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The effects of emotions on the military personnel are as important as the techniques used in the tactical field. Therefore, psychological features should also be considered in military training and education process to enable the cadets - future officers to manage stressful situations. The aim of the paper is to analyze the effects of emotional states on the training of the cadets in the Military Lyceum. The significance of the psychological health of the cadets in their training has been discussed. The types of emotional states observed in the cadets, like mood, affect, stress and frustration have been scrutinized. At the same time, positive and negative impacts of various emotional states on the training of the cadets have been studied. The ways for preventing the negative emotional states have been examined. The paper is concluded with the recommendations on the stated problem in order to further increase the efficiency of the training in the Military Lyceum.

The Caspian region is one of the most important regions of the world with its rich hydrocarbon resources, which in turn draws attention from different countries. The purpose of this paper is to underscore the geopolitical importance of the Caspian basin and the impact of its energy resources on the energy security of non-regional countries. The realization of the “Contract of the century” has been specified in the paper. Russian hegemony has been evaluated and the characteristic features of Northern route have been introduced. The authors attempted to delineate the US’ strategy in the Caspian region and to judge the security of the Western route stretching from the Caspian Sea. The status of the Caspian Sea has been clarified based on the most recent information. Threats to the security of the transit routes have been identified and measures have been offered to prevent possible incidents. A formula was suggested for the mathematical evaluation of possible terrorist attacks on the pipelines in the foreseeable future.

Throughout history, changes in the character of war have always been difficult for contemporaries to identify and assess. The context of future conflicts and wars can help the nations to make sound decisions on designing the tasks and missions of future forces. This paper offers a view on the character of future conflicts, seeks to describe what Armed Forces are likely to experience in future conflicts in light of dynamic changes in current security environment, and provides recommendations on the areas with the shortfalls, which could be essential to their success. It assesses how we think about future war, drawing attention to its associated caveats, obstacles, and intellec­tual problems. The author focuses attention on the issues related the activities referred to as “hybrid”, and the possibility of using the Armed Forces’ potential in terms of identification and elimination of threats. The conclusion of the paper presents a clear picture of future generations of the soldiers based on the requirements predicted throughout the article.

The presented paper concerns press in the period of the Warsaw Uprising, especially “Biuletyn Informacyjny”. Polish underground editing movement was the greatest amongst European countries covered by the World War II. Differently than underground press published during occupancy, press of the Warsaw Uprising is considered as open. The purpose of this paper is to present press of the Warsaw Uprising on the example of the “Biuletyn Informacyjny” (1939−1945). The author analyzed 68 numbers of the newspaper edited during the Warsaw Uprising to show the genre structure of the “Biuletyn Informacyjny” on the background of the Warsaw Uprising press, with the reference to underground press of the period of World War II.

The offer of Polish radio stations is relatively extensive. Polish radio market offers many radio stations with diversified music profiles. This collection also includes rock radio stations. In this paper, the main aim was to prove that rock radio stations in Poland have a special tastemaking and educational function, both by presenting varied subgenres of rock music and by demonstrating history and curosities of rock genre. In addition, they inform users about the most important, current music events. Their news shows are full of miscellaneous informations. Morning shows in those radio stations have an ‘easy-going’ form and contain many humorous elements aimed at making the audience laugh and feel better. The article is also dedicated to the history of rock music the etymology of word rock and the problems associated with defining this genre. Moreover, there were demonstrated selected, historically important rock radio stations and the current structure of rock radio stations in Poland. What is more, this paper contains part about most popular rock radio stations – Antyradio and Eska Rock, which were analyzed in terms of music, programmes and other broadcasts aired on these stations.

This paper concerns the process of negotiating author and reader roles in the blogosphere. The starting point of this article is the theory of Roland Barthes that the death of the author is necessary for the birth of the reader. This idea notably responds to changing relations between the author and the reader in the new media era. The example of the blogosphere allows us to see that the roles of the author and the reader are not pre-defined and the field of their “laws” is negotiated (two models of negotiations are described in this paper). In the blogosphere, which is an example of participatory culture, knocking the author off his pedestal does not result in the reader replacing the author, as R. Barthes would like. On the empty pedestal, after dumping the author, the reader does not appear – but communication does.

New media becomes more and more popular. Its existence and constant development do not stay indifferent to traditional forms of non-fiction literature. The distinct example of this phenomenon is creation of a multimedia reportage. It is a combination of the classic journalistic text and elements such as: pictures, sounds, films, animations and visualizations. A typical quality of multimedia reportage is interactivity. This paper contains analysis of one of the first Polish examples of the new kind of reportage – Boskie Światło by Jacek Hugo-Bader. In the presented paper all new media tools used by the reporter and effect of this usage are described. Following this – the influence of new media on non-fiction literature evolution is depicted. The multimedia reportage is a completely new creation, so no specific literature about this genre has been written yet. To prove its otherness, it is compared with a classic form of the reportage.

