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The topic of this paper is the reporting of media on the coronavirus and side phenomena of global sanitary crisis caused by COVID-19 at the example of three Spanish daily magazines (online versions): El País, La Vanguardia and 20 minutos. We have analysed the articles published during 2020. The aim of this paper is to present similarities and differences in media coverage of the topic of coronavirus using the example of three media outlets with large influence, but with a different level of credibility. We have selected four texts from each newspaper, one for each of four key phases of the pandemic. According to our methodology, these phases are: first outbreak of contagion in China, first confirmed death in Spain, declaration of state of alarm and lockdown and the first end of state of alarm and lockdown on June 21st 2020. We also analysed twelve more articles, using the inductive, deductive and comparative method, that inform about various aspects of life in the time of the pandemic: civil rights (especially curfew), public health, economy and celebrities tested positive for coronavirus. During the analysis, we have focused on the elements of journalistic language, as well as the ethics of journalists’ gaze at COVID-19. We have taken into consideration some linguistic elements like: evidentiality, combination of formal, neutral and informal speech, eufemism and political correctness, metaphore, word order, neologisms, verb forms, graphostylistic marks.

The aim of this paper was to indicate the similarities and differences between the expressions with the component Tür/vrata (Eng. door) in German and Serbian. The corpus of this research consists of 25 expressions excerpted from the appropriate monolingual and bilingual dictionaries of both languages, where the source language is German and the target is Serbian. The corpus was first subjected to a contrastive analysis in order to determine the degree of equivalence between the two languages, with a distinction made between complete, zero and partial equivalence. The corpus was also subjected to a conceptual analysis, with the aim to establish whether the expressions were based on metaphor or metonymy and identify the differences in conceptualisation between the two languages. The results of the analysis showed that German and Serbian largely coincide when it comes to expressions with the mentioned component, and that metonymisation occurs more often in relation to metaphorisation. The expressions with the component Tür/vrata overlap to a considerable extent when it comes to conceptualisation. Doors usually represent obstacles or boundaries between interior and exterior space. In many examples, the key point is whether the door is open or closed. While the closed door implies the inaccessibility of what is in the closed space to all those who are in the external environment, the open door does the opposite. Based on that, we can conclude that phraseological semantics largely preserves the traces of symbolic and semantic values of this term. The differences in the conceptualization of the two languages are most noticeable in the examples where the contrastive observation identified a match only at the semantic level. The scientific methods used in this paper are the interlingual contrastive and conceptual analysis.

Objectives The aim of the paper is to measure innovation capital of Polish cities and verify whether its dispersion changed. Material and methods Data was retrieved from the Local Data Bank provided by Statistics Poland. The sample consists of 18 Polish cities. The research period covers years 2014-2021. The TOPSIS method was applied to build the innovation capital index of cities and sigma convergence of innovation capital was verified. Results The findings indicate relatively high cross-sectional disparities in the vast majority of the investigated indicators of cities’ innovation capital. The largest disparities were identified for the number of higher education graduates and the new registered enterprises in high-tech services sector. The constructed composite indicator - innovation capital index took the highest average values in the analysed period for Wrocław, Poznań, Kraków, Warszawa, and Lublin, whereas Gorzów Wielkopolski, Zielona Góra, Bydgoszcz, and Białystok achieved the lowest values. The sigma convergence analysis revealed that the differentiation of innovation capital in Polish cities remained at a similar level and there was no convergence in this area. Conclusions Innovation capital plays a key role in the development of urban economy. Given the complexity of innovation capital, its measurement should comprise a set of indicators reflecting both output and input dimensions. Identification of spatial patterns of innovation capital distribution should enable to adjust smart specialization strategy to territorial characteristics of a given city.

Objectives Every organization operating in the 20s of the 21st century struggles with operating in a turbulent environment. The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, which are still being felt today, cause some changes in customer behavior. This article focuses on the study of this phenomenon in relation to the risk perceived by customers in making online purchases. The article's purpose is to identify the broad management implications of online shopping risk perceptions among consumers during the Covid-19 pandemic. Material and methods The research conducted concerns customers' purchasing risk perceptions. An analysis is made of the countermeasures respondents use to minimize purchasing risks. The research used a diagnostic survey on a sample of 1,000 consumers. Results The results of the conducted surveys indicate that consumers in general are aware of the risks associated with purchasing various goods via the Internet. In addition, it can be concluded that age is not significant when it comes to the perception of purchasing risks when shopping online, while concerns about buying online are dependent on the respondents' sex. There is also a statistically significant difference between the respondents' sex and sensitivity to purchase risk in various aspects. Conclusions This paper fulfils a gap in knowledge about shopping risk perceptions among consumers during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Objectives Running a business effectively requires ensuring continuity and regularity of the activity. For this purpose, it is important to effectively and rationally manage inventories and maintain them at various levels of optimality. Material and methods In the paper a design of the probabilistic model of reserves is discussed. The objective was an elaboration of the optimal strategy of materials reserves management in the series manufacturing. Results The model has been verified at an attainable scale using the numerical data concerning different assortment of materials in the serial production of furniture. The proposed probabilistic model makes it possible to elaborate the optimal strategy of type R, Z in the management of reserves of based materials of the manufacturing company with large-lot production. The strategy is based on minimal expenses connected with a supply of materials. Conclusions For each company to provide good quality services, it is necessary for individual, cooperating enterprises to function efficiently. The so-called "supply chain" is a specific sequence of activities enabling the satisfaction of market demand for a given product. The supply chain consists of companies and plants that are involved in supplying raw materials, processing them into semi-finished products and, ultimately, creating a finished product. The simplest supply chain consists of a company, suppliers and customers. However, it is good to know that many more companies are involved in most production processes, including transport, logistics, finance and IT.

