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On September 29, 1918, a commemorative monument was inaugurated on the Guşteriţa Hill, celebrating two years since the defeat of the troops of the Kingdom of Romania who had attacked Transylvania in late August 1916. After only two and a half months since the celebratory event, the Romanian troops permanently occupied Sibiu, and Transylvania was united with Romania. Everything happened so quickly that the whole public eye was taken by surprise. An empire led by a 600-year-old dynasty dissolved in a matter of just a few weeks. During these events, the Romanians were totally unprepared at the beginning, unlike the Czechs and the Yugoslav peoples, who started organizing their independence much sooner, i.e. during the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archaeological Materials & Research / Materiale şi Cercetǎri Arheologice is the property of Institute of Archaeology "Vasile Parvan" and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Following the diplomatic sources written in urban contexts, account books represent one of the richest and most diverse sources of information concerning the governance and everyday life of any medieval town. This situation is also fully valid for the small Transylvanian corner of Eastern Central Europe, where a handful of urban settlements of German foundation had developed and flourished in the Late Middle Ages. Through a few historical records of this nature, dating from the last years of the 15th century, the town of Cluj - at this point jointly administrated by its Hungarian and German communities - resembles in their employment with the predominantly Saxon towns of Sibiu, Bistrița, Brașov and Sighișoara. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to typologically frame the preserved fragments of the medieval accounts of Cluj, part of them already put in circulation since the end of the 19th century, while another, more modest in scope, was completely unpublished so far, as well as to give all these sources a new and updated critical edition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of the papal tithes is not a new one, as during the last decade various papers have been published within the national historiography, papers which have mainly discussed the tithe register covering six years (1332–1337); the register was compiled by the envoys of Pope John XXII – the tax collectors Jacobus Berengarii and Raimundus de Bonofato. Nonetheless, the monetary aspect was ignored by the same exegeses. For this reason, the current article presents the realities of Transylvanian currency during the first half of 14th century, as reflected in the Papal Tax Register compiled by the collectors of Avignon – Raimundus de Bonofato and Jacobus Berengarii. The act of collecting the taxes across the Hungarian Kingdom, during 1332 and 1337, which compacted and completed the register, had a beneficial role: the “fossilisation” of information related to the monetary system of the Hungarian Kingdom during the fourth decade of 14th century. There was also a variety of currency in Transylvania, one that did not necessarily represent an advantageous aspect, but rather on the contrary – the extended monetary panel showed an economic stagnation of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interesting but controversial decade of Neoabsolutism, which followed after the Revolution of 1848, can be analyzed too as a continuation or reissue of the enlightened Absolutism, which shaped through reforms the institutional framework of the Habsburg Monarchy. Though an oppressive and authoritarian system, the Neoabsolutism implemented many reforms, some of them continuations of the Enlightenment agenda, but other political decisions, such as the Concordate with Vatican, exposed a more conservative side of this period. In a complex crown land as Transylvania, dominated by the necessary, but after 1848-49 heavily impacted cooperation of the main three nationalities and its confessions, these issues appeared in a more complex manner. In the mentioned decade, more reforms were implemented, some of them new and some as a continuation of the older reformistic program, which is easy to understand since these continuities were part of an institutional identity of the monarchic state. This paper tries to address some of these aspects in a general matter and specifically in their Transylvanian manifestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic schools emerged out of practical necessity with the advance of the capitalist economy and the technological changes that determined and accompanied this process. In the Austrian Empire there were only a few real schools (Realschule) until the middle of the 19th Century. The interest in this particular category of schools grew especially after the revolution of 1848, as a result of economic development and the progress of trade, industry, and the means of communication. In the eastern parts of the monarchy, and therefore in Transylvania and especially at the level of the Romanian nation, the evolution of real education was slower than in the western parts of the AustrianHungarian Empire. The Romanian students mostly attended German and Hungarian real schools, because in the absence of adequate financial resources, the Romanian and professional schools were sparse. In 1898 in Blaj, Transylvania, it was established one of the three real schools having the Romanian as language of proposal, namely the Greek Catholic School of Trades and Commerce. Our study aims at a brief presentation of the context of the establishment of a real education in Transylvania. The paper also proposes a case study on the Greek Catholic industrial school in Blaj, from its establishment moments to the means of support, followed by an analysis of the profile of its students, from the point of view of their national, denominational, and geographical origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Historia Artium is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archaeological Materials & Research / Materiale şi Cercetǎri Arheologice is the property of Institute of Archaeology "Vasile Parvan" and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents the research made in Transylvania referring the history of peregrinatio academica during the Communist regime, fhocusing on the most important work published about this topic: the book of Sándor Tonk, entitled “University attendance of Transylvanians in the Middle Ages”, published in 1979 in Hungarian language. I will discuss the sources, the primarly and secondarly literature, and the