Deterrence has become more noticable among the issues related with hybrid threats for the last decade. The genesis of deterrence has been studied in the paper. The characteristic features of deterrence strategy have been presented. The categories of deterrence have been examined based on the examples from diferent regions. The evolution process of deterrence concept has been delineated. The South Caucasus has been chosen as a focal point and its comparison with other regions has been conducted. The vulnerabilities of the countries in the region have been presented. The recommendations have been made for developing robust deterrence strategy against external actors and their linchpin in the region.

This paper presents recent research focused on the role of subtitled audio-visual material on foreign language acquisition. The author distinguishes various types of subtitled audio-visual content and comments on their usefulness and possible impact on the learning process, presenting other researchers’ opinion and his own perspective. Different types of content (videos, games) are categorized and properly commented regarding their influence on different language skills and competences. Also, the author shows ways the learners can experience such content for learning purposes. Possible application of such methods for advanced distributed learning is investigated, with LMS ILIAS used a base for exercises.

The presented framework is fluid in terms of design; it can be applied to both: suit needs of a different target group and subject. However, this paper focuses solely on language learning and should be applied to provide training only in this dimension. The e-learning platform used in this project is LMS ILIAS; however, it would be possible to apply another system of this class (learning management system). Nonetheless, it is advisable to use LMS ILIAS, as it suits this project’s needs and is compliant with the NATO DEEP Portal project. Ideally, the people involved in this project should know the specifics of working with military personnel of various countries. Additionally, all the role-holders are required to have experience with e-learning project design based on the ADDIE model of instructional design. The author recommends launching the project with a pilot phase first, so the initial assumptions would be properly revised.

In this paper the author focuses mainly on the impact of new media on young people – members of subcultures and fan communities. The first part is about the general phenomenon of new media, what includes convergence culture and remix culture. Second part contains information about popculture and its creations – subcultures and fan communities. The author explains here why otaku are a subculture. Third part is about the impact of new media on otaku what is analyzed on Facebook example.

The paper presents the essence of the non-government organization and social partner. Also it referees to the aims and objectives of the military cooperation with these entities. Moreover it shows in the fi elds of the co-operation and the procedure of releasing the military estate to them. It was pointed out that this process is based on the Cooperation Plan, or on the basis of individual consent issued by the Director of the Department of Infrastructure

The paper deals with the issue of control of the municipal social welfare center performed by the commune council revision commission. The proper considerations were preceded by remarks regarding the principles of organization and functioning of the local government administration in the commune. Against this background, the legal position of the social welfare center, its manager, self-government employees, including social workers was characterized. The legal nature of the revision committee was also referred to and the legal basis for its operation was presented. The rights of the revision committee to the social assistance center were discussed, and the principles and course of the control made by it were approximated. Attention was paid to the diversity of control items. In particular, a significant problem of protection of personal data of the manager and employees of the center during the control was pointed out.

This paper presents an analysis of the influence of judgments of the Constitutional Tribunal on ongoing administrative proceedings. The article discusses the issue that raises the most controversy in both the jurisprudence and the scholars, which is the delay in time by the CT of the loss of binding force by an unconstitutional provision in court-administrative proceedings.

This paper aims at analyzing and upgrading the legal status of sponsorship contracts as for cultural activities. It is recommended to adopt various legislative changes, many of which could exemplify the proposed ‘funding-promotion’ paradigm. The key of this model is to focus on private individuals and legal entities either under the public law or under the private one, as potential sponsors, donators etc. and to provide them with sufficient motivation. A tax exemption percentage of 10% is not compatible with the sponsorship concept. Last but not least, tourism law has recently begun to adopt the cultural sponsorship contract model.

The presented paper concerns information and communication functions of the microblog Twitter during and after terrorist attacks in Paris in 2015. The main purpose of this publication is to point out functions of content described with such hashtags as: #porteouverte, #rechercheparis, #prayforParis, #wearenotafraid, #noussommesunis. Twitter’s users used listed hashtags mainly to: 1) send people (who were in the area of terrorist attacks) information on where they can find safe place to stay, 2) look for lost people more effectively, 3) show support to people touched by the tragedy. On the November 13th 2015 and a few days after series of terrorist attacks in Paris Twitter was an important communication space, the place of giving help and support in fight with terrorism.

Raphael Lemkin is hardly known to a Polish audiences. One of the most honored Poles of the XX century, forever revered in the history of human rights, nominated six times for the Nobel Peace Prize, Lemkin sacrificed his entire life to make a real change in the world: the creation of the term “genocide” and making it a crime under international law. How long was his struggle to establish what we now take as obvious, what we now take for granted? This paper offers his short biography, showing his long road from realizing that the killing one person was considered a murder but that under international law in 1930s the killing a million was not. Through coining the term “genocide” in 1944, he helped make genocide a criminal charge at the Nuremburg war crimes trials of Nazi leaders in late 1945, although there the crime of genocide did not cover killing whole tribes when committed on inhabitants of the same country nor when not during war. He next lobbied the new United Nations to adopt a resolution that genocide is a crime under international law, which it adopted on 11 December, 1946. Although not a U.N. delegate – he was “Totally Unofficial,” the title of his autobiography – Lemkin then led the U.N. in creating the Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted 9 December, 1948. Until his death in 1958, Lemkin lobbied tirelessly to get other U.N. states to ratify the Convention. His legacy is that, as of 2015, 147 U.N. states have done so, 46 still on hold. His tomb inscription reads simply, “Dr. Raphael Lemkin (1900–1959), Father of the Genocide Convention”. Without him the world as we know it, would not be possible.