Objectives Adaptations to digitalization and climate change of all aspects of society are important issues of innovation management at the local and regional levels. The paper demonstrates: 1) the components of smart specialization in order to achieve municipalities and regions strategy goals; 2) the use of the mechanism of smart specialization to realize the entrepreneurial potential of the regional economy; 3) the introduction of smart specialization for the innovative development of the Ukrainian municipalities based on the European experience; 4) the indicators of building resilience of municipalities and regions innovative management to smart specialization. Material and methods Combination of dialectical approach to the knowledge of the components of smart specialisation and the methods of induction, deduction for the realisation of the entrepreneurial potential of the regional economy based on cross-industry clustering became the basis for the development of recommendations for municipalities Results Extending the sustainability of innovative municipal and regional governance to smart specialisation is to take into account the importance of using the main postulates of the smart specialisation mechanism to realise the innovation potential of the regional economy. Conclusions The priority directions of the agro-energy cluster model should be the establishment of a cluster model of "Government-Business-Science-Education" interaction. In order to achieve this goal, scientists from the Western Ukrainian National University justified and developed the Programme for Supporting Innovation in Areas of Smart Specialisation in the Ternopil Region for 2020-2023, which aims to implement innovative approaches to capacity building of the regional economy within the framework of smart, sustainable and comprehensive development.

Objectives The paper presents the possibility of using artificial neural networks (ANN) with radial-basis transmission function (RBF) for modeling of economic phenomena and processes. Material and methods The basic characteristics and parameters of an ANN with RBF are shown and the advantages of using this type of ANN for modeling economic phenomena and processes are emphasized. Using an ANN with RBF, together with official statistics for 2010-2017, the modeling of the influence caused by work efficiency indicators of the customs authorities of Ukraine on the indicators of economic security of Ukraine was carried out. These eighteen indicators of economic security of Ukraine, which comprehensively characterize the economic status of the country in terms of production, social, financial, food, transport, energy, and foreign economic security, were chosen as the most informative indicators. Results The results of the study showed that Artificial neural networks with Radial-basis transmission function well describe the trend of changing state economic security indicators under the influence of changing performance indicators of customs authorities. This allows us to recommend this type of artificial neural networks for analysis, evaluation and forecasting of economic phenomena and processes. Conclusions The results obtained showed good analytical and prognostic properties of an ANN with RBF when modeling the impact of customs authorities' performance on the state's economic security indicators.

Objectives This article will attempt to analyse securitisation theory to explore the discursive features of cyber security, using a multi-actor approach that considers the role of state and non-state actors in the creation and management of cyber security discourses. Material and methods The paper aims to assess the contribution of securitization theory to the understanding of both traditional and contemporary security policy issues. More specifically, it is an attempt to reflect on the identification of the challenges facing the modern state. Results Growing dependence on digital technology is inevitable, making the future more threatening than the present. Cyber technology is inherently vulnerable and thus impossible to fully secure. The call for "greater security" becomes justified because the more a country depends on cyber technology, the more inevitable cyber threats become. They are consistently treated by government circles as a security challenge, meaning that the problem is presented as an existential threat, requiring emergency measures and justifying action beyond the normal bounds of political procedure. Conclusions As some conclusion and conclusion, it is worth reiterating observations about the multi-stakeholder nature of cyber security and observations about the co-creation of this security by a wide range of actors representing different and in some cases conflicting interests. It can be argued that there is no single discourse on cyber security or cyber threats, and it is simplistic to assume that there is even a single discourse that represents every securitization actor, be it government or the private sector. This diversity explains why the assumption and logic of securitization theory can only apply to some, but not all, cyber security discourses.

Objectives The aim of the analyzes presented in this study is to introduce considerations on the relationship between the perception of secret services and the shape of the legal system regulating their functioning in the Republic of Poland over the last 25 years. Material and methods The subject of the research is the Polish legal system, within which standards of conduct regarding the role and functions of secret services are identified. Dogmatic-legal method; literature analysis; analysis of media messages Results Undoubtedly, the goal achieved in this paper is to sketch the general framework of the relations between the secret services, public opinion and the law. Both in the context of the perception of the secret services themselves, as well as the areas of identifying and decoding legal norms regarding the secret services in Poland, which, as part of further work, will make it easier to structure the analysis of selected norms, but also the interaction that occurs between law and society in the context of the perception of the services. Conclusions Based on the analyzes presented above, we can partially identify specific areas of research and try to draw certain conclusions, but only a detailed analysis will allow us to provide precise answers to the indicated questions. After such an introduction to the topic of the evolution of secret services, subsequent works will provide more detailed answers to the questions indicated in the introduction, namely What definitions of secret services can we adopt under Polish law? What functions are performed by secret services in Poland? What is the relationship between the secret services and other services? Is the role of the secret services in Poland increasing or is their importance weakening and are they being marginalized?

Objectives This paper discusses the issue of corporate social responsibility, including in particular the aspect of implementation of this phenomenon in companies, paying attention to responsible and ethical conduct of business towards social groups affected by it, with the greatest possible respect for the natural environment. Material and methods The dominant methods of obtaining source materials were (in addition to desk research) in-depth individual interviews in the form of a free categorized interview and extensive research of social media and other channels of distribution of Zone information. Interviews were conducted with a group of experts and managers employed in the Zone, who have considerable knowledge of the functioning of clusters and special economic zones. Results Corporate social responsibility in the Legnica Special Economic Zone is a consistent effort to act ethically and contribute to economic development, while at the same time contributing to improving the quality of life of people and even local communities through various tools resulting from its organizational structure and directions of activity. Conclusions The activities of the Zone for CSR are investments that benefit companies, the economy and society. Society benefits from the improvement of the state of the environment, the development of cooperation, charitable attitudes, the creation of civil society, the acquisition of new knowledge, skills and competences. In the last few years, the social responsibility activities of the Legnica Zone have been developing dynamically and depend on the company’s capital, profits, activity of management boards, as well as the commitment of employees.