methodology used, and the critical reception of this book, as well the continuation of the Transylvanians’ investigations concerning the history peregrinatio academica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to illustrate a difficult period in the history of the Romanian Church United with Rome, namely: the evolution of the Greek Catholic Diocese of Cluj-Gherla in the first two months after the split of Transylvania, as a result of the Vienna Diktat. The purpose of this article is to highlight the consequences that the entry of NorthWest Transylvania into Hungary had on the Greek Catholic Diocese of ClujGherla; what changes the new administration brings to the United Church. After highlighting the general framework (status, economic situation, the attempt to subordinate the greek-catholic dioceses to the Archdiocese of Esztergom, as well as the pressure on the Greek Catholic believers to change their denomination), the activity of bishop Iuliu Hossu is also presented. Emphasis will be placed on the bishop’s efforts and attempts to stop the abuses of the new authority on the Romanian population, his attempts to mediate conflicts between Romanian and Hungarian leaders, and last but not least the efforts made to manage the administration of the Greek Catholic Diocese in the new political context. The article also presents the situation of educational institutions under the auspices of the United Diocese of Cluj-Gherla, and the difficulties they face as a result of changes in the education system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the change of political regime, with the new Liberal period inaugurated through the October Diploma, a new activity in the political reorganization of the Great Principality of Transylvania ensued. In a first phase, the political situation benefited the Hungarian political movement which intended to apply the older laws from the years 1847-47, in spite of the intentions of the national movements of Romanians and Transylvanian Saxons, which had specific political aims. In this new context, the appointed Court Chancellor Kemény was commissioned to hold a consultation with the representants of the Transylvanian nationalities in order to outline the principles for a provincial Diet. This paper aims to present the context of this debates, based on the edited and archival information, mainly on the conclusion of the chancellor, annotated by Joseph Bedeus junior, a political figure of the Transylvanian Saxons and based on documents regarding the political attitudes of the Saxons at these consultations. All this information outlines the political attitudes and disputes among the Hungarians, Romanians and Saxons, in a highly important political process leading to the provincial Diet and to a political rebuilding of this highly complex province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to review the measures taken by the authorities of the Hungarian state in an attempt to provide the daily bread during the troubled years 1914-1918; some of the state orders were also communicated in the traditional way, through the Church. Among those communicated by the clergy from the pulpit were orders concerning the agricultural process, the harvesting of agricultural products, the production and consumption of bread, but also the need to involve believers and students in the work of fields and gardens. The involvement of the civilian authorities was all the more grounded, as during the war one of the main problems faced by all the belligerent states was ensuring the provision of food for the army and the civilian population. Rational agriculture was supported by the Budapest government, and the measures taken aimed at implementing a centralized agricultural policy, through the distribution of quality seeds, the provision of labor (soldiers, prisoners, townspeople or villagers who did not have their own agricultural land), timely harvesting and supervised takeover of crops, as well as supplying of those who did not have their own agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the interaction between toll keepers and customs officials from Hungary and Transylvania and the merchants of Sibiu during the last decades of the fourteenth century and 1405. On 21 March 1391, King Sigismund of Luxemburg issued a charter of privileges allowing the merchants of Sibiu to pursue several actions while transiting customs places throughout the kingdom and at the same time abolished various rules and fines for tresspasses newly introduced by the tollkeepers that were considered erroneas or sinistras novitates. During the next fifteen years, the text of this privilege was reissued five times either by King Sigismund of Luxemburg or by the Voivode of Transylvania highlighting an ongoing tension between the merchants and the tollkeepers. The discussion of this issue in the context of corruption and anticorruption measures in the medieval period indicates a case of abuse, followed by complaints of the victims, and normative intervention by the royal authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

William Coxe is a leading English traveller and memorialist who in the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, published a series of books about Central and Eastern Europe. Born in London in 1747 and educated at Eton College, William Coxe was able to visit on several occasions this geographical area, as guardian of some young men, members of English aristocratic families. All his travels and experiences were published by the author in various papers, most of them having a strong historical and memorialist character. His work "History of the House of Austria, from The Foundation Of The Monarchy by Rhodolph of Hapsburgh, The Death of Leopold The Second: 1218 … to .. 