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The paper is dedicated to the Western reception of Narod na vojne (People at war) written by the little-known Russian writer Sof'ja Fedorčenko. Although it was published first as supposedly authentic reports of soldiers (1917, Kiev), Fedorčenko later claimed it to be one of her own artificial works. This paper focuses on a comparative analysis of three translations of Narod na vojne and transformations, which take place by means of the paratexts and the reorganisation of the fragmentary text. The English translation Ivan speaks (1919, Boston) emphasize an anti-war message, the German translation Der Russe redet (1922, Munich) accentuates a supposed ‘Russian character’ and the French one Le peuple à la guerre (1930, Paris) directs attention to the Russian Revolution.

This paper will discuss the Wiindigo, a cannibalistic character among some Indigenous peoples of North America. Illustrated through the Anishinaabeg and Oji-Cree, two Algonquin-speaking Indigenous groups, the Wiindigo serves as a personification of fear and hunger, and alludes to the cultural heritage elements of the boreal forest food system as well as the differing legal systems in Canada. In examining the Wiindigo from the Indigenous cultural and historical perspectives related to the author by several knowledge-holders, as well as from EuroCanadian popular culture representations, the paper illustrates the importance of the Wiindigo to Anishinaabe and Oji-Cree world views, customary governance, and contemporary lived experience.

The aim of this paper is to present a profile of literary critic Marcel Reich-Ranicki (1920–2013), who lived on the borderland of three cultures: Polish, Jewish, and German. The paper attempts to reconstruct the main phases of Reich-Ranicki’s life in Poland, including an analysis of the critic’s interests and opinions about Polish literature, as well as his concept of a ‘spiritual homeland’. The status of M. Reich is studied in relation to the category of the alien commonly encountered in the discourse of the humanities. Reich’s strangeness is presented in three dimensions: space, culture and mentality. The paper also proves that it was the trauma of the Holocaust that had exerted the major impact on Reich-Ranicki’s personal memories and accounts.

Culture-bound references receive considerable attention from translation scholars, as they are regarded as one of the most difficult challenges that translators face. However, most studies examine the transmission of culture-bound references to the target audience in literary texts, while research that would examine the translation of culture-bound references in audiovisual discourse involving additional constraints is somewhat limited. Dubbing is considered to be one of the most challenging modes of audiovisual translation, mainly due to the synchronization applied to it. This paper presents a model for the analysis of the translation of culture-bound references dedicated specifically to dubbing. The authors of the paper discuss the complexity of the concept of culture-bound references, their categorization and the taxonomies of their translation procedures. The article discusses the specifics of dubbing, the typology of synchronies applied in dubbing and restrictions posed by it on the translation of culture-bound references.

The present paper focuses on one of the main features of legal communication, namely informativeness. The article presents the informativeness of Polish legislative documents as an inherent but not always clearly understood socially feature of legal discourse, which has been regarded as a distinctive characteristic of normative acts. The study includes several levels of approximate semiotisation in relation to the cognitive criterion. The corpus comprises the most important Polish normative texts, namely the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Criminal Code, Civil Code, and the Code of Civil Procedure. The analysis also included rulings of Polish common courts. Pragmatic and semantic criterion has been applied as the methodological basis for the analysis. The factor related to the use of legislative metaphors in executive and judicial practice was applied as an additional criterion. The aim of the paper was to determine the form of informativeness of the Polish legal texts and its extra-textual usefulness. Two levels of informativeness of legal texts, surface level and deep level, were established in the analysis. In legal discourse, informativeness took the form of a specific phenomenon. It referred not only to surface structures, but also to the elements of the content, requiring reconstruction from their meaning.

The paper deals with the broad concept of strangeness in the literary work of Anna Mitgutsch, a contemporary Austrian writer. The topic of strangeness is a keynote in her rich literary output. Mitgutsch’s experience of being abroad (travelling to the Middle East and south-east Asia, living and working in Israel, England, Korea and The USA) is refl ected in such novels as Das andere Gesicht, In fremden Städten or Abschied von Jerusalem. Her characters are nomads, people looking for identity and homeland, trying to escape alienation. The feeling of being a stranger is also present in their relations with the loved ones. The paper provides an analysis of the images of strangeness in Die Züchtigung (1985) and Die Annäherung (2016).

This paper aims to analyse The Legend of the Great Inquisitor from a perspective of genre used by an author – Ivan Karamazov. The Legend can be referred to as fantasy (an anti-utopia). Taking into consideration the ideal of Inquisitor and the particular pieces of the text, one may state that the poem constitutes the prototype of anti-utopian narration. Having employed the notions of agent and patiens, we endeavour to sketch out the general scheme of such narration. The second part of the paper focuses on a few anti-utopias (Brave New World by A. Huxley, Matrix by the Wachowski Brothers, Futu.re by D. Glukhovsky) and aims to identify there the elements which correspond to the particular schemes.

Feature film as an educational tool in developing multicultural communication skills: The issue of the Turkish minority in Germany The goal of this paper is to stress the increasing importance of multicultural aspects in language education. Acquisition and development of multicultural competence must be a natural component of language teaching. This paper focuses on multiculturalism in German‑speaking countries, especially on the Turkish minority in Germany. It aims at finding an answer to the question how the plot of a feature movie may be used not only as language training material, but also as a source of culture specific information about a multicultural community.