Objectives The aim of the study is to assess the strategic and tactical environment in Central and Eastern Europe, especially between the EU and Belarus, taking into account the results of political and operational analyses of the situation on the border between Poland, Lithuania and Latvia, and Belarus. Material and methods The paper collects and thoroughly analyzes the most important sources on threats to the security of NATO’s eastern flank. The purpose of the research is an operational analysis comprehensively covering the main factors posing threats to the security of Poland. Results In the result of the operational analysis of hybrid warfare, the following factors were identified: demographics, military and non-military issues, the existence of a well-formed democratic society, critical infrastructure, and cybersecurity. All the above factors were discussed in the context of hybrid activities undertaken by Belarus and Russia. Conclusions It can be predicted that special elements conducting the aggressor’s hybrid activities will use exceptionally sophisticated forms of the aggressor’s influence, including blending in with the local community. The area of operation of non-military elements in the hybrid wars waged so far by Russia is likely to further expand and change forms in order to blindside the attacked state inducing fear, ineptitude and confusion of the society.

Objectives The scope of the paper is to identify, confirm and describe the recent breaches in the mutual relation between the Police and society in Poland. The perspective is the clear and consequent road to social acceptance that the Polish Police undertook in 1990 and proceeded with success until recent events. Material and methods The authors desk research current sources of data regarding the Police relationship with and acceptance by the society in Poland: trust in Police surveys’ results; critical, publicly available opinions of authorities, statistical data regarding Police work during the Covid restrictions time and women’ protests in Poland (2020-2021). Results The results show a decisive shake of the Police-society relationship and the negative impact of COVID-19 and women demonstrations’ handling by the Police on the formation’s image. Conclusions The critical circumstances of the pandemic were clearly a moment of testing to the Police-society trust and it gives the assumption to doubt the high levels of trust pre-pandemic. The threat of politicisation of the formation is also a major factor as well as the condition of state in general.

The paper studies the way younger and older adolescents with intellectual disabilities perceive their personal security. The research data were collected by formalized interview, subjective scaling techniques, analysis of personal files, observation diaries, etc. The obtained information was processed using the methods of content and frequency analyses, the Mann-Whitney U test, the Spearman’s rank correlation, and the chi-square distribution. The perception of personal security included such concepts as threat, defense, security, and subjective personal security. The study revealed significant differences between younger and older adolescents in their perception of danger, threat, defense, security, and responsibility for personal security. Children with intellectual disabilities developed ideas about personal security in adolescence, their perception of threat and defense depended on life experience and socialization. Their categorical structure corresponded to the norm but was inferior in terms of generalization and cognitive complexity. They separated threat and defense from security, which they associated with safety rules. The results could be included in programs of corrective psychological and pedagogical support.

Medicine is undoubtedly one of the most important domains of specialised translation; its terminology is therefore paramount for translators. A significant niche consists in the language of clinical studies. However, to date there are no extensive terminological resources for translators in this field. The purpose of the present paper is to try and fill this gap by conducting a contrastive terminological analysis in German, English and Italian.

This paper presents the findings of a comparative discourse analysis of the linguistic representation of the phenomenon of ‘gentrification’ in three cities: London, São Paulo and Moscow. Gentrification is generally understood (see Chris Hamnett, 2003) as the social and spatial transition to a post-industrial economy, usually associated with displacement of lower income groups from the gentrified area. The study observes how discussions of the topic are linguistically shaped in different languages over the same period (pre-Covid, 2015-2018). The material was selected from open sources, following hashtags and keywords in three languages, limiting the material to the genre of public conversation transmitted by the media about the phenomenon under study. The study compares the circulation of the term ‘gentrification’ in selected discourses and shows a conceptual discrepancy between them. This is exemplified through the use of synonyms, substitution for the term, description and interpretation of the notion. This analysis covers the representation of the concepts of ‘community’, ‘collectiveness’ and, in contrast, ‘ghettoization’ for London, São Paulo and Moscow. The different ‘winners’ and ‘victims’ of gentrification for the three cities studied are revealed. The results show that gentrification is openly discussed in London, where changes are considered positive, whereas the Russian discourse on gentrification questions the validity of the term and the process itself in Russian cities. Brazilian urbanists agree that similar processes to gentrification are taking place in São Paulo, emphasizing the role of the Brazilian state and the so-called hidden unofficial powers within informal territories.

The present paper examines two bronze censers with Christological relief compositions from the Georgian National Museum. The analyses of their stylistic and iconographic features shed more light on the dissemination of the bronze censers produced in the East Christian artistic centers. The paper attempts to determine the time and place of creation of these liturgical objects. I will also offer some observations concerning the relationship between metal incense burners of Syro-Palestinian origin and those made in different places throughout Christendom.

In this paper I will show that it is possible to extract elements from an embedded root clause in a V2 language, provided that the deleted copy is spelled out in a high position. However, if the embedded clause does not have V0-to-C0 movement, no deleted copy can be spelled out. This difference falls out naturally from the assumption that embedded root clauses must be thematically complete and that in the case of movement chains, the foot of the chain cannot be spelled out. This paper is a detailed study of extraction strategies in Norwegian, based on a corpus of 1329 informants. Its novelty lies in combining the study of extraction strategies with the presence of resumptive elements in the embedded clause.

The paper focuses on the use of defamiliarization techniques in some works of Russian conceptualist poet Dmitrij Prigov and explores, in particular, how the canonical status of Aleksandr Pushkin and of his “sacred” texts has been challenged and modified by Prigov. He refers to Pushkin in a wide range of works, making use of ostranenie and causing therefore the audience to perceive these famous texts afresh: in one of his signature performance piece Prigov recites the first stanza of Eugene Onegin in various vocal styles; in his “Verses for George” protagonists from the opening lines of well-known Russian poems are replaced by the word dinozavr (dinosaur); and, finally, Prigov rewrites an entire section of Pushkin’s masterpiece in a special samizdat-style book. The paper aims to describe how defamiliarization and permanent distancing from any stereotypes become one of the most important tools of deconstruction and desecration in Prigov’s art.