1792" was published in two volumes in London in 1807. The above mentioned book is William Coxe's most important historical work and, by its magnitude, paves the way for the Anglo-Saxon historiography which systematically dealt with the Habsburg Empire history . His book also contains original documents, though his own writing is of the dullest manner and shows no higher qualities than those of the conscientious analyst. This paper aims to follow how the author and the Anglo-Saxon perceived political relations between the House of Habsburg and the Principality of Transylvania in the nineteenth century from the perspective of Russian-Austrian-Turkish war of 1787- 1792 period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to identify new ideological sources that influenced George Barițiu and to analyze the connections between his political ideas and two main political views of his time: liberalism and conservatism. The first part of our research is dedicated to Barițiu’s political culture, aiming at identifying his intellectual models, his relations with the Hungarian liberals but also with the main authors of Western liberalism. The influence of Montesquieu’s writings on some of his ideas is being underlined. In the second part of the paper Barițiu’s view regarding the ideal rapport between the individual and the state comes into focus. His opinions concerning this topic were highly influenced by two beliefs related to: 1) the fact that people through their character and their actions must influence the state and to 2) the fact that people involved in public affairs must be independent. The third part is dedicated to Barițiu’s ideas regarding the political regimes, more specifically his view on parliamentarism. The conclusions aim at outlining the ideological profile of the well-known Transylvanian clerk based on the views of the American political scientist Sanford Lakoff regarding conservative liberalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is an attempt to reconstruct the importance of alimentation for the economic and cultural development of an episcopal town in Medieval Transylvania, by the example of Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár, Weissenburg) in the first decades of the 16th century. The inquiry is based mainly on sources from the family archive of bishop Ferenc Várdai (1513-1524): accountable registers, missives, testament, etc. The text is divided into three parts, the first traces the provenience of consumed food, while the second and third one show the personnel and inventory related to the nourishment of the bishop and his household. The bishop played an ambivalent part in the economic development of his residence town. On one hand, he stimulated its development by granting privileges, creating workplaces and attracting a large number of potential buyers, on the other hand, he inhibited economic growth by spending relatively small sums on food purchases in the town, retaining the monopoly of wine trade and imposing taxes. Sumptuous meals aimed to express the power and wealth of the bishop and thus to attract more and more people, familiars, into his household. The episcopal household from Alba Iulia had certainly a significant part in disseminating the Renaissance lifestyle throughout Transylvania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I present the medieval (i. e. until 1526) prices and wages of Braşov, one of the most important medieval Transylvanian towns, on the basis of the town`s preserved financial accounts, written in the first decades of the 16th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to discuss the motives behind the dismissal and resettlement of Wolfgang Buzlai as archdeacon of Hunedoara, starting from a document issued in 1519 by the bishop of Transylvania, Franciscus Várdai. The initial dismissal of Buzlai was immediately followed by the appointment of the famous humanist Stephanus Taurinus. Thus, the question arises, whether the appointment of Stephanus Taurinus should be seen as part of a conscious effort to establish a humanist circle in Alba Iulia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the graves belonging to the Magyar warriors that had been discovered within the Alba Iulia-Staţia de Salvare necropolis in the period 1979-1981. The urbanistic activities carried out in the funerary area located on the northern part of the fortress consisted of digging the foundation of some apartment buildings. The team, composed of scholars from the National Museum of the Union (M. Blăjan, I. Şerban) and from the Institute of Archaeology and Art History, Cluj-Napoca (Ştefan Pascu), identified in the above mentioned area, alongside the numerous roman and medieval graves, a number of 13 Magyar warriors with their inventory (M. 36, M. 54, M. 298, M. 304, M. 322, M. 392, M. 417, M. 517, M. 537 b, M. 584, M. 630, M. 664 şi M. 691). The graves' description was made in accordance with the digging journals kept in the personal archive of fellow colleague Mihai Blăjan. More than half of the graves (M. 36, M. 417, M. 304, M. 517, M. 537 b, M. 664 şi M. 691) had the sepulchral pit covered and set up with lithic material, custom frequently observed in some cemeteries from Alba Iulia dated in the 10th-11th centuries (Izvorul Împăratului, Str. Brânduşei). As regards the equine offering, composed of skull and partial limbs, it was identified in just one warrior grave (M. 630). The funeral inventory recovered was composed of everyday tools and objects (flint, lighter, fold used for sharpening, knives), jewelry (looped rings, rings, bracelets), weaponry (lyre-shaped buckle, quadrangle buckle, chain loops, quivers, arrows, battle axe) and ceramics. All the elements of rites and funeral ritual (the graves' orientation and the arms' position, the anatomic position of the ceramic pots laid as offering, the lack of bird/egg offering, the animal offering and its position) allow us to place these graves in the first half of the 10th century. These graves can be linked with the first Magyar warriors that infiltrated the Alba Iulia area during the first decades of the 10th century. It is almost certain that these warriors were part of the military escort of duke Gyla/Gyula (probably the one that held the position of gyula), an important character of the Magyar staff from Pannonia that established himself in Transylvania and that identified with the autochthonous environment. Gyla rapidly became a dissident that founded a "voivodeship" in the area and reactivated the Christianity via a Byzantine influence. The idea that Hierotheus would have exercised his authority over the Magyars from Pannonia too is out of question, all the more since, particularly, the religious motif meant the beginning of Gyla's dissidence (sic!). Thus, "Gyla's voivodeship" or "Terra Gyla" represents the fourth independent political entity from the Romanian area (alongside those of Menumorut, Glad and Gelu) in which Roman, Slavic, Magyar and Byzantine elements co-exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important events of the 13th century was the acknowledging and approval of reformatory religious orders, the Dominicans and the Franciscans, considered to have been the first of the so called mendicant orders. The paradigm proposed through their religious behavior and their spread within medieval urban communities enabled a direct relation with the people, with the believers and the non-believers. The field literature has given them various names, from friars, to beggars, to mendicants but most recently the latter seems to have been coined with more accuracy. The present paper focuses on their emergence in 13th century Transylvania, as part of the Hungarian realm and the novelty brought upon by their presence within towns, the places they received inside or outside the fortified urban settlements, and the reactions at the level of their contemporary society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