Romanticism, Realism and Translator’s Dilemmas in the World of Phantasy and Horror The paper presents an analysis of several translations of two classic short stories from the Romantic era: The Golden Pot (Der goldne Topf) by E.T.A Hoffmann and The Viy (Vij) by Nicolai Gogol. The stories display many similarities as to their motifs and formal features: both main heroes, young students, encounter mysterious women equipped with magical powers; both have to struggle against mystic, daemonic creatures; furthermore, both of them balance on the verge of reality and a fantastic world populated by magic creatures. The coexistence of a realistic and an imaginary level in Gogol’s and Hoffmann’s texts poses a challenge for translators. One of them is the choice of equivalents of words and phrases referring to geographically, temporally and culturally specific objects anchored in the reality of Germany and Ukraine in the 19th century; furthermore, a careful translation strategy is needed in order to render the magic atmosphere of the supernatural world created by the author’s imagination, but inspired by local mythology. The paper analyzes and compares strategies and techniques employed in translations of the German novella into Russian, the Russian one into German, and in Polish and English versions of both stories.

The article aims to outline the role of literary periodicals in the social system of literature from a perspective of processes that take part in the accumulation of both cultural capital and social capital. In this sense, the paper is an attempt to incorporate a sociological perspective into the theory of literature in order to provide a more informed view on social and cultural processes that are mediated by literary periodicals of diversified kind. By referring to the notions of embodied and institutional cultural capital (Pierre Bourdieu) as well as social capital (Robert D. Putnam, Francis Fukuyama), the paper examines the dialectic of system reproduction and morphogenetic change in terms of processes that organize the functioning of literature conceived of a specific kind of social system.

Already in 17th century, Ph. Couplet (1623–1693) used Ciceronian terminology to interprete the texts of Confucian philosophy, including that of Mencius (372–289 BCE), an important philosopher especially in terms of understanding Chinese ethics and morals. This paper attempts to read Mencius’ political term “empire” in the context of political philosophy. The paper observes Mencius’s political idea with help of that of Cicero. For this, it demostrates how and why Mencius introduces the ren as a principle of Kingship and the building of Empire. According to him, the ren is a core principle in operating the empire that was formulated with the tianxia (“all-under-heaven”). However, the ren is an ambivalent concept. On one side, the ren is a universal value that stands fundamentally against violence. On the other side, historically to see, the ren was an imperial ideology, because as a part of the “all-under-heaven” policy represented by Mencius was de facto nothing but a regional hegemon.

The paper analyzes works by the Serbian postmodernist writer Milorad Pavić. It attempts to prove that he possesses knowledge of royal art and uses masonic symbols in his writing related to geometry and architecture, including the radiant delta, compass, masonic gloves, and clepsydra. It is assumed that under the influence of these particular ideas, the writer creates the leading image of an architect and the motif of construction as freemasons believe in the Great Architect of the Universe. In the short novel Damascene, according to speculative masonry's beliefs, the building of the church projects the building of a temple in a human soul. M. Pavić, as an architect, creates a structure of every novel, which he identifies with the golden section. This paper finds special symbols of the divine proportion in his prose, including snail’s shells, pyramids, and violins. A dynamic structure as an embodiment of the open work concept and a broad spectrum of themes provide artistic communication with a creative recipient. A reader has an opportunity to choose their own style of reading and solving textual puzzles because Pavić’s prose represents a wide variety of themes, symbols, images, and allusions that embody the secrets of Freemasonry, allowing for various interpretations.

The purpose of this paper is to present the description of Woland as one of the main characters of the novel by Bulgakov 'The Master and Margarita', after gaining experience connected with the work on a new translation of this book. The study was conducted on the basis of an in‑depth analysis of the text. The author distinguishes the roles in which Woland appears in relationships with other characters, as well as mental and physical transformations which he undergoes. A lot of remarks concern the changes in stylistic register of his utterances. Moreover, the analysis includes numerous names, which the narrator himself uses in reference to the character. Finally, analogies with other authors are presented (Goethe, Gogol, Poe). The paper is an attempt at reconstructing the viewpoint represented by Woland, including the multitude of elements referring to particular philosophical, political and ethical doctrines. It all leads to the conclusion that Bulgakov’s devil is a multidimensional and ambiguos character, which doesn’t conform to any traditions and explicit interpretations.

The author of the paper indicates several aspects which connect the texts describing the battle of Khotyn in 1673. Epical attempts at showing those events complied with the epical model known as ‘native heroicum’, which was popular on Polish lands in those days. According to this model, the primary rule of verismo was combined with attempts at making narration more attractive. Some of them have been described in this paper. Moreover, the author discussed the method of depicting Tatar‑Turkish armies in the works, paying attention to their abundance. The exemplary material was derived, above all, from voluminous poems by Jan Ślizień, Mateusz Kuligowski, Samuel Leszczyński and Zbigniew Morsztyn.

The paper is dedicated to the volume of poems by Jerzy Harasymowicz, entitled 'Banderia Prutenorum' (1976). The author explores the dependence of this volume on a work of the same title, which was released in mid-15th century through the initiative of Jan Długosz. The medieval manuscript contains illustrations and short descriptions of 56 Teutonic flags captured by Polish troops in the battle of Grunwald (1410). The author of these pictures was Stanisław Durink, while the descriptions were made by Jan Długosz, among other authors. Using the illustrations of Teutonic flags from the medieval model, Harasymowicz added his own poems, showing in bad light particular troops (flags) of the Teutonic Order, as well as their great defeat in the battle against Polish‑Lithuanian forces. The author of the paper analyses the ideological‑persuasive meaning of these poems, as well as their language and depiction.

