together its bibliography.

Exercises in Translation and Use of the Mother-Tongue. The paper analyses about forty Russian textbooks for foreigners, comparing the function of the use of mother-tongue language in each case.

Non Explicit Meanings and Characteristics of Non-Native Russian. The paper examines a number of non-native levels of spoken Russian, and analyses the errors due to interlanguage.

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This paper offers a study of the “Free Indirect Style” (nesobstvennoprjamaja reč’) in the second part of the novel “Zavist’” (Envy) by the Russian writer Oleša. The Free Indirect Style is the stylistic-syntactic method of transmitting other’s people speeches, which consists in the union of the subjective plan of the narrator with the subjective plan of the character, so that in one sentence two differently orientated speeches mutually overlap. The study begins with an introductory illustration of the Free Indirect Style, its syntactic formulation, its lexical features and its stylistic implications. After the general view of the method itself, there is the distinction of the various cycles of the Free Indirect Style which compose the second part of Oleša's novel. A cycle is dedicated to each of the main characters (there are five cycles altogether), which are linked together by the same function: revealing the inner life, the psychology, the particular characteristics of each character, and at the same time, show the attitude of the narrator (or more precisely of the author himself) towards these characters.

The picture of Our Lady of Perpetual Help in Podgórze was painted in 1903 in Rome, blessed by pope Leon XIII on 18 April and brought in the same year to Krakow by Father Bernard Łubieński, who was greatly involved in popularising the worship of Virgin Mary related to the painting. The Redemptorists linked their apostolic work with Mary Our Lady of Perpetual Help from the beginning. The painting had already been known to the inhabitants of Podgórze, since its paper copy was hung in the parish church. A turning point in the growth of the worship of Our Lady of Perpetual Help was the introduction of the service known as constant novena, which involves group prayers before her icon on the selected day of every week­ to request some special grace.

The breakthrough of 1989 and implementation of the "Balcerowicz’s Plan’’ resulted in raising hope for determined and fast reformation of the Polish economy and state administration. From the beginning of transformation these two problems became basic for programs created by parties and political groups. This paper is an analysis of only the programs which concern projects of political transformations. Therefore, the attention is focused on such political formations as the Liberal-Democratic Congress, the Union for Real Politics, Democratic Union (Union for Freedom) or Social Democratic Party of Poland (Democratic Left Alliance). It is also worth noticing that regarding the existence of different types of liberalism. an attempt was made to describe a variety of the doctrine characteristic for a given party or a political group. Considering the role of the state in relation to the individual and the public, there were differentiated: neo-liberalism, conservative liberalism and communitarism.

The paper tries to sum up a few years' experiments concerning the participation of local communities in the programs of local development strategy creation. The conclusions and notices are made by the author although they have been drawn on the basis of papers and discussions carried out with a lot of people. Their inspiring output made the author formulate some generalization. The base of the paper is the author’s direct participation in working out local development strategies or a dozen or so communities in the Kujawy and Pomerania Districts, and particularly in Piotrków Kujawski (1996-1997), Mrocza (1998 and 2000), Czersk (1998-2000), Dobrcz (1999), Białe Błota (1999-2000) and Koronowo (2000). One of their key methodological assumptions was organizing and supporting active participation of local communities in the process of building the development strategy. The public opinion poll was carried out on larger and smaller groups of people in all the communities. The author was personally engaged in the polls and their analyses, and in at least a few programs he was also both an expert and animator ("facitator”) of the events and activities in a local community. Therefore, basing on practice and experience, the author points to the need of reflection on the usefulness of social science - its engagement and objectivity, and, on the other side, he shows an ambiguous role of an expert, e.g. in the process of formulating the mission of development and strategic aims by local communities. The paper is also based on more and more numerous specialist literature and on derivative reflection on realizing the idea of the local development strategy.