This paper qualitatively and quantitatively analyses a new type of wordforming element in Serbian, known as a splinter, used in the formation of lexical blends. The aims of the present research are: (a) to identify the most frequent splinters in Serbian blends, (b) to investigate which words or parts of words they tend to combine with and how, (c) to identify the meanings of these splinters, and (d) to explore whether the splinters show the potential to develop into new combining forms. The research is corpus-based. The examples of 172 lexical blends containing the 14 most frequent splinters are collected from several sources, including the studies and papers on blends in Serbian, the Serbian Web Corpus, and various other Internet and print sources. The analysis indicates that the vast majority of the splinters, which are segmented from nouns whose meanings they retain, combine also with nouns. Some of the splinters show the potential to become well-established bound morphemes, i.e. combining forms, through regularity in use or semantic generalisation and specialisation.

During the last dеcade the history of the Synodikon of the Оrthodoxy in Medieval Bulgaria has been tackled upon from different points of view. The author of this paper provided substantial evidence proving that the Synodikon of Tsar Boril did not survive in its original form. By the end of the 14th c. the original translation was amended and edited in order to be installed in a canonical-liturgical compilation (archieratikon) that includes texts and services related to the Feast of Orthodoxy. The compilation is kept in the National Library in Palauzov’s collection No 289. Additional information about the different sources of some rubrics of the Synodikon, which do not correspond to its Greek version, was also provided. Recently we have discovered that the text, preserved in a collection of Damasckin type from the beginning of 16th c. (Drinov’s copy) represents indeed a compilation: its first part (the canonical one) contains the translation of the Palaeologan version of the Synodikon, which survived also in a triodion from the Library of the Romanian Academy of Sciences. The second part of the compilation however coincides with the text of the Synodikon of Tsar Boril with all amendments related to the Bulgarian history – rulers, patriarchs, bishops and nobles. This “Bulgarian” part of the Synodikon includes a series of anathemas against Bogomils, that do not have Greek correspondences and generally repeat the anti-Bogomils anathemas taken from the Letter of Patriarch Kosmas in a simpler language more understandable to the faithful. This paper is tracing the connection between these anathemas and the Anti-Bogomils anathemas in the Discourse of Kosmas the Presbyter against the Bogomils.

The objective of this paper is to gain insight into the importance of English in conducting business efficiently in the banking sector. Also, the conclusions have been made after consideration of relevant research as well as its comparison with research conducted in certain banks in Serbia. The conclusions address the level of usage of the English language in this sector and the opinions that employees have regarding it. Due to the development of e-commerce and daily use of the Internet, the English language has become lingua franca in the banking sector. Also, in order to operate effectively and communicate between banks of different countries, it is important to begin with English language learning in a timely manner. In this paper, the emphasis is primarily placed on written correspondence since it is highly present in banking operations. Employees who perform a more complex type of business and who use English every day should improve their writing skills by gaining greater familiarity with, and putting into use more frequently, certain banking terms and initials/acronyms in the English language.

In questo contributo saranno passati in rassegna alcuni enigmi della tradizione letteraria greca che coinvolgono, in varia misura, la sfera della sessualità. Sarà tracciata una distinzione tra indovinelli che chiedono di essere effettivamente risolti e indovinelli che svelano la soluzione contestualmente alla loro enunciazione. In tale contesto, saranno posti in rilievo i punti di contatto tra le esigenze della scena comica e alcuni epigrammi erotici e scoptici che mutuano la forma grifotica senza proporre davvero la soluzione di un enigma, a ulteriore testimonianza della tendenza del genere epigrammatico a incorporare elementi desunti dalla commedia. Il riconoscimento di alcune analogie formali tra gli esempi analizzati indurrà ad accostare alla tradizione del γρῖφοςun testo poco noto, adesp. AP11.272, che della formulazione enigmatica si serve per stigmatizzare i cinedi, in linea con la tendenza, ben documentata in letteratura greco-latina, a definire l’omosessualità attraverso la negazione e la contraddizione logica. Saranno infine espresse alcune considerazioni di ordine generale sul rapporto tra enigma ed epigramma e sui criteri scelti dagli antologizzatori per operare una distinzione tra i due generi. The aim of this paper is to analyse some ancient Greek riddles variously involving the sexual sphere. A distinction between riddles that actually require to be solved and others that reveal their solution while being posed will be drawn. In such a context, attention will be paid to the points of contacts between comedy and some erotic and scoptic epigrams in the form of a riddle, in order to contribute to a better appreciation of the tendency of the epigrammatic genre to incorporate comic elements. The identification of formal analogies among the examples taken into account will also allow to analyse under the light of the riddling tradition an anonymous scoptic epigram, AP11.272, whose targets are passive homosexuals. The paper will be concluded by some observations on the relationship between riddle and epigram, and on the criteria adopted by anthologists in order to distinguish them.