Historical trauma in Yuri Kuznetsov’s poem The Glasses of Sachsenhausen Тhe aim of this paper is to present the traumatic experiences of a Russian poet of the second half of the 20th century Yury Kuznetsov. The thesis presents a transmission from personal to common. As personal we understand the family trauma of the poet, the loss of his father during the war. Common is formed on the basics of mythologisation of war and actualization of ontological problem of the place of the lyrical subject in the postwar world (a human being or a myth). The biography of the author has a great significance for the understanding of the poem The Glasses of Sachsenhausen. It preconditions the creation of an image of the former prisoner of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp as a individual of the old, bygone reality, who should adapt to the new world, in spite of his traumatic experiences. The paper exposes the significance of an individual, who is a symbol of the change of epochs and the new way of thinking.

The main purpose of the article is to present the literary output of Andrea Tompa, using her debut collection entitled Dom kata as an example. In her work, the Hungarian writer uses her creative potential connected with the experiences of growing up in a discriminated national minority in Romania in the 1980s. In the paper, I demonstrate how the history of the area and biography intertwine in the literary transformation of experience in a quasi‑autobiographical story about entering adulthood. In Andrea Tompa’s work, one can see how the geo‑cultural experience has an impact on both the way the story is constructed and the narrative strategies applied, as well as its influence on the reception of the work among readers. The trauma of the regime and exclusion associated with Romania in the second half of the 20th century is conveyed by means of a hybrid form and fragmented narratives. This unique combination that makes up the book of the Hungarian writer provides an inspiring material for literary research, both from the perspective of memory studies and the poetics of experience. As for the way of constructing the story, which is hard to categorize according to strict genre classifications, it only enlivens the reception.

The purpose ofthe paper is the interpretation of the novel Nad piękną modrą Dřevnicą by Antonin Bajaja in terms of the image of the Stalinist period in Czechoslovakia. The interpretive perspective has been determined by the theory of letter (Stefania Skwarczyńska and Anita Całek), the category of autobiographical memory, autobiographical place, as understood by Małgorzata Czermińska, as well as autotherapy through work with memory. By bringing back memories in the letters to his sister, the narrator updates the concept of his identity and reshapes his self­‑awareness, which was manipulated in his childhood by the communist propaganda. The mechanisms behind this propaganda are revealed years later by the protagonist­‑narrator. The schizophrenic type of life under communist rule has been illustrated by the example of the family and city Zlina/Gottwaldova.

In this paper, the Ukrainian trilogy by Józef Łobodowski has been interpreted as a historical novel, in which the described events took place in the Kuban region in the period between 1918 and 1922. The history of the Bolshevik revolution and the Civil War in the Caucasus area of Russia has been presented in a vivid story, which was inspired by the author’s personal experiences. The protagonist of the trilogy is the author’s own alter ego. The author’s participation in the discussed events significantly influenced the artistic form of the novel. The work possesses the features of a reportage novel, with its inherent verism, a trend towards a faithful depiction of life during the Russian Civil War, as well as elements of journalism that correspond to the writer’s journalistic activity. The reportage characteristics of the trilogy did not hinder the author from complying in his narration with the pattern of Sienkiewicz’s novel W pustyni i w puszczy (In Desert and Wilderness). In this way, the Ukrainian trilogy became a work with an original structure, in which the author also objectified his own emigrational experiences.

The article presents the image of the East in historical novels by Kazimierz Korkozowicz, including the works of the author of Jeźdźcy apokalipsy (Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse), published in the period between 1970–1990. It refers the notion of the East to Eastern Europe and analysesthe use of historical‑philosophical myth of the East by the writer. The paper also includes the interpretation of the novel, using the category of culture as an ideology of social groups, bearing in mind the fact that culture, including literature, is a tool of ideological impact on society by means of Althusser’s ideological state apparatuses. It examines the cognitive capabilities of various literary methodologies towards analyzed works. It describes the profile of the author of Przyłbice i kaptury and refers to the ongoing discussion about his works.

Two books for children about the Great War will be discussed: Bohaterski miś [Heroic teddy bear] by Bronisława Ostrowska and Five Children on the Western Front by Kate Saunders. It will be a comparative analysis. The books differ in terms of national perspective (Polish and English), but also in the time of edition – just after the war and a hundred years later. Thus, Ostrowska’s memory about the war is her own memory, whereas Saunders’ writing can be called a postmemory narrative. The aim of the paper is to answer the questions: what is similar and what is different in the two selected children’s novels about the Great War? What are the ways of transmitting memory? What do the writers want to save for new generations?

The paper is devoted to the first and at the same time the most famous novel by Wacław Gąsiorowski – Huragan (Hurricane, 1901), which began the “Napoleonic Trilogy”. In the introduction, its origins and the history of reception have been presented, followed by: a literary image of the Napoleonic era and the world of heroes, with a particular emphasis on the figure of Joanna Żubrowa – a sergeant in the army of the Duchy of Warsaw, the first woman to be decorated with the Virtuti Militari Order. The patron and master of Gąsiorowski, who often referred to the model of a “cloak and sword novel”, was Henryk Sienkiewicz. However, Huragan, which can be situated between Trylogia and Popioły, also demonstrates Young Poland origins.