William Coxe is a leading English traveller and memorialist who in the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, published a series of books about Central and Eastern Europe. Born in London in 1747 and educated at Eton College, William Coxe was able to visit on several occasions this geographical area, as guardian of some young men, members of English aristocratic families. All his travels and experiences were published by the author in various papers, most of them having a strong historical and memorialist character. His work "History of the House of Austria, from The Foundation Of The Monarchy by Rhodolph of Hapsburgh, The Death of Leopold The Second: 1218 ... to .. 1792" was published in two volumes in London in 1807. The above mentioned book is William Coxe's most important historical work and, by its magnitude, paves the way for the Anglo Saxon historiography which systematically dealt with the Habsburg Empire history . His book also contains original documents, though his own writing is of the dullest manner and shows no higher qualities than those of the conscientious analyst. This paper aims to follow the manner in which the author and the Anglo Saxon world perceived the political relations between the House of Habsburg and the Principality of Transylvania in the early nineteenth century. In this first article, it shows some information about the author and this book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objects were discovered one in the cemetery at Șpălnaca/Șugud (Transylvania) and the other at Timișoara-Modoș Bridge (Romanian Banat) (Map 1). Both artefacts have been identified in the professional papers as daggers, when, in fact, they are saxes. Both saxes have been found inside graves of Avar men. The grave from Șpălnaca/Șugud which contained the sax is dated from the end of the Middle Avar period (680-710/720), whereas the other from Timișoara/Modoș Bridge is dated from the second part of the Late Avar period (760-810/830). The two saxes can be recognized as the first (I) Csiki, defined for the finds discovered in the Avar cemeteries from the Carpathian basin. The occurrence of the two saxes in the Avar graves from the Transylvanian plateau and the Romanian Banat widens the geographic area where the saxes are known to have been used by the Avars, including the eastern Carpathian basin. However, they are only a few compared to the total number of Avar graves from Western Romania, thus indicating that the sax wasn't a weapon employed on a large scale by the Avar warriors that entered this area. The saxes from Șpălnaca/Șugud and Timișoara/Modoș Bridge were probably used as weapons. At the same time, it is possible that they were only ceremonial weapons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of the Greek-Catholic archpriest parish district and archpriests of Turda is a less tackled topic both in general as in the local historiography. The present paper has the purpose of bring new information and interpretations on this topic, as well as recovering a forgotten part of the confessional history of the town of Turda. The Greek-Catholic archpriest parish district of Turda is one of the oldest presbyterial units of the Romanian United Church. Its emergence coincides with unification moment of a part from the Transylvania's Romanian believers withe Rome. Thus, at the synod of 14th of September 1700, the archpriest Pascu from Turda was signing, together with the 28 priests subordinated to him, the documents that consented to the religious union with Rome. This way came into existence the Greek-Catholic archpriest parish district of Turda, which along history has been an important landmark in the evolution of the Romanian community from this region. The Greek-Catholic archpriests of Turda were remarkable personalities of the local community and beyond, bringing their valuable contribution to its development. The distinguished united clerics had a thorough specialized training acquired at the schools of Blaj. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying in Sibiu the fragmentary text of “Speculum Historiale” compiled by Vincent de Beauvais around the middle of the 13th century – a valued work throughout the Middle Agest – could initiate a discussion regarding the place of historiography within the reading practice in Transylvania before the Religious Reformation of the 16th century. The following paper attempts to discuss the question of dating and localising the fragment, then argues that the two folios still at hand were initially part of a manuscript – so far, the most eastern reception of the text in this form – owned in Transylvania already around 1500. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The First World War had a series of negative consequences expressed in human loses and material sacrifices; research estimate about 8 to 10 millions of victims amongst the combatants, approximately 20 millions of wounded and millions of widowers and orphans. Transylvania, a part until 1918 of the Hungarian half of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy had also suffered the consequences of the war, the sad balance of the four years of war counting approximately 41739 deceased on the battle field, 11275 deceased in prisons and hospitals, 25406 invalids, 79226 orphans and 38630 widowers amongst the Romanian population. Beyond this illfated statistics, the real consequences of the war on the lives of the soldiers and of their families are still to be known. That is why the present research intends to analyze the social and demographic consequences of the First World War in Transylvania. The research is concentrated on three categories of victims: the invalids, the orphans and the widowers. The paper is as a case study on the localities from Someşul Mare Valley. The analyse of the 500 dossiers of invalids, orphans and widowers, kept in the Archives of Bistriţa-Năsăud highlighted an average age of only 30,9 years old for the demobilized soldiers as a result of injuries suffered on the battle field. Most of those who disappeared or lost their lives in the war were over 30 years old and they left behind widowers and a lot of