This paper discusses problems raised by cultural differences with respect to self-narration and use of the first person in academic writing. Western culture most commonly views events from one’s own perspective (independent self), while Asian cultures typically position the self as part of the event (interdependent self) (cf., Markus and Kitayama 1991). The question asked then is how multilingual writers from East Asian cultures approach western academic prose and self-narration, especially in the context of today’s increased student mobility. In this paper, I propose teaching strategies for raising awareness of the self-centeredness of U.S. prose with L2 student writers and writing instructors. Samples of low-stake writing assignments reinforcing the writer’s voice and the use of the first person are provided.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of cognitive functioning in women and men after COVID-19. A comprehensive assessment covered coping behavior and life purpose orientation in their connection with cognitive functions. It involved 65 former COVID-19 patients (26 men and 39 women). The general cognitive state was assessed with the help of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) Scale while the Frontal Assessment Batter (FAB) Test made it possible to determine the level of self-control in planning behavior. The coping behavior was evaluated using R. Lazarus’s Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ). The semantic orientation of behavior was carried out using the Life Purpose Orientation technique developed by D. A. Leontiev. The research revealed some gender-related differences. The men demonstrated no connection between their coping behavior and the cognitive state. They had a lower sense of purpose and were mostly past-oriented. The women, on the contrary, showed a strong relationship between coping behavior, cognitive state, and life purpose orientation. In women, the restoration of cognitive functions led to a decrease in productive and unproductive behavioral responses to stressful situations, as well as to a greater sense of purpose and retrospective analysis.

Modern online media offer online news magazines with commenting options for children from 8 to 12 years old. This paper features children's comments in their relation to the structure of a French-language political news text designed as Inverted pyramid. Children's comments to political news aimed at their age group are a new and unexplored scientific object. The research relied on the concept of cognitive constructivism of moral consciousness and involved such methods as content and intent analyses. Children proved to be active readers of political news: they expressed their opinions on the information presented in such structural elements as Lead, Body, Background, and Tail. The greatest response was triggered by Background, which narrates the facts that influenced the news event. Children usually reacted to information about victims of political events, political protesters, descriptions of life situations they can associate with, and events of global significance.

This paper summarizes recent research on heritage language anxiety (HLA) that three generations of the Turkish immigrant community in the Netherlands experience in their daily lives. Through an interdisciplinary perspective, it integrates an extended questionnaire (n=113), semi-structured interviews (n=30), and an experiment (n=30) in which physiological responses (i.e. electrodermal activity) are measured during a video-retelling task conducted in monolingual and bilingual modes. Findings illustrate the complex interplay of daily sociolinguistic and socio-emotional challenges, HLA and physiological reactions. In its application of interdisciplinary research, the paper provides a more integrative glimpse into the multifaceted dimensions that underpin heritage language anxiety, particularly in the immigrant context.

The effects of emotions on the military personnel are as important as the techniques used in the tactical field. Therefore, psychological features should also be considered in military training and education process to enable the cadets - future officers to manage stressful situations. The aim of the paper is to analyze the effects of emotional states on the training of the cadets in the Military Lyceum. The significance of the psychological health of the cadets in their training has been discussed. The types of emotional states observed in the cadets, like mood, affect, stress and frustration have been scrutinized. At the same time, positive and negative impacts of various emotional states on the training of the cadets have been studied. The ways for preventing the negative emotional states have been examined. The paper is concluded with the recommendations on the stated problem in order to further increase the efficiency of the training in the Military Lyceum.

In her poetry collection falsche freunde the German-speaking artist Uljana Wolf develops a translinguale Lyrik, a poetic voice dwelling on a linguistic and geographical border zone. Building on Emily Apter’s concepts of untranslatability, this paper investigates how Wolf’s structural and thematic checkpoints instil a strong political commitment into her poetry. Furthermore, this engagement is here interpreted as the expression of the paradigm of the postmigrantische Gesellschaft. Finally, the paper argues that through the choice of the term ‘alien’ over the category ‘fremd’ Wolf suggests an innovative shift in the representation of migratory dynamics, from their cultural dimension to their biopolitical significance.

The purpose of this paper is to present the description of Woland as one of the main characters of the novel by Bulgakov 'The Master and Margarita', after gaining experience connected with the work on a new translation of this book. The study was conducted on the basis of an in‑depth analysis of the text. The author distinguishes the roles in which Woland appears in relationships with other characters, as well as mental and physical transformations which he undergoes. A lot of remarks concern the changes in stylistic register of his utterances. Moreover, the analysis includes numerous names, which the narrator himself uses in reference to the character. Finally, analogies with other authors are presented (Goethe, Gogol, Poe). The paper is an attempt at reconstructing the viewpoint represented by Woland, including the multitude of elements referring to particular philosophical, political and ethical doctrines. It all leads to the conclusion that Bulgakov’s devil is a multidimensional and ambiguos character, which doesn’t conform to any traditions and explicit interpretations.

The author of the paper indicates several aspects which connect the texts describing the battle of Khotyn in 1673. Epical attempts at showing those events complied with the epical model known as ‘native heroicum’, which was popular on Polish lands in those days. According to this model, the primary rule of verismo was combined with attempts at making narration more attractive. Some of them have been described in this paper. Moreover, the author discussed the method of depicting Tatar‑Turkish armies in the works, paying attention to their abundance. The exemplary material was derived, above all, from voluminous poems by Jan Ślizień, Mateusz Kuligowski, Samuel Leszczyński and Zbigniew Morsztyn.

The paper is dedicated to the volume of poems by Jerzy Harasymowicz, entitled 'Banderia Prutenorum' (1976). The author explores the dependence of this volume on a work of the same title, which was released in mid-15th century through the initiative of Jan Długosz. The medieval manuscript contains illustrations and short descriptions of 56 Teutonic flags captured by Polish troops in the battle of Grunwald (1410). The author of these pictures was Stanisław Durink, while the descriptions were made by Jan Długosz, among other authors. Using the illustrations of Teutonic flags from the medieval model, Harasymowicz added his own poems, showing in bad light particular troops (flags) of the Teutonic Order, as well as their great defeat in the battle against Polish‑Lithuanian forces. The author of the paper analyses the ideological‑persuasive meaning of these poems, as well as their language and depiction.