Zabawy mędrców – a novel by Antoni Godziemba Wysocki, a forgotten writer, an eccentric and intellectual from Lviv, was published in the interwar period and became a literary event. Reviewers unanimously emphasized his innovative approach to history. It was not the historical novel that readers were used to, both in terms of idea and form. Placing the action inside the Krakow Academy in the 16th century, at the turn of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, was supposed to demonstrate the pathology of education that was dominated by dogma and scholasticism against the background of the daily life of those days. In order to achieve that, the author allegedly worked on his book for over twenty years, thoroughly studying the sources: rare papers, manuscripts and numerous dissertations about the history of the Jagiellonian University. Consequently, a vivid (but strongly biased and clearly depreciating the Middle Ages) study of a few teachers came into life. The professors and bachelors, who had authentic prototypes, were shown through psychoanalytical examination in search of their complexes and personality disorders that limited their mental and didactic work. Wysocki’s work: cool, intellectual, and allusive, it was a unique but one‑sided presentation of Polish culture during the times of the last Jagiellon, but above all, it was a type of warning that concerned the condition and future of Polish education after gaining independence.

The paper presents the images of rural life in Subcarpathian regions of the 19th century Eastern Galicia, recorded in sociocultural, quasi‑chronicle, or memoir prose of Juliusz Turczyński (1833–1913). This gymnasium professor and a well‑known writer connected with Stanisławów achieved his greatest success as the author of novellas and short stories. His socio‑cultural, ethnographic and landscape sketches dedicated toHutsul Land, which record the traditional life ofthe region, disappearing because of modern trends, belong to the most important literary testimonies of life and mentality of the 19th century Carpathian Highlanders. His less popular, but equally interesting dramatized sociological studies, illustrate the situation of Eastern Galician village in the serfdom era that has recently passed. Turczyński’s prose, which is rather conventional and schematic in terms of artistic creation, combines the objective features of a document – the testimony of the mechanisms determining and destroying the life of a simple man – with the elements of didactic morality and parabolic vison of a lively character of the people, prone to fall, but also to convert.

The article focuses on the metaphorical conceptualisation of the #MeToo movement, which has spread virally as a hashtag used on social media in an attempt to demonstrate the widespread prevalence of sexual assault and harassment. The #MeToo movement as a social issue is looked at from the perspective of Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) (Charteris-Black 2005/2011, 2014, Musolff 2004, 2016, Koller 2014, De Landtsheer 2009, Hart 2010). CMA is a blend of Cognitive Metaphor Theory and Critical Discourse Analysis that aims at identifying how metaphors are used to describe socially contested issues and how they reveal speakers’ hidden intentions and attitudes (Charteris-Black, 2014, p. 174). CMA is also concerned with the different functions metaphors may perform. A predicative function, being one of many, is most likely to explain how socially sensitive issues are communicated (Charteris-Black, 2014, pp. 204-207; Musolff, 2016, p. 4). In other words, it implies positive or negative attitudes expressed towards certain issues. Thus, the paper aims to study how the predicative function of metaphor manifests in the discourse of contemporary social concerns cross-linguistically and cross-culturally. In other words, the paper looks into how different attitudes towards the #MeToo movement are communicated via metaphors in Lithuanian and English media and how they shape prevailing public attitudes.

The paper discusses Anna Burns’s Milkman, which was awarded the Man Booker Prize in 2018, in the context of new Irish fiction which breaks the silence about women’s lives in the Troubles. Like many other Irish women writing fiction or remembering the past, Burns denounces the culture of violence in both communities and portrays the devastating effects it had on the individual lives. The analysis draws on Hayden White’s notion of the scandalous in language in order to demonstrate that in writing about life in Northern Ireland during the Troubles, the author develops an extraordinary style which combines seemingly contradictory elements such as logorrhea and silence and to argue that Burns develops a form of traumatic realism effectively portraying the mechanisms of insidious trauma (Brown 1995). The paper points to Burns’s affinities with such experimental Irish writers as Laurence Sterne and Eimear McBride and proposes to read her novel as a foreshadowing of the Irish #MeToo campaign. Artykuł omawia powieść Milkman Anny Burns, wyróżnioną nagrodą Man Booker Prize w 2018 roku, w kontekście nowej prozy irlandzkiej, która przełamuje tabu dotyczące doświadczenia kobiet w czasie Konfliktu w Irlandii Pólnocnej. Podobnie jak wiele innych współczesnych pisarek i autorek wspomnień, Burns przeciwstawia się kulturze przemocy w obydwu społecznościach i pokazuje jej zgubny wpływ na życie jednostek. Analiza opiera się na pojęciu skandalu w języku w ujęciu Haydena White’a w celu pokazania, że pisząc o życiu w czasie Konfliktu autorka wypracowuje niezwykły styl łączący tak wydawałoby się sprzeczne elementy jak logorea i milczenie oraz, że można go interpretować jako formę realizmu traumatycznego, który niezwykle przejmująco przedstawia mechanizmy podstępnej traumy zdefiniowanej przez Laurę Brown w 1995 roku. Ponadto artykuł osadza Annę Burns w kontekście innych irlandzkich pisarzy eksperymentalnych takich jak Laurence Sterne, czy Eimear McBride oraz postuluje odczytanie jej powieści jako zapowiedź irlandzkiej odsłony protestu przeciwko przemocy wobec kobiet ‒ #MeToo.