orphans. The average age of women at the time of the disappearance/death of their husbands was 31,6 years old while for the orphans, the average age at the time of the disappearance of their father was approximately 5,6 years old. The present research also followed up the concrete ways of supporting those who were affected by the war through the laws, the decrees and the regulations issued by the laic authorities. The highest point of the actions undertaken in favour of the victims was the law of September 1920 which established the National Agency for The Invalids, Orphans and Widowers of the War (Oficiul Naţional al Invalizilor, Orfanilor şi Văduvelor de Război - IOVR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper discusses the historiographical debates between the secular and the ecclesiastical canons regarding the entanglements between institutionalized traditional religion (mostly the Orthodox Church) and the process of national awakening in 19th century Transylvania. The emergence of a national conscience among the Romanians in Transylvania situated at the periphery of the Habsburg Empire (from 1866, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy) coincides with the stern efforts of Orthodox clergymen such as Metropolitan Andrei Șaguna to re-shape the institution of the Transylvanian Church according to the new political realities following the 1848-1849 Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current paper, we will present a repertoire of the coins issued during the 11th-13th centuries found both in churchyard cemeteries and in the stratigraphy of medieval churches. A general conclusion that emerges from the catalogue of the coin finds is that most medieval churches dating from the 12th and 13th centuries were surrounded by a contemporary cemetery. the coins deposited in the graves around churches in Transylvania are only coins issued by Arpadian kings, with one exception, i.e. the cemetery from Feldioara, where Roman coins were found as Obolus in medieval funerary rituals; no other medieval coins were discovered in graves, for example: Byzantine coins, Friesach coins, etc. As a general characteristic of the churchyard cemeteries dating from the mid-11th century to the end of the 12th century we can notice the absence or reduced frequency of depositing coins as Obolus in graves; the case of the cemeteries where coins were deposited as Obolus during funerary ritual, the percentage of members who practiced such a ritual is very small; only four cemeteries slightly exceed the 10% of graves with coins deposited as Obolus (Feldioara, Cluj-Mănăştur, Geoagiu de Jos - Rotondă?, Drăuşeni 22.41%). A distinctive feature of Arpadian monetary deposits is the domination of anonymous denarii. Regarding the use of the coin deposited in the grave, we have identified at least three situations: coin deposited as Obolus, as an element of funerary ritual; coin as an adornment item in the inventory of the grave; coins deposited as monetary treasure. As regards the deposit of the coin as Obolus, we observed that in the Transylvanian area during the Arpadian times, the custom of depositing the coin in mouth or on mouth dominates; more rarely the coin was placed in hand; even more rare are the coins placed on the chest of the deceased. The custom of depositing coins as Obolus were in use in the churchyard cemeteries dated in the second half of the 11th century and the 12th century. For the 13th century, we have no grave with the custom of depositing coins as Obolus, and the coins dated in this period and discovered as inventory in graves are in a very low percentage comparing to the previous period. This phenomenon can be interpreted as an intensification of the control of the Catholic Church in compliance with the Christian principles regarding the burial ritual. We must note that some coins were cut and some fractured. It is possible that these marks have been applied or have occurred during the movement of the coins; but we should not overlook the possibility that some were prepared as such to be deposited in the grave, as a symbolic destruction of the object deposited. From the chronology point of view, so far, the oldest churchyard cemetery is the one from Cluj - Mănăştur where the oldest coins are issued by Andrew I (1046- 1060) and Ladislau I (1077-1095), being laid as Obolus in graves; other churchyard cemeteries where coins from Ladislau I were discovered are the cemetery from Dăbâca - castle area IV, Geoagiu de Jos and Moldovenești. We must emphasize that these cemeteries are located in the Western part of the Transylvanian Plateau (see map 2). The next set of coins are those issued by Coloman (1095-1116), being found also on the West side of Transylvania (Geoagiu de Jos, Moldovenești, Alba Iulia and likely Sighișoara - Dealul Viilor). The coins issued by Stephen II (1116-1131) and Bela II (1131-1141) discovered in graves of the churchyard cemeteries are mentioned in Alba Iulia, Cluj - Mănăştur, Chidea, Dăbâca - castle area IV, Dăbâca - Garden of Tămaș, Dăbâca - Boldâga, Moldovenești, Moreşti - Citfalău (?) and Streisângeorgiu (the cemetery is dated stratigraphically as starting in the second half of the 11th century around an 11th century wooden church, which was replaced by a stone church in 1130-1140). In the current state of research, we can assert that for the first half of the 12th century the spreading area of cemeteries surrounding churches was still limited to Western Transylvania. Only since the reign of Geza II we started witnessing a spread of Arpadian coins in the churchyard cemeteries in other parts of Transylvania. The chronological points specified represent enough evidence to interpret the phenomenon of cemeteries around churches, as a gradual propagation of the institution of the Catholic Church in Transylvania from west to east; the phenomenon starts in the second half of the 11th century when we talk about a spread on a smaller scale of the influence of the Catholic Church only in western Transylvania; about the expansion of the institution of the Catholic Church towards the eastern Transylvania we can talk only since the mid-twelfth century, a phenomenon that is gradually increasing during the 13th century. Also, there are several churches (Albeşti, Câlnic - fortress, Cisnădioara - St Michael Church, Prejmer, and Zlatna - basilica phase) which had another initial function different, than that of a parish church or a sacred space devoted to burials, which once again confirms the original role of these churches, that of nobility church. