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BEGINNINGS OF THE OIL INDUSTRY IN GALICIA BEFORE THE PERIOD OF AUTONOMY IN THE LIGHT OF SELECTED POLISH PRESS TITLES The publication of newspapers and the extraction and use of crude oil were undoubtedly among the socio-economic areas that significantly affected the lives of people in the 19th century. At the time, newspapers and journals played the role of the most important and popular sources of information about crude oil and its products, especially kerosene, and they shaped their readers’ worldviews on those products’ uses in the economy and everyday life. This paper presents the beginning of the oil industry in Austrian Galicia in pre-autonomy Galicia in the Polish news press (Czas, Gazeta Narodowa, Gazeta Lwowska) and economic magazines (Gazeta Przemysłowa, Korespondent Handlowy, Przemysłowy i Rolniczy, Tygodnik Rolniczo-Przemysłowy). The first mentions in the press on the subject appeared in the 1850s. In the 1860s, oil-related subjects were broadly represented in daily newspapers and in the economic press. In agricultural journals, especially in the Prussian and Russian partitions, oil-related subjects were not present in titles from the 1850s and 60s. The first group of texts consisted of articles about crude oil (chemical properties) and regions which were rich in petroleum. In areas where it was present, crude oil had been known and used for a long time, but to the readership of newspapers and journals it was a new resource. It is no wonder then that the press was explaining what it was and what its uses were. The press did not focus on Galicia’s deposits of crude oil, earthwax and natural gas, but did print detailed information on their sources around the world, especially in the United States (the names of oil fields, the volume and monetary value of extraction and export to Europe). The press saw the American mass production and sale of oil to Europe as the greatest threat to the Galician industry. The press documented the economic situation of the Galician oil industry (petroleum mining, oil refinery, business people) and speculated on its future position in Galicia’s economic system. It speculated that the oil industry would become an important branch of the economy. When writing about the oil industry, the press reported on the first mines (Bóbrka, Borysław), entrepreneurs, the presence of oil products on agricultural and industrial expositions organised in Kraków, Rzeszów and Jasło. Another subject discussed by the press was articles on the trade of paraffin oil. The development of the Galician oil industry had also become a pretext to debate on its role in everyday life. In the opinion of the press, oil lamps would be used as street lighting and at home illuminating the whole room. These newspaper advertisements showed new products connected with the oil industry such as different kinds of paraffin oil and oil lamps.

An Unknown Scholarly Text about Polish-Ukrainian Relations in Galicia by Marian Tyrowicz in the Archives of PAN and PAU in Krakow The paper aims at acquainting the reader with an unknown typescript by Marian Tyrowicz (1901-89), a Lvov-born researcher of Galicia (Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria) who was a professor of the Higher School of Pedagogy (today’s Pedagogical University) in Krakow after WWII. The text entitled A Brief Outline of the Ukrainian-Polish Relations in Galicia and Reborn Poland (1772-1939) was created under the German occupation of Lvov in 1943 and is kept in the Scientific Archive of PAN and PAU in Krakow now. Since the unclear copyright status currently prevents its publication, the author of the paper has decided to present its contents and make the most significant findings of Tyrowicz available to scholars. Based on relevant Polish and Ukrainian antebellum literature Tyrowicz arrived at a synthetic picture of relations between Poles and Ruthenians (Ukrainians) on the territory of Eastern Galicia with reference to the political situation, foreign relations, and socio-cultural processes.

Austrian Land Cadasters in the Possession of Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lvov The paper outlines the most important sources for economic history of Galicia (Austrian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria) that are kept in the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lvov. The sources comprise tax fassus (statements) of 1772 and Galician cadasters, that is Josephin Metrics, made in 1795-89, and Franciscan Metrics, started in 1819-20, as well as Fixed Galician Cadaster, compiled in mid-19th century. The paper describes the place of storage of the documents in the Lvov Archives, their contests, and the ways they can be utilized. In addition, changes in administrative division of Galicia have been delineated to facilitate the search of the archive.

Strange Ethnicity. Different Faces of Armenian Identity in Galicia This paper deals with the issue of the identity of Polish Armenians in Galicia. One of the characters in the text is a Polish- and Ruthenian-speaking Austrian baron, Polish patriot and Armenian-style landholder – Grzegorz Romaszkan. The Author attempts to prove that, in addition to traditional ethnic characteristics such as the language or religious practices, one can observe a number of more hidden relations and bonds among the Armenians of Galicia. Genealogy and the memory of their ancestors, as well as important family celebrations - such as weddings, baptisms, and burials – were the building blocks of the identity of this small minority. By virtue of their religious – and thus metaphysical – nature, they left a permanent mark on the memory and sense of identity – more so than other, more fleeting life experiences, especially as they gathered significant portions of small local Armenian communities in one place (a church or cemetery): the central figures of the celebrations (the newlyweds, newborn babies, the deceased) and the witnesses, as well as relatives near and far. Celebrations at home and church helped forge the bonds within the Armenian family and ethnic group. Other aspects that defined the identity of the community included the physical space – also in the sentimental sense of the word. The memory of the family home, the estate, the manor house, the cemetery holding the remains of loved ones – were at the roots of emotional attachment to places and people that was stronger than any professed ideologies and cultural socialization. The source material for this paper was derived from memoirs and Church documents (certificates of baptism, marriage, death, etc., censuses of the faithful).