In its attempts to defend the right of women to claim their own subjectivity, as well as the equal right to participate in the social system institutions, the mainstream of feminist thinking has been marked crucially by the question of woman and her identity. Tis question could be said to occupy a central place in feminist texts and discussions which started even before the women’s movement was officially created. But since feminist disagreements about how these issues should be approached appropriately have already resulted in serious misunderstandings and mutually severe accusations, this paper aims at shedding light at the very nature of these polarities. In doing so, the focus has been placed on how the terms equal and different have been theorised. These dissenting voices have certainly proved productive in the context of theory itself, but have done much harm in the domain of social activism which failed to initiate truly substantial changes within western society and culture. The same countereffect is also visible in theory, which has generated a diversity of feminisms, but has definitely failed to offer a comprehensive critique of the perniciously repressive culture. The lack of gender equality has always been an important dimension of this culture, but still just a segment and one particular mechanism of the invisible matrix which has never actually stopped producing binary hierarchies. They are being manifested in different forms today but have retained fundamentally unchanged and unchallenged structures, promoting an ideologically induced perception of reality to appear natural and self-evident. The paper puts forward the claim that a humanistic and anti-capitalist feminism is a framework broad enough to overcome all exclusions and one-sided definitions and to head towards one such comprehensive feminism – bringing us back to the original radicalism of the women’s movement. To do so, it is necessary to reconsider the general confusion within postmodernist discourse, and especially the controversy related to what humanism should stand for today.

This paper gives a brief theoretical review of conceptual metaphors with special reference to the metaphors in scientific discourse because they are present in engineering and scientific texts. The author tried to use the theoretical framework of conceptual metaphors to detect and identify metaphors and mappings in the corpus consisting of engineering texts in English. The texts were selected according to the needs of students at the Academy of Professional Studies Šumadija, Department in Trstenik. A few bilingual and online dictionaries in the field of science and technology were also used. Although the corpus under consideration is rather small in comparison with other corpora containing millions of words, a considerable number of metaphorical expressions were discovered. All these expressions were grouped and analysed in order to establish conceptual mappings and metaphors. The results show that most of these conceptual metaphors have an anthropocentric quality in common (e.g. MACHINE PARTS ARE PARTS OF THE BODY, PARTS OF A MACHINE TOOL ARE PARTS OF THE BODY, A MATERIAL FEATURE IS A BODY FEATURE, A MACHINE FEATURE IS A HUMAN FEATURE). The paper also aims to apply these findings in the classroom activities. This can be achieved by raising metaphoric awareness of students learning engineering English. If students’ attention is explicitly drawn to the relations between the source and target domain, language learning can be facilitated. Tus, the study of metaphors can become a significant tool in the classroom in order to help students learn both technical and academic vocabulary and comprehend engineering texts written in English. Language acquisition may be higher if pedagogical potential of conceptual metaphors is used.

This paper provides an analysis of the relationship of dominance and resistance in the novel High Fidelity. The aim of the paper is to identify the elements of popular culture in the novel and thus determine the nature of possible relationships in a patriarchal, capitalist society. The theoretical framework used in the paper is Fiske’s theory of popular culture (2001) and the analysis is based on regarding the characters as representatives of dominant and resistant forces. Men and the upper class constitute categories which are dominant in the relationship with subordinate ones – women and the lower class. In addition, the protagonist Rob is the prototype of a man who is subordinate to himself, i.e. to his representation of ideal male traits he lacks, according to his own beliefs. The subordinate put up resistance in different ways. Laura is a successful business woman who possesses a strong character, which places her into a better position than that of Rob. The protagonist uses music as one of the ways to express his resistance. As a lower class member (i.e. a poor entrepreneur), the protagonist opposes upper class members (wealthy entrepreneurs) in that he possesses moral principles which they often lack.

The Divine Child was introduced by Carl Gustav Jung as an archetype closely linked to the process of individuation. Beyond the realm of analytical psychology, this peculiar child figure has been observed in myths and folklore and eventually evolved into a literary archetype known alternatively as das fremde Kind (the strange/alien child). Numerous child figures have since been regarded as representations of this archetype, with the titular character of Michael Ende’s novel Momo (1973) being one of them. While her initial appearance is evocative of the Divine Child, over the course of the story Momo has to accept her fate as the chosen one in a battle against a mysterious foe, ultimately finding herself in the role of the hero of the story. This paper examines the traits of both the archetype of the Divine Child, as well as that of the Hero – including a variation specific to child characters – with the goal of reconsidering if Momo is truly exemplary of the archetype of the Divine Child. This is done with particular regard to Christopher Vogler’s observation that literary archetypes are character functions, rather than fixed types, and as such this paper will discuss how Ende’s protagonist is ultimately an example of this fluidity of functions.

Relying on the theory of conceptual metaphor, this paper contrastively analyses lexemes from the lexical field family in English (family, father, mother, son, daughter, sister, brother) and porodica in Serbian (porodica, otac, majka, sin, kći, sestra, brat). The aim of the paper is to establish similarities and differences between metaphorical meanings of these lexemes and, on the basis of that, to determine the cross-linguistic and cross-cultural similarities and differences between these two languages. The analysis is based on the material excerpted from monolingual dictionaries of English and Serbian. Numerous similarities have been established between the lexemes from this lexical field, which is probably a consequence of the common European cultural space and the Christian foundation upon which it rests.