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The First World War, besides the chaos, the mess, the devastation and many other, also led to problems connected with to a refugees, the hospitalized people, prisoners of war, phenomenon that can only be understood through the differences between the different admission systems. Careful supervision, concentration, admission and civil deportation, that were thought by the decision makers as necessary in sustaining the war efforts, it became in the war years a usual practice. By far, the most illustrative case is the one of Austro-Hungarian monarchy where, even before the outburst, there were plans and regulations made in the exceptional, in the regions populated by diverse nationalities, authorities to be able to oversee, restrict, censorship their activity. Of course, in Transylvania, as a part of Hungaria, this policy was present, starting with 1907, when Antal Huszar, official in the political section of the govern in Budapest, published a book, specially for the govern members, under the name of Black Book, in which the author presents all „Daco-Romans”, priests and common people, that would be enrolled in the case of an war in the region. Starting from this, we will try in our paper to analyze from the point of view of cultural history, an incident almost unknown in the history of Transylvania (Transylvania, Banat, Crişana and Maramureş), that happened between 1916-1918. We are talking about the arrest, incarceration and deportation of the Romanian priests in west of Hungaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with three aspects related to Romanian civil servants in Transylvania between 1861 and 1918. It begins with a short overview of the Romanian historical writing, which up until the last decade, showed very little interest in the subject. Second, a case study on the southern regions of Transylvania (mainly the Saxon sees fanning the post-1876 county of Szeben) is meant to identify the actual Romanian presence within the civil servants' corps, while highlighting some practical and methodological issues, which an extended research on the subject needs to take into consideration. A special focus point within the case study is represented by the extent to which biographical data on Romanian clerks is available in various sources. The final part of the paper sheds some light on the complicated entanglement between the Romanian civil servants and the national political and cultural movement, presenting its evolution during the Liberal and Dualist periods, together with its echoes into historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper approaches, continuing former investigations over the libri transylvanici fund from Batthyaneum Library, 237 books printed in Sibiu, in the XVIIIth century and the first decades of the XIXth century. They are the result of skill and editorial policy pursued by some typographers, out of whom the following remarked: Martin Hochmeister, Johannes Barth et al. Similarly as in the previous cases, author of the paper argues affiliation of books to certain domains of cultural and political interest: calendars (6 copies); catalogues (15 copies); dictionaries (9 copies); didactic books (25 copies), juridical printings (30 copies), History volumes (47 copies), oratory (13 copies), political works (41 copies), periodicals (7 copies), theology (38 copies) etc. At the same time, more lecture notes or bookplates, evidencing circulation of works before entering the fund of encyclopedic book from Vauban Citadel, are valorised as well as their owners. In fact, there were established some libraries or private collections and institutional ones (Ignatius Batthyani, Johannes Aemilius Buczi, Stephanus Fangh, Michael Fogarassy, Nicolaus Kováts, Antonius Martonfi, Rezidence of Jesu Society from Sibiu and Odorhei etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the fundamental sources of the cultural history of the Great War, memoirs, beside other writings from the same genre like-diaries, memoires, autobiographies and correspondences-have enjoyed and still enjoy an audience particularly that of researchers because of their ability to repay both individual and collective destinies. This study summarizes the results of a postdoctoral research project dedicated to the identification and analysis of Transylvanian Saxon memoir sources on the First World War. Published papers, newspapers and books from the mentioned era are being reviewed, as well as a number of unpublished sources identified in the rich collection of Brukenthal documents-preserved in the Sibiu County National Archives and the archive of the Transylvanian Institute from Gundelsheim, Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the paper is to provide an inventory and an analysis of the coins discovered during the archaeological excavations on medieval churchyards situated in Transylvania. So, at this research stage, it stands out a differentiation between churchyards from the north central Transylvania and those from southern Transylvania, except Hateg Land. In the first case are present arpadian coins from the 11th century, in the second case the oldest coins are from Geza II. In our analysis, we observe that most of the coins are placed on the mouth in the 11th and the 12th centuries, rarely, the coins are putted in the hand. There are no concrete cases in which the coin is putted on the sternum. Another feature of those churchyards it is the dominance of the graves without inventory, also the rarity of the burials with coins. We observed that the anonymous denars dominate the monetary horizon in the 12th century. We should note the case of Geoagiu de Jos, where is a big number of coins issued by Coloman. The coin presence in graves as Obolus is more rarely beginning with the mid of the 13th century. The coins from the second part of the 13th century are almost missing. It is also noted that some coins from graves were cut or torn; it is possible that these coins have been prepared so to be part of the funeral ritual, which possible mean a symbolic destruction of the object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This brief research paper is in the same time a study of modern world history, but also that of compared imagology. The researched theme can be regarded as an unprecedented one because the study presents the image of a West European country reflected in the main Transylvanian newspaper from the modern period, "Gazeta de Transilvania". