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In exercise, the immune system is influenced by the factors involved in natural immunity (molecules, cells and monocytemacrophages complex) and in adaptive immunity (molecules and cells). Immune reactivity in exercise is manifested by beneficial effects in the following situations: in young people as compared with old people, in HIV-infected patients, in patients with certain types of cancer, in chronic fatigue syndrome, in spaceflight, and by adverse effects of immunological dysfunction and immunosuppression in long-term exercise, in strenuous exercise, in exercise without food intake, in overtraining, in lack of sleep, in mental stress, in malnutrition. Hormesis theory argues that biological systems respond favorably to low stressors and unfavorable to high stressors. The effects of exercise are in accordance with the biological principle of hormesis. Hormesis plays an important role in the producing of major benefits derived from physical activity. Regular exercise with an intensity and duration from low to moderate, has a wide range of favorable biological responses and upregulates the immune system. Physical inactivity or strenuous exercise down-regulate the immune system and increase the risk of infection. The beneficial effects of regular exercise are partly based on the reactive oxygen species involved in induction of antioxidants, while excessive exercise and overtraining lead to oxidative stress production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. We added to the training of 12-14 year old football players some athletic methods with the intention of raising the level of general and special physical preparation of juniors and in turn leading to a better assimilation of the technique and structure of running, which are so necessary for football players and, especially for the development of the speed, expressed both in objective indexes specific to athletics (time, distance), and in the game of football. Aims. To establish the specific physical preparation of young football players as well as to measure the efficiency of using athletic methodology during football players' trainings. Methods. This study was initiated two years ago and its subjects are the 22 players of the FC Bihor C junior team. The research methods used were observation, tests and experiments. The tests comprised development in the speed of racing 30 and 50 cm distances and also in the speed distance of 4 x 10m which is specific to football. Results. With regard to the speed in the 30 and 50 m distances, a considerable improvement of the time (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) between the initial and the final testing was obtained. We observed the same progress with the speed that is specific to football (4 x 10 m). Conclusions. The team that used during their training some athletic methods adapted for use in football made considerable progress in all three distances. The correct assimilation of the running technique can contribute to the increasing of the quality of the training process, determining the improvement of physical preparation and providing the foundation for perfecting technical and tactic skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. CoQ10 known as ubiquinone is present in all body cells and is indispensable for life. Its structure is like E vitamin but the antioxidant effect is powerful. Aims. We followed the influence of Co Q10 supplementation on oxidant/antioxidant balance in athletes. Methods. Two groups of soccer players were in the research: Group I control group (n=10) athletes and group II (n=10) who were supplemented with 30 mg of CoQ10 daily. The oxidant/antioxidant balance was determined pre- and post- training from the urine and saliva. The indicators for the research were malondialdehide MDA and hydrogen donors HD. Results. The comparative analyses of the post effort O/AO balance demonstrated significant increases of hydrogen donors in the urine for group II compared to group I. Significative increases occurred for MDA and DH in saliva for group II. Conclusions. CoQ10 supplementation modifies the O/AO balance more in saliva increasing the antioxidant defence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]