The aim of this paper is to raise awareness of the significance of slang in educating well-rounded EFL learners. The study, first, uncovers the most salient features of slang, distinguishing it from jargon, argot, cant, etc. It also discusses the reasons why slang springs to life; the users of slang and functions it performs, as well as the word-formation processes employed in its creation. The paper further investigates the familiarity of Macedonian undergraduate students of English with currently relevant English and American slang, the main hypothesis being that they lack knowledge of slang due to insufficient exposure and instruction. The instruments used are a questionnaire and a quiz comprising 60 slang terms, intended to inspect informants’ knowledge of slang. The results obtained from this research confirm that slang is disregarded in EFL acquisition, and that no steady progress is made in the students’ knowledge of slang in the course of their university studies.

This paper deals with the comparative analysis of the possibility to apply both linguo-cognitive and quantitative methods in the study of structure of mental units, e.g. concepts. The current research continues our overall and integrated study of English ecological discourse and is the next in a number of logical research series of this scientific challenge (Ковалик 2017; Ковалик, Тимочко 2018). The study object of this paper is WATER concept in English water management metadiscourse. The research is carried out on the basis of the original text of the EU Water Framework Directive 2000/60 / EC. The aim of the paper is not only to conduct a frame-based analysis of WATER concept using Svitlana Zhabotynska’s methodology of conceptual analysis (Жаботинська 1999) but also to analyse the concept occurrences in the researchable metadiscourse. In the present investigation, the conceptual structure of WATER concept is modelled through basic frame schemas and is considered as an open system. The research takes a new look at the application of linguo-cognitive and quantitative data analyses in the study of WATER concept in English water management metadiscourse.

The aim of the article is the presentation of some interesting and stimulating questions connected with the problem of eschatological codes in the Theatre of the Absurd. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the topos of Death in the Theatre of the Absurd. Because the subject has been underexplored so far, the author tries to triangulate the Theatre of the Absurd within the genre of drama first, and then moves on to the short reflection on chosen plays of Beckett and Ionesco, concentrating on the role that eschatological elements, funereal objects and eschatons play in them. The starting point of this paper could be called “eschatology of the Absurd” or “immortality deconstructed”. Meaninglessness, as the value of absolute meaning, the meaning (Sinn) and significance (Bedeutung) of Death in the Theatre of the Absurd, is also discussed. As a method of research, he proposes a short “collective phenomenological analysis”. To analyse the issue from a broad perspective, the author takes into account the relationships between the writers and their times, and refers to cultural sources, specifically the Paradox of Death in the Theatre –particularly in the Theatre of the Absurd.

Zofia and Władysław Jarema – the founders of the Groteska Theatre – from the beginning of their artitistic work in Krakow distanced themselves from perceiving the theatre of dolls as exclusively children-oriented. By gathering around themselves a group of distinguished artists, they consistently and reasonably built up the repertoire and Groteska stage for the adult audience. In their search, they included Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński, Sławomir Mrożek, and Tadeusz Różewicz. This paper is an attempt at analysing and reconstructing the performance of Kartoteka (a drama by Różewicz), which was staged in Groteska Theatre (interpretation by Zofia Jarema, stage design by Kazimierz Mikulski) a few months after its Warsaw preview in the Drama Theatre. The author of the paper also discusses the type of influence which this performance and the Jaremas’ activity in general had on the contemporary theatre of dolls.

The paper shows connections between Stanisław Tarnowski and Lucjan Rydel and his family. Tarnowski was a disciple of Józef Kremer, while Rydel was a pupil of Tarnowski. Kremer’s views on art, to some extent, shaped Tarnowski’s aesthetic thought, especially when it comes to the perception of beauty and creative act. Kremer accompanied Tarnowski at the beginning of his scientific career. Rydel used to attend Tarnowski’s speeches in his gymnasium period, and then as a student of the Jagiellonian University. He belonged to a narrow group of Young Poland writers, whose work was appreciated by the critic. He included papers about Rydel in Przegląd Polski. [78] Renata Stachura-Lupa In 1899 Tarnowski welcomed a debut volume by Rydel, appreciating his ‘inherent gift, acquired skill, good taste and musical ear, as well as playing with the difficulty of form,’ which contributed to ‘truly brilliant results.’ He praised the author for ‘his honest feelings’, at the same time noticing the dominance of sadness in his poetry, which was supposed to be typical of ‘young’ poetry, reflecting the depressing mood in the nation, caused by ‘the state of the motherland.’ In 1901 in Przegląd Polski he published a dissertation Nowe kierunki dramatu i „Zaczarowane koło” Lucjana Rydla, in which he made an ‘analysis’ of his disciple’s art. What he found particularly valuable was the method of presenting the countryside, which proved he was well-acquainted with its reality. However, it was only the trilogy Zygmunt August that he regarded as a masterpiece and ‘the best historical tragedy we’ve ever had’.