Bakhtin’s views (1980:127-130) on the importance of studying speech representation and its interaction with authorial context incited prolific research in various disciplines. The research presented in this paper is based on Bakhtin’s crucial claims about speech representation, and on the theoretical framework of linguistic stylistics (Kovačević 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015; Katnić-Bakaršić 2001) and representology (Kovačević 2015:253-254). The aim of this paper is twofold—to identify the types of speech, thought and writing representation employed in the novel Sense and Sensibility and to describe their interaction with the authorial context. The method applied is‘word by word’ analysis, where in the first stage the modes of speech, thought and writing representation are identified; in the next stage their interaction with authorial context is described. The modes of speech are classified and differentiated by combining the classifications of representation modes in Serbian and English (Leech and Short 2007; Semino and Short 2004; Kovačević 2013) The results of the analysis prove that Jane Austen employs the following modes to repоrt speech, thought and writing: indirect speech/thought/ writing, narrator’s report of speech act/ thought act/writing act, expressive indirect speech/thought, free indirect speech/thought, direct speech (monologue, dialogue, polylogue), free direct speech, line of dialogue, fragmental quote, hypothetical speech, direct thought, free direct thought, direct writing, embedded speech/thought. Predominantly, the line of interaction between authorial speech and direct speech involves the former being parenthetically embedded into foregrounded direct speech, amalgamating with the free indirect thought/speech or having as an attachment a ”package” of different embedded modes of speech/ thought/writing representation. Primarily indirect thought, free indirect thought, direct thought, and free direct thought are the modes employed to characterise Elinor Dashwood, while on the other side the modes of direct speech, free direct speech, free indirect speech and direct writing combined with numerous mimetic markers prevail in depicting her sister Marianne. It is through the stylistically effective transitions between these modes and their interaction with the authorial context that the total antithetical effect regarding the sense and sensibility principles is obtained on the syntactic-stylistic level.

Objectives This paper presents an effort of the public institutions analysis that fulfil the state obligations in terms of civic security and safety. The public institutions are expected to provide citizens an opportunity to construct their private life spheres according to the individual safety standards taking also into consideration other types of security. Material and methods Therefore selected theoretical concepts concerning safety perception have been analysed. Also there are some results of the social research concerning the safety problems presented in the paper. Results The research was conducted on the representative sample of the adult inhabitants of Poland as well as representatives of the selected professional cohort. Conclusions Conclusion along with the literature critique allowed to define the parameters of the safety and security perception as well as the place of safety in a value hierarchy of a member of the contemporary Polish society.

The paper deals with the architectural sculpture of the twelfth century Church of the Holy Virgin at the Studenica Monastery. Its parallels with Italian Romanesque sculpture have long been identified in academic literature, and attention has been drawn to the influence of classical sculpture, mostly in terms of style, which has been attributed to the impact of Byzantine art. The paper demonstrates that all the motifs present in Studenica’s sculptural decoration originate from Romanesque sculpture in the Italian regions of Emilia Romagna and Apulia. Most of them rely on ancient Roman models and the motif known as peopled or inhabited scrolls is dominant among them.

The paper analyses late Gothic and early Renaissance imagery on the reliquary casket of Saint Tryphon kept in the Kotor Cathedral. The iconography of the torture and death scenes of the young martyr Tryphon, as well the representation of the architecture on the model of the town of Kotor in the hand of Saint Tryphon opens up the possibility of interpreting this reliquary in a historical context. The paper proposes an interpretation of the iconography of the scenes on the reliquary casket as part of the constructed memory of the Ottoman siege of Kotor under the command of kapudan pacha Hayreddin Barbarossa (1539) and the Venetian defense of the town. A similar way of creating memories through juxtaposing images of Turks, members of the Holy League and Kotor’s devotees under the protection of Saint Tryphon has been recorded in poetry, chronicles, and epistles. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 177003: Medieval heritage of the Balkans: institutions and culture]

This article examines Ivan Petrovich Argunov’s 1767 painting of Anna Nikolaevna Kalmykova, one of many Kalmyk children removed from their families by the Russian military and forcibly adopted by elite Russians and Europeans. Both sitter and painter were, in different ways, unfree: Argunov was enserfed by the Sheremetev family and Kalmykova was their ward. Examining the portrait’s many visual antecedents and references, this paper argues that Argunov used the intimate, informal styles of Enlightenment portraiture in a way that enmeshed its subject and author in the harsh social hierarchies of the Sheremetev household and imperial society. The relatively loose facture of the painting and its attention to the sitter’s liveliness and youth demonstrate Argunov’s skill as a modern portraitist. But although Kalmykova dominates the composition of her own portrait (which makes it unlike most other portraits of Kalmyk people in Russia during this period), Argunov makes clear that she is subordinate to her patron and other members of her “adoptive” family. Mapping the power structures of the household that enserfed him, Argunov combined private and ceremonial idioms in a way that said much about Kalmykova’s status and his own – a manner of portraiture that could only be copied by other artists from outside the household.

Through close reading and reference to the philosophies of the time, this paper demonstrates how the long poem Pentateugum (1690s) by Andrei Bialobotskii (ca. 1640-1720) offers us a dynamic picture of the tensions —between Classical and Orthodox cultures and between religious and secularized literatures—leading to the East Slavic Enlightenment. According to Andrei Bialobotskii, culture is vain because such is human knowledge. Simultaneously, culture triumphs because, through it, the subject acquires and expresses their consciousness in a summa that comprises the whole history of humankind. In this context, Classical culture provides a model for writing techniques and functions as the highest instance of punished vanity, while expressing the harmony between nature and the individual.

This article analyzes a print that was published in Venice in 1797 as the opening image to a biography of Catherine II. Certainly prepared during the empress’s life, the publication appeared just months after her death in a watershed year for Europe which saw the fall of the Republic of Venice. The print imagines the moment that Peter the Great founded the new city of St. Petersburg over ninety years earlier. Through an exploration of the carefully constructed messages in the print, this paper examines the legacy of the image of Peter in Western Europe against which Catherine was understood. It considers the imagery of St. Petersburg in relation to Venice: the capitals of two empires, one in its ascendency and one at the point of collapse.