THE INTELLECTUAL MILIEU CHARACTERISING THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS OF THE PAST OF LVIV (1906-1939) The paper is an attempt to characterise the Society of Friends of the Past of Lviv in the years 1906-1939 (with a 1914-1926 break); the community of Lviv historians, journalists, museologists, and archivists around this Society, and various forms and manifestations of their activity. The Society contributed to the development of research in the field of regional history, and studies on the history of Lviv, its culture and monuments. Among the co-founders of the Society were famous Lviv historians, including Aleksander Czołowski (1865-1944), Ludwik Kubala (1838-1918), Józef Białynia-Chołodecki (1852-1934), and the vice-mayor of the city of Lviv, Tadeusz Rutowski (1852-1918).

Sacred and profane space of the Ukrainian steppe – Romantic vision of the young generation The paper considers the subject of Ukrainian regionalism of the early Romantic age concentrating upon the expanse of the Ukrainian steppe. Ukraine became the privileged Earth for Romantics although the course of history separated her from the borders of Poland, she functioned as the cradle of Polish history and the national spirit in the creative awareness of poets. The Ukrainian steppe with it vastness gave feeling to a sense of history and spirituality. The paper examines interest within the motif of the Ukrainian steppe in the works of poets involved in the so-called “Ukrainian school”. Consequently calling upon famous names such us Antoni Malczewski, Seweryn Goszczyński or Bohdan Zaleski, through equally referring to less famous poets like: Tomasz Olizarowski and Maurycy Gosławski. The author pays attention to the way the Ukrainian steppe was portrayed, considers the sphere of the fairytale and mythology which manifests itself within supernatural figures inhabiting the Ukrainian steppe.

Parchment Documents of the Town of Niżankowice in the Resources of the State Archives in Przemyśl The article discusses the parchment documents related to the town of Niżankowice, and stored in the State Archives in Przemyśl. The first preserved mention of their storage in the municipal archives in Niżankowice comes from 1889. In 1913, these documents were transferred by judge Józef Tarnawski to the collection of the Archives of the Society of Friends of Science in Przemyśl. After the Society was shut down, the Niżankowice parchments became part of the resources of the State Archives in Przemyśl in 1952. Currently, they are stored in the Archives as the collection no. 875 in The collection of paper and parchment documents. The article is supplemented by a catalogue containing descriptins of 15 parchment documents ofthe town of Niżankowice.

Lost Archaeological Collection from the Pidhirtsi Castle The paper briefly recalls the 19th-century archeological collection from the castle of Rzewuski and Sanguszko in Podhorce (Pidhirtsi), Ukraine, which was lost in unknown circumstances.

The Collection of Helena Dąbczańska (1863-1956) in the State Archives in Przemyśl The State Archives in Przemyśl is in possession of the Collection of Helena Dąbczańska (1863-1956), well-known connoisseur from Lvov who collected books and artifacts. Dąbczańska gave a part of her collection to the Society of Friends of Sciences (Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk) in Przemyśl. After the dissolution of the Society in 1952 a fragment of this donation went to the state archives. The Collection of Helena Dąbczańska comprises mainly ephemera and excerpts from periodicals as well as manuscripts—all dating from 1750-1899. The paper presents the origins and contents of the collection as well as an outline of its development.

From the Lives of Poles in Soviet Lvov: The Case of Maria Tereszczak The paper discusses repressions of the Soviet security apparatus against a Lvov social activist Maria Tereszczak beginning with her arrest by counterintelligence bureau SMERSH in 1945, through a court trial, deportation, time in a labor camp, and her return to Lvov. It also depicts a seemingly hopeless struggle of the Pole to regain her good name. After ten years her sentence was annulled and she was rehabilitated. This development was a rare event at the time of the Brezhnev rule in the USSR.

From Mościska to Jugów. Testimonies of Józefa Wójcik and Maria Kocur, repatriates from the Eastern Polish Borderlands The history of the inhabitants of the former Polish Eastern Borderlands is an interesting research topic, especially when connected to everyday life issues. Oral testimonies are important historical sources which help explore the subject better. This paper presents transcriptions of two conversations with sisters Józefa Wójcik (born in 1930) and Maria Kocór (born in 1928). Both of them were born and spent their prime years around Mościska near Lviv, and after World War II were re-settled to Jugów in Lower Silesia. The interviews were conducted in 2014 as part of a research project in the field of oral history entitled “Everyday life of inhabitants of the Owl Mountains in 1945-1970”.