The assessment of formal complaint is discussed in this comment. It concerns the activities of the public administration of entitlements or obligations under the law. It was pointed out that file the claim against such action must be preceded by a summons of the competent authority to remove a breach of the law. It was noted, there is no regulation process, that could be applied in the case of a referral of this summons to the incompetent authority to his diagnosis, in the domestic legal order. The analysis of legal regulations, which could be relevant in such situation was done in this paper. The reference made by the Court in its judgment to rule contained in Art. 15 of the European Code of Good Administration, was rated correct. That argument was way out of the realization of this case, under Art. 41 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the right to good administration.

The subject of the paper is to analyze the possibility of acquisition by the heir of a powers of deceased entrepreneur. Those powers relate to conduct business in terms of emptying septic tanks and transport of liquid waste in the municipality. It was agreed that the powers to conduct business transferred to an heir, in the absence of their content relevant reservations. Then the new authorization is not needed for the conducting the business activity by the heir. In place of the current addressee of the decision enters, by itself, the legal successor.

From the very beginning of Polish statehood in 1918, conflicts sparked between the civil authorities and the Episcopate of Poland. In a natural way, they projected downwards to towns and villages, antagonizing and dividing the Polish society. Many publications dating to just after World War 2 one-sidedly assigned blame to the Catholic Church. The present paper shows such accusations to be wrongful and blatantly untrue. The choice of the parish is not random – it was here that the most renowned conflict around teaching religion in the Łomża diocese took place. Father Witold Balukiewicz’s endeavors to build a modern school and teach religion in the full scope guaranteed by the law and the Father’s later social engagement. In light of the facts and with the benefit of hindsight, it is not difficult to determine who was right.

Justice is a widely used evaluation criterion applied to both particular decisions and behaviours as well as to whole social, economic and political systems. The paper presents research results from the representative sample of adult Poles conducted in September 2014. The goal of the research was to investigate the relationships between different schemata of world perception and the evaluation of the justice of the current socio-economic system. The method of the data collection was computer assisted telephone interviews. The results indicate that the evaluations of justice of the political system are lower when: political cynicism is higher, interpersonal distrust is higher and when respondents held a stronger belief that the social world is full of uncontrollable danger. Also the lower evaluations of justice of the current system were accompanied by acceptance of aggression in politics. Socio-demographic variables were less correlated with the evaluations of the justice of the system then were psychological variables. Only age and educational level significantly but weakly differentiated the evaluations of justice.

In social psychology the group polarization refers to the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members. This phenomenon constitutes a potential obstacle to positive outcomes attributed to deliberative debates. A deliberative debate is a particular kind of a group discussion tasked with fi nding group consensus on controversial issues. The idea of deliberation originates from the writings of John Rawls, Jürgen Habermas, Amy Gutmann and Denis Thompson. Deliberative debate imposes numerous normative requirements on the communication, relationships among the disputants and their approach to the issue under discussion. These normative requirements make a big difference between deliberative debates and the situations in which the phenomenon of polarization was observed. Thus, we presume that in deliberative debates conditions the phenomenon of group polarization may be limited. The paper investigates the following questions: would the normative conditions of deliberation limit the occurrence of polarization in discussing groups? and What infl uence (if any) would the polarization process have on the quality of group decision? In the light of the empirical data we concluded what follows: (1) In 50% of the analyzed cases of group discussion the phenomenon of group polarization was observed despite the normative conditions of deliberation. (2) The occurrence of group polarization in some cases coincided with making the fi nal decisions which did not alter the initial preferences of the disputants (but did not totally predestinated the fi nal outcome).

This article refers to a situation of losing a child in the prenatal period which is a difficult experience affecting numerous families. Need of providing proper and purposeful help encourages a research on multifaceted consequences of this situation in different areas of life. Psychological outcomes usually disclose directly after the moment when the loss occurs and they evolve as the time goes. Proper overcoming of a loss of a child is the best solution for this situation. Unfortunately for many reasons it remains impossible. That is why experienced emotions and pain inevitably become a source of depressive symptoms. Article also concerns family, social and religious dimension of discussed phenomena. The paper presents results of the research on the prevalence of depressive symptoms among women experiencing the loss of a child before birth. The analysis was based on a research conducted on patients (N = 60) of Szpital św. Aleksandra in Kielce. To investigate the prevalence of depression and for the purpose of assessment of the intensity of its components the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used. The results prove the presence of depression symptoms among the participants of the survey. Following highly diagnostic items can be mentioned: sense of guilt, low mood and irritability.