The article is devoted to the description of new trends in theory and dictionary making process of modern English lexicography. At the same time the paper also covers the main historic steps of formation and development of national English lexicography with special reference to the most reliable English dictionaries for general purposes (early glossaries and concordances, Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary, Oxford English Dictionary, etc.) and special purposes (English writers’ glossaries, concordances, lexicons to the complete and separate works of Chaucer, Shakespeare, and other famous English men of letters). The main accent is made on the digital époque of English national lexicography, describing innovative features of both printed and Internet dictionaries of various types and formats from the point of view of a user studying English as a foreign language. The paper touches upon new branches of English lexicography (collaborative, volunteer) with users’ needs and demands at the centre of dictionary making process.

This paper presents a conceptual-discursive analysis of Immanuel Kant’s texts from the viewpoint of the ontological essence of humanity (the so-called human nature). On the basis of a functional-pragmatic methodology, the author proposes a metalanguage for a pragmatic conceptual analysis of Kant’s philosophical discourse, together with his own idea of a human as a person, human being, individual, character, and bearer of human traits. The paper consists of two parts. Part One presents the principles by which the human personality is structured, as well as the fundamental methodological questions of the essence of humanity. Part Two analyzes Kant’s notion of “human nature” in both the formal aspect and that of systematic localization. It also considers the issues of social pragmatics and the empirical motivation of “human nature,” which arise from a discursive analysis of texts by Kant. The author attempts to demonstrate that Kant was one of the first philosophers to discern the specificity of human nature in social relations of human personality, which he presented neither in a causal-deterministic form (as a spiritual substance handed down from generation to generation) nor an essentialist one (as a timeless transcendental essence), but rather as a function of social experience for a particular human being (both pragmatic-teleological and transcendental-a posteriori).

The purpose of this paper is to prove that the ideal of sumptuous feasting popularized by court writers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries was a significant part of court culture, acting as a practical means of spreading sophisticated social standards. It is assumed that literature from that era was used to raise aristocratic circles to a higher civilization level and to impose a particular cultural paradigm on courtly society. Both poets and court chroniclers extolled the magnificence of the royal feasts, creating a cultural template that the English nobility gradually adopted. Feasts played a significant role in the early Plantagenet culture because they acted as powerful symbol of the splendour, magnificence and power of the royal court. What is more, by the elegant design of the dining hall, the sophistication of dishes and the observance of court ceremonial at the table, the court circles expressed their separation from other strata of society who were lower in the feudal system and were not familiar with court etiquette. The descriptions of lavish feasts documented in Arthurian literature greatly appealed to popular imagination and filled in the gaps in historiacal records of the time. Therefore, they may help to gain insight into the magnificence of material culture and a new understanding of intricate social standards introduced in the early Plantagenet period.

Taking into account the changing demands and the objectives of education, higher education institutions are expected to create a student-centered classroom environment, which can facilitate the process of skills acquisition and enable students to deal with the changes and the needs of the modern working environment. There is a concern regarding the lack of explicit encouragement within higher education concerning the application of student-centered learning. Correspondingly, one of the objectives of this paper was to develop the indicators for the student-centered classroom environment evaluation. Besides, the study aimed to identify the perceptions of lecturers regarding application of student-centered teaching methods at higher education institutions in Georgia. Consequently, the current research presents the analysis of the study, which was designed based on a quantitative methodology. A questionnaire was made for lecturers aiming at identifying facilitating factors for creating a student-centered classroom environment in Georgian higher education. The results showed that student-centered methods are used to some extent, but it is not still the main priority for the higher education institutions in Georgia. It also revealed the perceptions and the barriers that may hinder the implementation of student-centered learning practices.

The subject of the following analysis is the debut novel by Alexandra Tobor, a representative of „young prose with Polish roots“ within the German Literature. In her novel, the author depicts the departure of the child protagonist and her family from Poland to Germany in the late 1980s as a kind of „clash of civilizations“ (Huntington 1997). The aim of this paper, therefore, is to examine what narrative strategies the author uses to present the binary oppositions between the original culture and the host culture. By following the course of the story and the distribution of thematic and emotional accents in it, I will try to prove that the formula of „paradise lost“ and „paradise found“ used in the title reflects the complexity of the protagonist's liminal state and the image of Poland and Germany presented in the novel.

The characteristics of specialized text titles The paper presents the characteristics of specialized text titles by comparing three English sets of such titles concerning two different subject fields: horse riding (classical and Western) and LSP (specialized linguistics). The analysis consists of three parts: statistical, structural (grammatical) and semantic. The statistical survey reveals that high word count does not always equal accuracy, even in the case of theoretical texts of scientific subject fields such as LSP. Regarding the grammatical structure, one discovers the domination of noun phrases as well as numerous questions and imperatives addressing the readers in order to attract their attention and keep them sufficiently interested to start reading the text itself. Semantically, the titles utilize various rhetorical structures such as wordplay and metaphors. Although frequently compromising precision, which is usually associated with specialized discourse, these phenomena draw the readers and distinguish the authors. Owing to the comparison of two different subject fields, the paper also proves that scientific discourse possesses a higher degree of formality, while knowledgepopularizing texts can afford a more attractive style.