The Targowiska Parish Chronicle of the World War I Period In The Targowiska Parish Chronicle the local parish priest, Rev. Mateusz Sos, gives an account of all that he thought was worth noting down in a given year; all that happened in the parish, the neighbourhood, the diocese and in the world. What the reader finds in the Chronicle are such issues as: the pastoral duties during the marching of troops through town, the ups and downs of celebrating liturgy, destruction of church property and peasants’ farms, visits to the parish (especially of priests), locals’ attitude and response to particular events, important documents (e.g. announcements issued by military, religious, and civil authorities), requisitions, plunders (mainly by the fighting parties), arsons, murders, epidemics. The author gives a detailed account of the relations with Russian authorities, particularly with the tsar’s army officers stationed in the presbytery, and with the Cossacks. For the purposes of this paper, records from 1914-1918 have been quoted.

The work of the guild mason Wojciech Lenartowicz The guild mason was the creator of a group of about ten similar to each other churches built in the area between the Vistula and the Bug River. This paper provides an overview of the state of research on his work and its analysis and a polemic with earlier view, regarding im as an executor of architectural projects by Jan Michał Link. Churches bulit by Lenartowicz are characteristic due to a simple composition of floor plan, decorative composition of shapes and unusual elaboration of the architectural decoration, implemented entirely in brick and plaster.

Vilnius. The city as object of nostalgia The paper deals with the „Vilnius text“ (in the terminological sense introduced by Vladimir Toporov and Yury Lotman) and its development from the XVI c. up to the second half of the XX c. The author discusses its multicultural character and one of its essential unifying elements, namely, longing for the city, experienced and expressed not only by the individual authors, but by entire ethnic groups (Lithuanians, Poles, Jews, Belorussians).

Taras Shevchenko and activity of The Brotherhood of Cyril and Methodius in memories of Polish students of the Kyiv University This paper presents the most famous conspiratorial, Ukrainian association in 19th century, seen from a perspective of representatives of Polish nation, struggling for freedom in the eastern lands of former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Brotherhood of Cyril and Methodius is a symbol of Ukrainians’ struggle for independent existence of Ukrainian culture in the middle of 19th century. Main activists of this secret association, with Taras Shevchenko, became an elite of Ukrainian society and heads of nation. Their activity makes very important chapter for Ukrainian historiography. Historians rarely have reached memories of Poles, which were living in Ukraine in 19th century. The Polish students (constituting a majority among students of the Kyiv University) have left several interesting historical records. Especially diary of Julian Belina Kędrzycki seems to be important, because he described his acquaintance with Taras Shevchenko and Mykola Kostomarov in 1846-1847. Another diarist, Zygmunt Miłkowski (writing under pseudonym Teodor Tomasz Jeż) came in the university a half year after members of the Brotherhood of Cyril and Methodius had been arrested. After years he wrote diaries, which are reflecting atmosphere in the Kyiv University and development of Polish and Ukrainian national movement. Some information are in works of other Polish students too, like: Franciszek Duchiński, Tadeusz Bobrowski, Leon Syroczyński and Franciszek Rawita-Gawroński.

The vitality of the idea of the „Ukrainian Kresy” in Polish culture. Fieldwork announcement The paper attempts to characterize the stereotype of former Polish „Kresy” which seems to be vital in Polish literature in a historical view and in popular image of contemporary Ukraine. The first part of the article concentrates on the process of forming the „Kresy” mythology from historical experiences which were taken on the borderline between two nations – Poles and Ukrainians over the centuries. The landscapes of „Kresy”, the myths of heroes and the Bulwark of Christianity idea decided of the shape of the image of „Kresy” that was current till the beginning of 20. century, when many historical facts occurred in that region (Ukrainian struggle for independence, I World War, Polish–Bolshevik War 1920). To a certain extent those facts destructed the idyllic „Kresy” image. Nevertheless, the myth was supported by the tourism that was expanding from the 1870s, especially in the Eastern Carpathian region. In the second part of the article the author presents the results of her fieldwork, that was conducted among the Polish and Ukrainian students in Poland. The historically constructed stereotype is being compared with the stereotype that is actual in a touristic experience of Ukraine which belongs to young people who define themselves as „interested in” Eastern Europe culture and history.

About identification of the Kalinovska’s portrait in funds of the Regional Art Museum in Vinnitsa (Ukraine) The topic of this paper is the female portrait from 18th century belonging to collection of the Regional Art Museum in Vinnitsa (Ukraine). The author of the portrait is unknown. The researcher of this theme proves that Anna Lubomirska-Rzwuska is represented on this portrait. Princess Anna Lubomirska-Rzewuska (1717-1763) was a member of Polish nobility. Her parents are Józef Rzewuski and Teresa Mniszek. She was Stanisław Lubomirski’s sister. She married Wacław Rzewuski in 1732.