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activity of the Romanian national councils, from Lower Alba county and the activity of the Romanian National Council of Blaj are extended and of great interest. Regarding the events that preceded the Great Union of 1918, historians have written extensively both general and particular works, addressing different viewpoints, studying this exceptional episode of our national history. Our approach is intended to be a short introduction of the tense atmosphere from the end of the year 1918 and an analysis of the activity of the Romanian National Council of Blaj. Such research topics were subjects for historians, as Marcel Ştirban and Viorica Lascu, especially with the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Great Union (1968). However, during the last half century this subject was abandoned. Gradually historians returned to this topic, mainly because we are approaching the 2018 moment (centenary of the Great Union). In this context we intend to bring our humble contribution to the existing knowledge of the activity of this organism, by reinterpreting the studies and the papers, published so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important Byzantine history papers from the 15th-16th centuries, which give information about Transylvania, belong to the chroniclers Doukas (15th century), Laonikos Chalkokondylas (15th century), Kritoboulos of Imbros (15th century), Georgios Sphrantzes (15th century) and Macarios Melissenos also known under the name of Pseudo-Phrantzes (16th century). The news passed by the Byzantine chroniclers regarding Transylvania are generally few but they cover quite varied fields. These register a series of toponyms as well as some information of geographical nature, regarding the administrative organization, the military organization, the internal political situation, the external relations or they are varied news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims at highlighting the way in which the XIXth century Transylvanian satirical press, through one of its exponents, Gura Satului magazine, approaches the existence and the activity of the Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and Romanian People's Culture (ASTRA). Known by its satirical articles and cartoons on social, political or cultural themes, Gura Satului magazine captures, through three of its satirical illustrations, the positive role of this association in the life of the Transylvanian people during the dualist regime. The article analyses these cartoons in terms of both artistic and technical details but also in terms of the significance of their message which is that of the struggle of the Transylvanian Romanians to preserve their language and national identity at times of bleak domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research is focused on a document often left aside by the Romanian historiography - the 1887 memorandum project elaborated by Ioan Slavici. The paper can be considered a forerunner of the 1892 memorandum and represents the result of a deep compromise between the real political ideas of its author and the Romanian National Party's official agenda. Thus, shortly after its elaboration, Slavici resigned from the leadership of the national movement and never again made mention of the project's ideas. Alongside the description and analysis of the document's content, the conclusions of our article explore the possibility of alternative explanations for the strong pro-Habsburg position of the writer, presenting the opportunity of relating his political imaginary with some recurrent psychological behavior identified by one of his recent biographers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the issue of the Orthodox primary school system in the District of Cetatea de Piatră (Chioar), during the second half of the 19th century. The main subjects of interest are: the presence and the quality of the school houses, the selection process and the choosing of the teachers, the existence and the use of didactic materials (including school books). The conclusions point at the fact that the educational process in the given area and time period had been confronted with endless problems, caused by the government's struggles to impose de extended use of Hungarian language, but also by the Romanian communities' lack of understanding about the importance of the education in the process of maintaining the national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most villages analysed in this paper are located in the region between the rivers Târnava Mare and Târnava Mică and only some of them lie in the former noblemen's enclaves on royal lands, to the west of Târnava Mare. Those settlements were subject to the 1992-1996 research within the Romanian-German project to inventory the villages in the Saxon colonisation area in Transylvania. Proposing those settlements as the subject of this paper was primarily motivated by the wish to make known and, therefore, liable to be protected aspects of the Transylvanian Saxons' culture that correspond to a less extent to the clichés constituted in the collective imaginary on the German colonisation settlements in Transylvania. Moreover, the features of these settlements recommend them as responding to the aspects of the vernacular architecture as they were defined over time. They are, to the same extent as the free villages, the "fundamental expression of a community's culture". They also are a "witness of a society's history" and represent the "traditional and natural means by which those communities created their habitat"; "though utilitarian, they are, however, of interest and have aesthetic value", being also a "constant adaptation in response to social and environmental constraints", and having "coherence of style, form and aspect" (quotes from the "Charter on the Built Vernacular Heritage", of the ICOMOS consultative committee, Stockholm, September 10-11, 1998). Keeping their features that make them important to history is threatened not only by the elements of the dissolution of the rural civilization, which are generalized in the entire country, but also by the specific challenges faced by the German colonisation settlements in Transylvania. The lack of knowledge, even by decision-making specialists, of the importance of those settlements as visible signs and still well-kept "sources" of that "little" history of the rural space, which is so little documented, leads to the loss of the aspect and historic substance of those settlements. Although they benefited from spontaneous reviving phenomena, in the absence of the specialists' assistance, irreplaceable elements giving individuality and historic value to those villages may be destroyed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting with the 13th century, the mendicant orders began to intensify their activity. The preacher or dominican monks were among the first mendicants tospread towards eastern Europe, settling down in Transylvania as well. Shortly after, the brothers of St. Francis followed. By the next century the mendicant network encompassed also the brothers of St. Augustine's order, those of St. Paul the First Hermit. This paper aims to emphasize - by means of documents - their institutional importance, from both the perspective of the papal authority and the one of the Hungarian royalty, and their activity from the perspective of mendicant orders exercising their beliefs and misionary activism in Transylvania between the 13th-15th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