This paper examines the unique self-portrait prints which provide rich material for raising a number of previously overlooked questions related to Russian art in the age of Catherine the Great. It reveals why self-portrait prints were so rare in eighteenth-century Russia; what were the motives of those few printmakers who decided to turn to such an unpopular type of portrait at the time; what was the social position of printmakers; how they viewed themselves and their profession and what are the specifics of self-portraiture in printmaking in comparison with self-portraits in other media. As is shown in this work, the printed self-portrait allowed a printmaker to freely express himself in the way he wanted and also claimed a privileged social position for the depicted, reflecting the desire of the author-model to fit his image into the social hierarchy. The phenomenon was set somewhat apart from the official strategy for the development of Russian art in the eighteenth century, for it presumed a higher status for the artist as individual than was usual at the time, and anticipated, however unconsciously, the depths that would be discovered in artist’s self-portraits in the era of romanticism.

Il contributo si propone di analizzare alcuni delle problematiche che nascono nella traduzione dei testi teatrali attraverso l’analisi di Translations (1980) opera del celebre commediografo irlandese Brian Friel, e della sua traduzione italiana (1996). Il testo teatrale e la relativa traduzione in italiano si prestano all’analisi di numerose questioni centrali che riguardano la traduzione teatrale: da quello meramente linguistico del passaggio dall’irlandese all’inglese a quello dell’intraducibilità culturale che diventa segno e atto scenico. Ci si propone di analizzare come tali questioni emergano nella traduzione in italiano e quale sia il ruolo del traduttore nel mediare tali concetti nello spazio teatrale. The paper aims at investigating pivotal issues concerning theatre translation through the analysis of Translations (1980) by Brian Friel and its Italian translation Traduzioni(1996). With its core themes on matters such as the passage from Gaelic into English in 19th century Ireland and cultural untranslability, the well-known play Translations encapsulates decisive matters concerning the translation of drama and plays. The paper thus explores how such controversial questions emerge in the Italian translation with specific reference to the naming process.

Objectives This paper aims to analyze the importance of the urbanism planning and its relation with the effectiveness of the recently approved Spanish Housing Plan 2018-2021 of measures to favor access to dignified housing as a welfare state policy. Material and methods With this purpose the paper shows that the origin of the access to social housing depends on the urbanism activity using the method of the study of the enacted law with a comparative perspective, analizing regulations currently in force and the previous ones. Results The main result of this research underlines that legislator must take in account this relation when approving urbanism regulations with the finallity of improving efectiveness of Housing State Planning. Conclusions The central discussion and recommendation is focused on improving urbanism regulations in order to ease the real access to dignified housing as a goal to lead to more effectiveness in the Housing Planning application.

Objectives Od początku lat 60. do kryzysu w latach 1997-1998 wzrost gospodarczy Korei był wynikiem akumulacji wyjątkowego kapitału napędzanego głównie przez system finansowy zdominowany przez sektor bankowy i ściśle kontrolowany przez rząd. Kryzys finansowy z 1998 r. zahamował wzrost koreańskiej gospodarki. Niemniej jednak, ze względu na własne podejście, koreańska gospodarka wyszła z tego wyzwania ekonomicznego z sukcesem. Niektóre podmioty stały się również bogatsze z powodu kryzysu. The purpose of this paper is to explain the successful strategy of overcoming financial breakdown in the case study of South Korea, taking in account the nature of the Korean society. The aim of the article is to verify the hypothesis that South Korea used its own model in order to face with the crisis. A document analysis method is applied to present essential indicators such as exchange rates and financial debts. The article analyses also the social factor, as a driver of the Korean strategy toward the economic crisis. The paper will also discuss what led to the financial crisis in South Korea. Material and methods Secondary sources Results The crisis was also solved due to the nature of the Korea population Conclusions As above

In his portentous article “Logic and Conversation” (1975), British linguist and philosopher, Paul Grice, shows that prudence and intellect empower human kind in an obliging way to successfully generate messages that are sent via conversational implicatures. If this notion is strictly observed by translators, it would transpire that letters on paper have a deeper meaning and several strata hidden from a cursory glance. Text becomes a palimpsest of intended messages, each laden with implicature upon implicature. In such a concoction of callings, the translator progresses into a plenipotentiary judge of meanings, sending some to oblivion while bestowing preeminence upon others. It is this dichotomist facet of the translation process that this paper aims to explore, taking a broad, wide-ranging approach to the common, underpinning cultural issues, while at the same time observing their specific manifestations in the two subject languages: English and Serbian.

In view of the fact that English is one of the most widely spoken languages and given its immense importance in our country’s educational system, this paper focuses on the factor which, in the author’s opinion, significantly influences successful English language learning – i.e. pupils / students’ attitudes to studying the language. The paper first provides an overview of the basic theoretical concepts and makes comparisons to similar studies. It then focuses on the research which was conducted with a view to determining the attitude of non-philological faculties students towards foreign language learning, so as to establish to what extent their viewpoint influences a successful language learning outcome. In addition, it also provides a detailed description of the research methodology, the method used to process data and analyses the results. Finally, it ends with implications for English language teaching and suggestions for further research.

In this paper we focus on the comparative analysis between Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and its modern version, Anouilh’s Romeo and Jeannette. Anouilh is a representative of modern playwrights who evoke Shakespeare in their argument that a number of structures in our society are enemies of the authentic individual. What they adopt from Shakespeare is the capacity of man to relate with the world in a loving way. We argue that Anouilh’s Romeo and Jeannette fits the template of Shakespeare’s Tragic Equation – the mythical pattern present in all of the Bard’s works, the tragedy of the Lover devoid of love. These works evoke Shakespeare’s warning: that modern society is not conducive of love. On the contrary, the system is based on the suppression of genuine human affection; its re-emergence would subvert the dominant power-relations. In the introduction, we attempt to define the notion of romantic love by referring to the works of Bloom, Illouz, Vyvyan, etc. The following two segments of the paper deal with the analysis of the romantic relationship in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and its modern evocations in the work of Anouilh. In the conclusion, the destructive tendencies of the (modern) patriarchal society are yet again highlighted and linked to Shakespeare’s warning and desire to make his audience and readers perceive, judge and finally condemn them.