Specialised pedagogical lexicography: a work in progress While it is true that users reach for a dictionary to learn (about) something, and, therefore, all dictionaries are of educational value, pedagogical dictionaries in the narrow sense play a special role: they are supposed to be reference works for a variety of didactic needs of teachers and learners. Specialised pedagogical dictionaries, on their part, hold a special position among terminographic works, in particular on account of their primary function of educating the users so that they could engage in an uninterrupted professional communication, acquire new knowledge and/or ensure flow of non-distorted specialised information. However, the quality of existing works is still low, one reason being the lack of consistent theory of pedagogical terminography. In this paper an attempt is made to summarise the most important variables that need to be considered in pedagogically-oriented specialised dictionary-making. These variables include: user profile, user situation, user needs and user dictionary situation considered from the perspective of the most saliet dictionary parameters, that is the frequency, the cognitive aspect, the paradigmatic context and the pragmatic framework. Based on the considerations presented in the paper, the author lists a set of dictionary structure elements that could be used to construct an optimum specialised pedagogical dictionary.

The paper presents a short story entitled Wanda by Zuzanna Orlińska as a posthumanist reinterpretation of the traditional ethnocentric legend. Subtle changes in te character’s motivation and expanding the plot of Wanda’s story into two other texts create a new understanding of community (not only a national one), as well as a new model of women’s participation in it. The foundations of this new model are agency, care and interdependence.

In search of the past: the phenomenon of the Russian ballet in exile in the 20th century The paper investigates the phenomenon of the Russian ballet in exile in the twentieth century. It highlights that the art of the ballet is a little studied part of emigrational artistic culture, since there are still no records of the Russian ballet in exile and many texts, including personal archives, have not yet been studied. The paper attempts to prove that the Russian ballet art has successfully assimilated with the European culture by virtue of an outstanding activist Sergei Diaghilev and his ‘Russian Seasons’. Diaghilev worked and collaborated with such world-renowned masters of ballet as Pavlova A., Karsavina T., Kšesinskaja M., Preobrajenska O., Nižinskij V., Massine L., Lifar S. and others. Many of them have made a great leap into the future of the ballet, discovering new performance techniques. The innovative scenarios of Jean Cocteau, as well as the designs of a cubist painter Pablo Picasso for the ‘Russian Seasons’ ballets, have all contributed to the changes matching the spirit of the age.

The conceptualization of limits in academic legal written language is the focus of the present article. The main problem of the research is the controversial evaluation of such metaphorical expressions from the normative point of view. In academic legal papers, the upper limit of various payments is named as ‘ceiling’. Thus, the implemented conceptual metaphor shows that THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL SECURITY IS A ROOM. In the same papers, the minimal limit of incomes of inhabitants and of lawbreaker at which some social measures are applied or at which some sanctions start to take effect is named as 'threshold’. Therefore, these metaphorical expressions implement the conceptual metaphor CIRCUMSTANCES (OF INHABITANT OR OFFENDER) IS A ROOM. Though the figurative meanings of both ‘ceiling’ and ‘threshold’ in the Lithuanian language had formed due to the impact of foreign languages; the figurative meanings of the word ‘threshold’ are included in the dictionaries as the correct ones, but the expressions with ‘ceiling’ are evaluated like semantic calques.

Published in 1816, "Malvina, or the Heart's Intuition" by Maria Wirtemberska appeared but five years after the publication of Jane Austen's "Sense and Sensibility" (1811). My paper stipulates that Wirtemberska's Malvina was to a large extent inspired by Austen's novel although no straightforward evidence exists to suggest that the Polish writer was familiar with the works of the English author. Austen's novels were not rendered into Polish in the nineteenth century: the first translation was published as late as 1934. But novels by Western European authors were read by educated Poles in their original language versions, or in French translations and adaptations. It is crucial to view Wirtemberska's romance as a specimen of the same genre as Austen's works because several parallels emerge in terms of the novel's structure, motifs and characters. My paper looks at the ways in which the motif and images of crying are used in Austen's and Wirtemberska's novels. The two works seem a good choice for this kind of comparative analysis as they tackle various aspects of sensibility, a phenomenon which invoked mixed feelings among the novelists' contemporaries, excitement and a sense of moral jeopardy included.

his article studies the development of the translation theories in the second half of the twentieth century, a period during which significant theoretical contributions were made in translation circles. These contributions had a profound impact on the practice of translation. The individuals who contributed to the present state of translation theory worked in translation circles, and this article examines their contributions. A selected history of theoretical developments, focusing on the most important ideas relevant to translation work, is presented in order to examine the impact of such theories on the practice of translation. It has become commonplace to believe that the deconstructionist and poststructuralist views on translation have opened new perspectives in Translation Studies. The aim of this paper is to highlight the main tenets of the major authors of these theories. The attention is especially drawn to a well-known controversy related to the concept of equivalence and translation strategies. This paper presents the main criticism made by the poststructuralist translation views on interpretation. Finally, some conclusions are drawn.

The present article is aimed at examining the category of the reality status by discussing the dichotomy “realis / irrealis” in the context of the categories of modality, habituality and futurity. Prototype analysis is juxtaposed with scope analysis, and the category of the habitual is discussed from the typological perspective as well as from the perspective of its connection with the category of futurity. The paper presents aspect diversity of habituals (perfective and imperfective aspect and its contextual implications) as well as the differentiation between the habitual and modality. A special focus is on the prototype analysis and its application instances in Polish, English and Hebrew. The primary objective of the paper is to show that, although it is possible to treat irrealis as notional category, the habituals in Polish and many other Slavic languages (e.g. Czech) should be identified with the modality domain rather than irrealis category. The paper is also an attempt to provide an insight into the distinction between (ir)realis and encoding systems of modalities as the habitual aspect displays modal category features in many languages (including Polish).

