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The increasing incidence of drug-related renal pathology represents a pressing problem for medical specialties and clinical pharmacology, which requires a multilateral approach. The elucidation and analysis of the mechanisms of drug nephrotoxicity, the processes that influence them and the specific biomarkers that allow the early detection of reversible renal lesions will significantly reduce the undesirable consequences of the drugs on the kidneys. The review of nephrotoxic drugs and of the responsible pathogenic mechanisms will allow the development of principles for monitoring, prevention and correction of renal disorders, which will complement the pharmacovigilance compartment of clinical pharmacology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review are presented, under a synthetic mini-course, the main concepts related to digestive diseases in animals. Introductory concepts are presented with brief anatomical - histo - physiological recollections; data about specific bacterial flora present in the digestive tract, about digestive disease: the defense mechanisms; pathogenesis, diagnosis and semiotics. Due to space parsimony of this work we have not presented exhaustively all notions of the gastrointestinal tract, but insisted only on main entities responsible for digestive disorders that were present most often in animals. In the second part are presented in detail the main medicinal remedies against the digestive tract disease in animals, under a suggestive table form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiotherapy induced cardiovascular disease may be very heterogeneous and it is considered, in the present, as the most important cause of mortality not related to the cancer itself in cancer survivors. Radiotherapy, even modern techniques, isolated or especially associated with chemotherapy and/or biological agents, increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in these patients. The potential mechanisms by which radiotherapy may induce cardiovascular lesions and, subsequently, clinical manifestations, are extremely complex and only partially known. Anyway, cardiovascular risk is significantly increased in patients that associate cardiovascular risk factors or who already have cardiac diseases. In the meantime, the onset of pathological changes seems to be related to other several factors, as genetic polymorphism, the modality and the dose of irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this bibliographic essay is to refresh the knowledge of veterinarians in the field of therapy and bacterial resistance. Are summarized, in a didactic manner: the bacteria classification, the overall structure of the cell wall, the general characterization of antibiotics, the fundamental modes of action of antibiotics, the main interactions and side phenomena antibiotics and toxic products. Installing and effects of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is presented in detail, being given the basic concepts about resistance mechanisms as: the drug inactivation or misappropriation of the pathway, enzyme target altering or structure, low accumulation of antibiotic resistance in bacterial cells. They are also presented: the natural antibiotic resistance (epigenetic), the gained antibiotic resistance, the genetic adaptation (by mutation and selection) and the genetic acquisition. By means of resistance means all the mechanisms by which bacteria can reduce or total inactivate the antimicrobial activity. In this regard are presented: phases of the resistance installation and antibiotics’ modification / inactivation, not being omitted also the trends in the evolution of resistance to antibiotics and environmental impacts analysis, the results of the imprudent using of the anti-infectives (like veterinary antibiotics in soil and water, the antibiotic resistance in the genetic modiffied crops or the long-term effects on ecosystems) and them consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plaque is a bacterial aggregation adhering to the tooth surface, to mobile or fixed prostheses, orthodontic appliances and implants. In bacterial plaque composition are between 200-400 different species of bacteria. The pathogen is represented by a microorganism that is capable of producing disease. Pathogenicity is the ability to produce disease in a host organism. Microbes show their pathogenicity in virulence. We know two types of mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease: direct mechanisms related to bacterial factors and indirect mechanisms related to the immune response of the host tissue. Direct mechanisms that steps: adherence, bacteria colonization; invasion of periodontal tissues; harmful action of bacterial cell structure factors; harmful action of factors synthesized and released from the bacterial cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arterial hypertension in old age is an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, its frequency being on the rise due to the aging of the population and modern means of treatment. The kidney's intervention as a central pivot in the ethiopathogenesis of arterial hypertension through the secretion of renin, pressure natriuresis and volemic shock, as well as the intervention of the cardiovascular system through increased vascular resistance, endothelial disfunctions and myocardic hypertrophy allow the condition to be addressed by general physicians, cardiologists and nephrologists. Given the associated comorbidities, arterial hypertension in old age remains a poorly defined entity, open to speculations regarding both the pathogenic mechanisms involved and the possibilities of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushroom poisoning in children remains a severe disease, potentially fatal in severe cases. The aim of our study is to present the latest data on mushroom poisoning in children in Romania. The study was retrospective, longitudinal, multi-centric. Data were obtained from three Pediatric Clinics (Sibiu, Cluj-Napoca and Bucharest). Of the 146 enrolled patients, 79 were males and 67 females. Patients' age ranged between 0 and 18, with an average of 8.11 + / - 3.44 years. 47 cases (32.19% of total) were cases treated in children of pre-school age, 0-7 years. 72 poisonings (49.32% of total) occurred in children aged 7 to 14 years. 27 poisoning (18.49% of total) were found in the age group 14- 18 years. 50 patients were from urban areas and 96 from rural areas. The annual average number of cases of 29.2 + / - 11.8 per year with a maximum of 43 cases in 2010. The minimum incidence was observed in 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) are highly purified gammaglobulin preparations made from pooled human plasma from 3,000 to 10,000 healthy blood donors. IVIg generally contains more than 95% unmodified IgG. The clinical utility of IVIg has been enlarged during the last years from the primary immunodefi ciency syndromes to a wide variety of clinical conditions, such as infectious processes (i.e., sepsis, parvovirus B19, or HIV infection), neuroimmunological diseases (i.e.: multiple sclerosis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, or myasthenia gravis, and in different systemic autoimmune diseases (i.e., dermatomyositis, polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ANCA vasculitis, Sjogren syndrome, systemic sclerosis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, Behcet's disease, antiphospholipid syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, etc). The mechanism of action of IVIg is complex and may differ between diseases and even between patients. IVIg is usually well tolerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]