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The first part of this study is a documented outline of the activity and literary work of the Ecumenical Patriarch Germanos II [1223-1240] and of his essential role in the Orthodox recovery in the troubled age of foundation of the Latin Empire of Constantinople and of the competing Greek empires of Nicaea, Trebizond and Epirus. The second part is a discussion of the complex ecclesiastical relations between the Orthodox and Latin hierarchies and jurisdictions in the context of the religious and confessional tensions of the crusader occupation and administration of Greek Orthodox territories and populations. It focusses on the critical situation of the Greek Orthodox bishops in the Latin Kingdom of Cyprus revealed by the two important letters written for them by Patriarch Germanos II in 1223 and 1229, as well by the letter written in 1231-1232 to the Byzantine Emperor in Nicaea by Archbishop Neophytos of Cyprus. The discussion is followed by a Romanian translation of the letters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is a documented discussion of the martyrdom of the thirteen Greek antiunionist monks from Kantara Panagiotissa Monastery, Cyprus, killed and burnt in 19 May 1231 in Nikossia by the Frankish rulers of the Latin kingdom created in 1198 by the crusaders for resisting the attempts of liturgical Latinisation of the Orthodox Cypriots by the Latin Church by publicly condemning the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist. Their martyrdom is presented on the complex historical background of the troubled ecclesiastical relations between the Orthodox and Latin hierarchies and jurisdictions in the context of the religious and confessional tensions generated by the crusader occupation and administration of Greek Orthodox territories and populations in Middle East in general, and in Cyprus in particular, through the forced submission of the Orthodox clergy under the jurisdiction of the Latin Church. The discussion is followed by the first Romanian translation of the dossier of the martyrdom of the thirteen Cypriot monks including the Greek Diegesis surviving in two Byzantine fourteenth century manuscripts, their confession of faith, an ancient Synaxarion note, a poem written by on of the martyred monks and a short unknown contemporary Greek history of the progressive rupture of the relations between the Latins and the Eastern Orthodox up to the Latin crusader occupation of East and the dramatic martyrdom of the Cypriot monks in May 1231. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents the history of the discovery and the significance of two little known short Byzantine treatises about spiritual life: «Against those who accuse the saints» (Kata hagiokatēgorōn) and «Logos in question and answer » written by Niketas Stethatos, the biographer and disciple of Symeon the New Theologian, in the context of the controversies developed on the occasion of the returning in 1052 AD of St. Symeon the New Theologian's relics in Constantinople. The controversies evolved as an interesting discussion concerning the meaning of sainthood and its recognition in the eleventh century Byzantium on the background tension between the hierarchical view of patriarchs and the charismatic understanding of spiritual life promoted by Niketas. His two short treatises translated here into Romanian resume the plea for the possibility and the necessity of the saint's existence in the actual life of the Church developed in Niketas's more famous writings («The Life of Saint Symeon» and the «300 Chapters»). «Against those who accuse the saints» (Kata hagiokatēgorōn) offers a Biblical support of the case and the «Logos in question and answer» is an useful short summary of the charismatic understanding of spiritual life of St. Symeon the New Theologian systematized by his disciple Niketas Stethatos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is resuming the scholarly debates concerning the identification of the historical context in which a forgotten author, Synkellos and Metropolitan Stephen of Nicomedia, has written at around the year 1000 a sort of cathechism for the Byzantine laymen elite ascribed in manuscripts mostly to St. Athanasius the Great: Ad quaedam politicum syntagma (CPG 2286). Parts of the text were included also in two very popular ascetic compilations De virtutibus et vitiis ascribed to St Ephrem (CPG 4055) and to St. John Damascene (CPG 4055), the latter published in the famous Philokalia, 1782. The study analyses the complex relationships of the author with St. Symeon New Theologian and with his spiritual theology, with the Byzantine general Nicephorus Ouranos identified recently by Dirk Krausmuller as the addressee of this cathechism, resuming its the spiritual and dogmatic teaching. The author presents also the Romanian translation of this forgotten byzantine spiritual and dogmatic treatise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question that preoccupies more and more the Church has been intensively raised and is referring to the role of the laics in teaching the divine Word within the Church. Of course, this question has an answer, but it also raises two questions: which kind of laics and in what conditions can they preach the Word? We find the teaching of the divine Word by the laics within the Church since its beginnings, when they had an important role in the spreading and teaching through the Gospel. The laics can practice their right of teaching the Word, by going on mission and contributing to the reinforcement and the defense of the faith, both by public actions, but only with the hierarchy permission and also by private actions, as parents or members of a Christian family or society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the author proceeds to an exhaustive analysis of the provisions of Articles 519-521 of the new Romanian Civil Procedure Code, which, for the first time in the Romanian legislation, establish „the referral to the High Court of Cassation and Justice for a preliminary ruling for the settlement of some points of law”, also in correlation with some legislations of other states or international jurisdictions in the matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the author examines exhaustively the problems of the preliminary proceedings before the Court of Justice of the European Union [Article 19 (3) (b) of the Treaty on European Union; Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]. To this end there are examined: the referral, the preliminary, the preliminary procedure of common law and the special prejudicial procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first three decades of the previews century have been strongly marked by ideological, political and existential disputes between countries, social classes and groups. Marxist ideas were being intensely promoted at the time, while the biggest dispute was more related to the way in which wealth was distributed across different social classes rather than the way in which value was created. However, the main theme of this study has a contemporary part; The attempt to make a comparison analysis between the economic situation of the 1930s and the current situation of the global economy can be justified using the social, economic, political and other related perspectives that an economic crisis can induce upon countries, organizations and individuals alike. The policies adopted eight decades ago by various governments, central banks and other public institutions, including the population's reaction along crisis years at the time could lead to a better understanding of such phenomena and the finding of further solutions in an attempt to overcome the current global economic crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the author performs a general exposure of the concept of periodic penalty payments firstly (concept, terminology, origin and evolution; legal nature; goal, legal basis; structure), and then examines the legal regime of the periodic penalty payments in the administrative matter (the grant conditions; the forms of the periodic penalty payments and the liquidation of the periodic penalty payments in the matter, and finally he discusses about the issue of the periodic penalty payments in the administrative matter in the light of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and of Fundamental Freedoms (including in terms of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights from Strasbourg). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]