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In the present study it is analyzed the possibility of applicability in the judicial practice of the Republic of Moldova of the „Namibia Exception", exception which in the present case seeks to provide that the non-recognition of the status of separatist region for Transnistria leads not only to the existence of some negative consequences for a self-proclaimed regime, but also for its inhabitants, who can continue to enjoy the rights inherent to the human being. At the same time, the practice of E.C.H.R. regarding the legal protection of human rights in similar military regions, the role of the authorities that have control over the de facto entity, as well as the limits of legal protection is subject to analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In spite of the expansion of the Covid 19 pandemic in all Europe including the Caucasus, Azerbaijan decided to attack the Armenian forces from the separatist region Nagorno-Karabakh, with the massive diplomatic and military support given by Turkey. Since the negotiations under the umbrella of the Minsk Group did not produce a satisfactory outcome for Baku, the legal owner of the separatist area, Azerbaijan decided to use military power against Armenia, knowing that Russia will not provide military support to Armenia, which is a CSTO member, for the defense of Nagorno Karabakh since this territory is not covered by the CSTO guarantees. In the end, Russia and Turkey proved to be the main actors able to bring a peace proposal for Baku and Yerevan, while Iran remained disatisfied with the minor role it played in the conflict and during the peace negotiations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrorism is, nowadays, the predominant field of asymmetric warfare, the main form of asymmetric retaliation and, at the same time, a serious reason of concern for the international community and its members. Given this situation, the effective response to such an event often requires a coordinated response, achieved through international cooperation of states. Terrorism is generally and continuously driven by various motivations such as ethnic, religious, nationalist, separatist, political and/or economic. The definition of terrorism has proved to be a difficult attempt for states, which have failed to adopt a uniform terminology for it and, consequently, to develop a single conventional instrument to describe, criminalize and sanction the acts of terrorism. The present article deals with some of the contemporary forms of terrorism and illustrates, in each case, its practical, terminological and legal challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the independence of the Republic of Moldova, as seen in the light of local and international media. It mainly aims at reflecting the response of the international community to this event, and the steps taken by the leadership of this country to achieve this result. The cultural, political, and social situation of the country are also addressed. For a better understanding of the topic, the terms «sovereignty» and «independence» have been defined, and the narrative highlights the consequences and prospects offered to the nation following this historical event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Europe was shaken by separatist movements that excessively pledged for extensive autonomy through independence. The historical moments, such as the fall of the Soviet Union and breakup of Yugoslavia led to emerge of several new countries in Eastern Europe. By contrast, borders in Western Europe still have remained steady besides some initiatives. However, states from this area (e.g. Spain, United Kingdom, Belgium, and Italy) have been challenged by a series of independence movements some of which are militant that have varying chances of success. Separatist movements in Europe have spread divisional reasons from small towns to entire regions and the motivations for wishing to go independently are diverse, encompassing linguistic and cultural differences, as well as economic and historical justifications. While some separatist movements initiate steps in order to gain more autonomy from the national authorities, others like Catalonia were aimed at obtaining full independence. Besides this, several other European regions have also aspirations of becoming autonomous or independent. Currently, national authorities have successfully managed to impede internal divisions according to the amount of concessions made to local authorities, therefore avoiding a more fragmented Europe than ever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After more than 40 years of dictatorial rule by colonel Muammar Gaddafi, a huge rebellion started at the beginning of 2011 in the Eastern Libyan city of Ben Ghazi which quickly turned into a full fledged civil war. Both the dictator and the rebels began to commit collective murders and to wage a war of annihilation. Eventually, NATO countries decided to allow a military intervention of the Alliance based on UN Security Council resolution 1973 and this military campaign greatly helped the rebels to achieve the victory and eliminate the state's leader and the regime. The situation is still difficult because some militias created during the war do not want to disarm, the state has fragile institutions and there is a historical and cultural identity cleavage between the East (Cyrenaica) and the West (Tripolitania) which could lead to the breaking up of this country. The new government must adopt a modern constitution, guarantee human rights, disarm militias, prevent the spreading of the extremist branch of Islam and even accept a federalist pattern in order to mitigate the separatist tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transitions from Soviet authoritarianism and planned economies to democracy and market economies have not been successfully completed in any of the three states from South Caucasus. This region continues to be characterized by high instability and insecurity due the absence of solutions to the protracted or „frozen" conflicts between Armenia and Azerbaijan -- over the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh -- and between Georgia and Russia -- over the breakaway regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Finding common ground upon which all parties can agree has proven to be an impossible task. Protracted or „frozen" conflicts present a challenge for the stability and security of South Caucasus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]