François Hotman (1524-1590), a distinguished personality of the French Renaissance, has had multiple interests in the fields of law, history, literature or religious propaganda for the Reform. He wrote in the field of law and he contributed to the development of the study and teaching methods of Roman law. His preoccupations in this domain have proven to be full of daring. His master work will always be the history tractate Franco-Gallia, which has been a huge success at that time. He was also considered to be one of the most important renascentist political writers. He was appreciated and studied for his measureless erudition and his commentaries regarding the operas of the antiquity have been considered to be remarkably valuable (especially the ones about Cicero's discourses). The presence of the 15 exemplaries of his papers in the most important Transylvanian libraries proves the fact that Hotman's writings have been read, quoted, and collected by our intellectuals. Bringing them forward has been an honor for us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper presents the circulation of Spanish books within the protestant circles in Transylvania from the 16th -18th centuries and their presence in the Teleki Library. The share of these printed works in Spanish and the presence of other works translated from Spanish into other European languages are an indicator of the interest shown by the urban Transylvanian aristocracy, dominated by religious Reformation, towards Spanish culture and civilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts for the first time, and in relation with the general European practice, an evaluation of the cryptographic correspondence, as it was used in diplomatic activity from Transylvania. The analysis considers a long period of time, from the first evidences concerning the use of the cyphers until 1700, however insisting on the reigns of the two Rakozi princes. Two central issues are addressed: on the one hand, the cryptographic writing in the diplomatic correspondence with the Ottoman Empire, on the other hand, its use in relation to Habsburg Austria. The author discovers that coded writing was present even in the domestic correspondence between the members of princely council in the second half of the 17th century on subjects of diplomatic, political and military nature. The solutions for encryption employed in this time were all very well known in Europe of that period: substituting letters with numbers, changing the meaning of certain letters or the use of so called signurn muturn or nullita, and often the special coding of frequently used words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents two large anthropomorphic statuettes (more than 25 cm height). They were discovered in the site of Păuleni-Ciuc „Dâ mbul Cetăţii” Harghita County. The statuettes were made of clay and were discovered in fragmentary state. This paper is especially important since there are only a few objects of this type discovered within the Cucuteni-Ariusd culture. Most of the "statuettes/figurines/idols" assigned to Cucuteni-Ariusd culture are medium-sized objects (8-25 cm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present research we have analyzed the place that Transylvania magazine had in between the Romanian magazines, starting from the appreciations of the researchers that had studied varied aspects concerning de Association's periodical. We have not left out the papers of those who have dealt with the analysis of the Romanian press' history. Nevertheless, we have relied on our own research made during the doctoral programme, where we studied the evolution of Transylvania magazine between 1868-1919, a time frame that we have included in our present study. Another problem that we have wanted to highlight is the one linked to the editorial aspect of the magazine. And in this analysis we started from the information supplied by the specific historiography, which we classified according to our own results. Our approach did not stop over every editor between 1868-1919, as a matter of fact we did not even want to do this, to emphasize the general characteristic of the magazine and not the one that stood out in a certain period of time is our goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activity of achieving the scientific evidence of cultural goods belonging to archaeology as a basic synthesis necessary to the contemporary Romanian historiography was and still is considered to be deficient at the present time. The 3D reconstruction and modelling can be a good way for disseminating valuable information to a larger public. The main goal of our paper is to present a general overview of the reconstruction of the basilica in Roșia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project, the study of the research's progress, over time, of the fortified Saxon churches from Transylvania, is required because of the abundance of works for the tourists published in recent years. We will try, however, to speak especially about the scientific work that seem to be the best in the last century, and about some of the promotion materials of churches. It goes without saying that we do not claim to treat the subject exhaustively, but we intend to point out certain aspects that distinguish the pile of papers published over time. We therefore propose a classification of works as measured by the period of occurrence, knowing that historical research have a strong conection with the time when they were performed and with the type of (political) leadership able to treat a subject in a greater or lesser extent. Nowadays, interest in the history of the Transylvanian Saxons increases significantly, we believe, due to the tourism development, but perhaps because of awareness, that the immense artistic endowment is in danger of disappearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]