Search

Copyright of Gândirea Militară Românească is the property of Romanian Armed Forces Defence Staff and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Magazin Istoric is the property of Fundatia Culturala Magazin Istoric and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal for Neurology & Psychiatry of Child & Adolescent in Romania is the property of Romanian Society of Child & Adolescent Neurology & Psychiatry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The issue of the history of the Romanians from the former Szekler seats of Ciuc, Giurgeu, Odorhei and Treiscaune and of the main identity institutions - the church (Orthodox and Greek Catholic) and the confessional schools that functioned under the auspices of these churches has been little researched. Benefiting from access to ecclesiastical and secular documentary sources, little researched, the present study aims to introduce into the scientific circuit information about the state of places of worship and confessional schools built by members of some Romanian communities with a small number of members, most of them living in ethnically mixed localities, with a numerically majority Szekler/Hungarian population. In these conditions, an important role was played by the solidarity of the Romanians living on both sides of the Carpathians, who we find among the founders of the modest wooden churches, and after 1785, also of stone, and of the confessional school buildings. This solidarity was also manifested between the Romanian communities in the area. When a Romanian community, with a larger number of believers, managed to build a new church, the old one was donated to neighboring communities with few believers, thus witnessing the phenomenon called "traveling churches". Where communities with a small number of Romanians have not managed to maintain their church, we witness the acceleration of the denationalization process and, finally, the disappearance of these communities. Instead, where it was possible to save the Orthodox and GreekCatholic churches and the confessional schools in the Romanian language, religion and school were the main factors promoting Christian teaching, religious education, Romanian culture and traditions, thus ensuring the perpetuation of the Romanian identity in -a multi-ethnic and multiconfessional area, in most cases refractory to alterity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capitalizing on the documents from the secular and church archives, the present article presents an almost unique case, namely an Orthodox church built, but unfinished, in the city of Sfântu Gheorghe, Covasna county, a city with a majority ethnic Hungarian population. It resisted the pressures of the Horthyst and Communist regimes, and thus in 1983, 45 years after the foundation stone was laid, it was completed, with the approval of the local and central Communist leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 1940 was a defining moment in the Romanian people's history. Then, through ultimatum notes and dictation, the European totalitarian powers cut off the national territory. On June 27, 1940, the Soviet government issued a second five-point ultimatum to Romanian Minister Davidescu in Moscow. It was proposed at the end of this note to establish a mixed commission of two members from each side. The commission's mission was to address issues that arose following the withdrawal of the Romanian army and institutions from Bessarabia and Northern Bucovina. The Soviets conditioned the resolution of the Romanians' demands - the repatriation of citizens and the return of materials illegally confiscated by the Soviets - from the beginning in Odesa on the delivery of some quantities of rolling stock on the railway. It was decided that the property, materials, tools, and machinery be returned to the railways of Bessarabia and Northern Bucovina in good condition and ready for immediate use. The "Convention regarding the restitution by Romania to the USSR of the rolling stock, equipment, and assets of the railways in Bessarabia and North Bucovina" was signed on July 31 and August 1, 1940. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Triple Entente (France, Great Britain and Russia) and The Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) were in a fierce arms race and war preparations, both of them looking for new allies and raw materials for leading the war. On 28th of June / 11th of July 1914, World War I broke out. As the war progressed, Romania could no longer remain neutral as it was decided when war started. There was pressure on the Romanian state and also promises. During this time, the 9th Infantry Division was deployed in the Quadrilateral. Division's headquarter was established in Silistra city, 17th Infantry Brigade was in Bazargic city and 34th Infantry Regiment was in Constanța garrison. During this time, it was planned to fill the gaps in armament and the logistic materials. Also, the fortification works at the newly established sites were rushed and the old ones in Turtucaia, Silistra, Cernavodă and Hârșova were reinforced. In 1915 the armies of Bulgaria and Greece were mobilized. They declared that arming was "just a simple measure of precaution and not a hostile purpose against Romania". In 1916, they were aware that against a superior enemy in numbers and arms, Romanian army was not able of a serious resistance in South Dobruja. On 14th of July / 27th of July 1916, Turtucaia and Silistra were put on the defensive positions. During night between 19th-20th of August / 1st-2nd of September, Bulgarian and German troops attacked simultaneously the entire sector of the front line from the Turtucaia's bridgehead area. On 24th of August / 6th of September 1916, the military actions at Turtucaia were dramatic and the last ones taken in that area. After the defeat of the Romanian army at Turtucaia, in November 1916, most of Dobruja, except the Danube Delta, was occupied by the troops of the Central Powers until November 1918. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gândirea Militară Românească is the property of Romanian Armed Forces Defence Staff and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present article analyzes the state of inter-ethnic relations among the intellectuals of the Hungarian Autonomous Region (in the localities of the current Covasna and Harghita counties). In the beginning, data are presented regarding the ethnic and confessional structure of the communities in the reference period. Then the inter-ethnic relations between Romanian and Hungarian intellectuals are analyzed, differentiated into the main socioprofessional categories: political leaders, state officials, teachers, doctors, engineers, priests, etc. The article shows the negative aspects of the inter-ethnic relations between the few Romanian intellectuals left in the area and their Hungarian colleagues, but also moments of “normality”. At the same time, the difference between the period 1952–1960, when the districts of Tg. Secuiesc and Sf. Gheorghe belonged to the Hungarian Autonomous Region from 1960 to 1968, when the two districts were part of the Stalin Region and Brașov, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C.I.M. uniform rules apply to any contract for the carriage of goods by rail, if the place of receipt of the goods and the place of delivery are located in two different Member States. CIM uniform rules may, when applying for accession to the Convention, declare that it will apply these Uniform Rules only to carriage on a part of the railway infrastructure situated in its territory. The carrier is liable for damage resulting from the total or partial loss and damage to the goods, which occurred from the time of receipt of the goods until delivery, as well as for damage resulting from exceeding the delivery time. Legal actions arising from the contract of carriage may be brought against the carrier, who shall be the subject of such an action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gândirea Militară Românească is the property of Romanian Armed Forces Defence Staff and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Similarly to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of ForeignArbitral Awards (1958), the Romanian law did not define a foreign arbitral award, but established the criteria for its qualification, considering that foreign arbitral awards are both the sentences given on the territory of a foreign state and those that are not considered national arbitral awards in Romania. Regarding the effectiveness of a foreign arbitral award, the Romanian Civil Procedure Code stipulates that a foreign arbitral award can be enforced in Romania if it meets two cumulative conditions: the dispute that forms its object can be settled by an arbitral court in Romania and the award does not contain provisions contrary to the public order of Romanian private international law. The court competent to decide on the request for the recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award cannot examine the arbitral award based on the dispute, but only verify its international regularity (validity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]