“To see Heaven praised by poets of the whole world, to see Italy” –Northern Italy, as described by Stanisław and Władysław Bełza Abstract Italian voyages of the 19th and 20th centuries have already been described many times. Thatis why this paper has been devoted to those accounts which so far have not been particularlypopular with literary historians, but are still worth mentioning: Z Wenecyi do Neapolu.Wrażenia z podróży by Władysław Bełza and Za Apeninami, Na lagunach, Obrazy i obrazkiWenecyi by Stanisław Bełza. The paper consists of two parts: the first one presents Veniceas seen by the above mentioned authors, while the second one, entitled Z Polski do ziemiwłoskiej, z ziemi włoskiej do Polski follows the Polish traces on foreign land. Voyages of theBełza brothers, just like romantic voyages had two routes: the first one led through theEuropean cultural heritage, while the other one followed the track of national memorabilia. Keywords: cultural heritage, travel, memories, patriotism

The aim of this paper is to present translation strategies applied in the process of literary translation of proper names. The analysis is carried out on the example of the translation of the novel Prince Caspian by Clive Staples Lewis: into Polish by Andrzej Polkowski and into German by Lena Lademann-Wildhagen. The paper analyses how proper names referring to living creatures, geographical or topographical names were translated. The techniques applied by the two translators were significantly different, from transference, substitution, translation of part of the names, through referring associations with the character’s behaviour or the features of the object, to free translation, limited only by the author’s imagination. All the names were analysed in terms of semantics, morphology, for some the graphemes and phonemes were studied. First, the translation techniques used dealing with proper names were identified. Based on this, the results of the analysis of the selected names from the novel and its translations were presented together with conclusions on their influence on the world depicted in the novels and the impact the differences in translations can have on the reader.

The Panama Papers leakage implicated several African leaders in global corruption deals. It confirmed perceptions that these leaders care little for their people. African leaders who overstay term limits are the focus of Western democratic ire. Pro-democracy movements, the overthrow of regimes characterised as undemocratic gain unquestioned media coverage and praise. African leaders are summoned to the International Criminal Court in The Hague; their societies debate whether justice can be administered from outside. Increasingly, voices question African political and developmental processes. African Literature participates in struggles defining modern Africa’s search for identity and its own definition of leadership. It points to possibilities rooted in African Oral Tradition and in customs predating various colonial systems. Leadership forms that societies choose are closely linked to perceptions of identity. This paper examines the crisis of identity which has resulted in Africa’s crisis of leadership and looks at approaches taken by African writers and filmmakers: Malian filmmaker Cheik Oumar Sissoko’s film La Genèse (1999), South African writer Zakes Mda’s novels Ways of Dying(1995), Heart of Redness (2000).

Memories of War as Literature and Historical Sources in selected diaries of II World War This paper aims at defining the features of literature of reminiscence, especially of works related to the Second World War. The analysis is based on two memoirs: „Mój wrzesień 1939” [„My September 1939”] by Marian Jędo and „Inną drogą” [„Another way”] by Wiesław Widloch. The texts shows how the authors share their experiences/stories with recipients. As noted by Hayden White, it is impossible to get an objective image of past events, but one can analyze the way these events were experienced and described. As a consequence, the paper starts with theoretical considerations about the functioning of both historical narration and narration of reminiscence in contemporary historical and Literature theses, and also among the recipients of historical books. In fact it is worth mentioning the connection between the research on literature of reminiscence and microhistory studies. In both cases the key issue is to focus on the life of a selected person and to see the world from his or her perspective. Among the research methods used in the present work one can find not only methods defined in the literature dedicated to memoirs analysis but also methods created by historians representing historicism.

Biography of the journalist in communication aspect on the example of books by Angelika Kuźniak This paper attempts to legitimize and distinguish the journalistic variant of biographical writing from other functional forms, including scholarly and literary biography. The presence of the term „journalistic biography” in the professional and amateur criticism is a manifestation of the readers’ awareness of genre theory and understanding a genre as a communicational convention. This kind of perception is closely related to the phenomenon called „horizons of expectations” and the particular pact made between the author and the reader. Focusing on Angelika Kuźniak’s works, the paper shows the specific role of a reporter being the biographer and a biographer being the reporter. The analysis of Kuźniak’s biographical books (Marlene, Papusza and Stryjeńska) and reportage (Mam bardzo cienkie powieki) helps to recognize the differences between the biographical reportage and the journalistic biographical story. Following this distinction, the paper suggests that the term „journalistic biography” should be considered as a name of the group of genres and discourses related to the functional styles or, in other words, a specific transmitter–receiver situation.

The subject of the paper are Northern Kresy phrasemes built based on function words that for many reasons escape the attention of scholars. The fi rst part of the article briefl y describes the issues related to the predilection of scholars for omitting multi-word units and explaining single words despite the fact that the former are much more common in natural languages than the single-word units. The part that presents material focuses on 67 phrasemes confi rmed by 223 examples extracted from Vilnius press from the years 1960–1979 as well as book publishing houses printed in Soviet Lithuania in the years 1949–1985. The phrasematic material is presented in the formalized form, adapting the principles of language units description proposed by A. Bogusławski and M. Danielewiczowa. Phrasemes are mostly of East Slavic origin. Approximately 36% of units were also found in other sources.