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One of the most important voivodal institutions of Transylvania, with an uninterrupted continuity in the period of the Principate, was the army (Exercitus Transylvanie). This evolution meant important changes: the men power development - its expansion in numbers, in their training and their war strategy - determined its involvement in many fighting campaigns throughout Central and South-East Europe for eight centuries. This paper addresses a large military law terminology - through the analysis and interpretation of an edict (regulations) unknown by Romanian historiography, made by Transylvanian prince Mihail Apafi, in 1671 - contributing in completing historical and juridical information regarding the way the army and all military personnel were not only disciplined, but also how was its Christian morale towards internal and international war campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transversal studies on emerging European communication are quite few in number, while the approach to the policies and strategies launched by the European Commission ever since 2005 is still very specific or contingent. Our aim is to conduct a comprehensive study on what are still the early stages of the concept of 'emerging European communication'. The article investigates four programmatic documents of the European Commission, the White Paper on a European Communication Policy, the Action Plan to Improve Communicating Europe, the Plan D for Democracy, Dialogue and Debate, and the Strategy Europe 2020, as well as one resolution of the European Parliament, Journalism and new media - creating a public sphere in Europe, all describing the new European communication policy. The analyzed key-directions relate to the reference point of all these debates and initiatives - the Eurobarometer, an unbiased tool of sociological measurement, which fully confirms the communication breakdown between European citizens and the institutions which represent them - the 'favorable' premise of a communication policy for the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Romanian Encyclopedia, written and edited by the Association for the Romanian Literature and Culture of the Romanian people (ASTRA), between 1898-1904, may be considered the first national encyclopedia in the Eastern Europe. It involves a certain stage of development of the science, arts and culture of a people, and the existence of the personalities able to address the various areas of the terminology imposed by such a project for developing an encyclopedia. The achievement of this encyclopedia was possible through the work of over 200 Romanian scholars. Many articles regarding the book world: bibliography, calendar, dictionary, encyclopedia, paper, parchment, writing, over 190 terms appertaining to bibliology can be found in these pages, although at that time the bibliology was not an independent science. The terms existing in the three volumes show the illustrious collaborators' interest for all fields of knowledge. Because the number of the terms is huge, this article deals only with the most commonly used, following their development over the time, exemplifying and diachronically and critically analyzing the following items: alphabet, bibliography, library, book, dictionary, editor, paper, printing, and tipography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diphtheria represents a serious infectious disease with high epidemic potential. Could be preventable by vaccination (minimum 95% vaccination coverage at 1 year; 90% in adults). It is considered as a re-emerging disease, exemplified by diphtheria epidemic in the period 1991-1995 in all CIS countries. In Europe, in 2008-2010, 77 cases of diphtheria were clinically and microbiologically confirmed. "Imported" toxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae are circulating in developing countries, where diphtheria is still endemic. This disease still reprents a threat because of sporadically occuring in developed countries. In Romania, there were no reported diphtheria cases since 1989. Number of non-toxigenic strains isolated in territory ranged from 356 isolates in 1995 and 40 in 2007. Currently, we cannot establish if there is a real and significant reduction of C. diphtheriae reported strains or this is due to a lower interest for surveillance by laboratory, in the country. It is also not known the involvement in pathology, in Romania, for other species belonging to the genus Corynebacterium (including for immunocompromised patients). The objective of this paper is to produce and disseminate a diagnostic algorithm for suspected diphtheria cases and identification to species level of all strains belonging to the genus Corynebacterium. Diagnostic algorithm will be available to Public Health Authorities in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims at analysing and comparing the European and Romanian legislation in the field of manufacturing food supplements, in order to identify the correspondence between Romanian norms and the European legal framework. The research has been performed on the texts of applicable European directives and the norms in force in Romania in the field of food supplements, covered by food legislation. The methods of interpretation and the comparative method are being used. The elements of legislation under research are the provisions on the authorisation of the producer, manufacturing process, packaging and labeling of supplements. In regard to the setting up of production units and the manufacturing process it has been ascertained that the directives applicable in the European Union do not have any such provisions. In the Romanian legislation, these rules have been inferred from the legislation on food products. They set the need to authorize / register producers with the Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority at county level, as well as the obligation to observe the good manufacturing practice rules set by the producers' associations. The provisions regarding packaging and labelling of food supplements, in European and Romanian legislation, are very similar. However, they are set apart mainly by the fact that Directive 2002/46/EC establishes that labelling and presentation must not attribute to food supplements the properties of preventing, treating or curing a human disease, or refer to such properties. In Romanian legislation such provisions exist only with regard to food supplements containing just vitamins and/or minerals. The proposals refer to the harmonising Romanian standards with the European ones, by adopting these provisions also in what regards the food supplements of animal and/or vegetal origin, so as to avoid any confusion between these and medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper makes o short review over the main aspects of drug compensation in EU. There are mentioned the procedures of including medicines in the compensation system according to the European legislation and comparative situations in EU countries in regard to the length of negotiation process to obtain the compensation, the modality and percent of compensation. We may conclude that there isn't a unitary policy of compensation in the EU countries, differences being significant and dictated by every country by itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims at analysing and comparing the European legislation and the Romanian legislation in the field of defining food supplements, in order to identify the components of a legal definition and the correspondence between Romanian norms and the European legal framework. The research has been performed on the texts of applicable European directives and the norms in force in Romania. The method of interpretation and the comparative method are being used. Several definitions of food supplements have been identified, in various categories of normative acts, that include as elements the definition itself and the limits of nutrient concentration. The definition itself includes the composition, form of presentation and purpose of using food supplements. There are similarities between the European and the Romanian definitions in what regards the elements of the definition, and differences in what regards their contents. Qualifying a product as a food supplement has as an impact the obligation of observing the applicable legislation. Although the analysed definitions include the possibility of presenting food supplements in pharmaceutical forms, no definition provides for the possibility of associating it to a therapeutic purpose, something that clearly distinguishes these products from medicines, both at the European level and in Romania. The definitions of food supplements in the Romanian legislation are in line with the European legal framework, and are even more detailed in what regards the composition and form of presentation. The drawbacks of Romanian regulations include the lack of provisions regarding minimum and maximum limits of nutrient concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to a healthy environment is an indirectly guaranteed right by the European Convention of Human Rights, being considered by some authors as part of the third generation human rights, called solidarity rights, alongside with the right to peace, the right to development etc, but which are not granted by express dedication in the Convention. Given the importance of this right, the European Court of Human Rights has used the „indirect protection‟ technique which allows the extension of the protection of some guaranteed rights by the Convention, to other rights which are not covered by it. Thus, through an extensive interpretation of the domain of application of some rights expressly stipulated by the Convention, the right to a healthy environment was assimilated to the right to privacy, being considered a component of this right. In this way the environmental right is indirectly protected. In this paper we analyze the evolution of this right, both in terms of its establishment in the national and international legal instruments, as well as in the case-law developed by the European Court of Human Rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, alcohol addiction has the largest expansion in all population groups, as recognized by the experts in various fields as a true "pandemic toxic". Alcohol and drugs are the main causes for the increase of the crime rate. Statistics show that alcohol consumption is correlated with 50% of suicide cases, 80% of crimes, 30% of serious traffic accidents and 15% of drowning cases. The paper aims at providing an insight into the level and trend of alcohol consumption in Europe and Romania based on the statistics of the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the UDC's class 9, based on frequent use of its classification indices, especially 929/94 divisions and their subdivisions, for publications on Biographical sciences and related studies. History and predilection of the main divisions to be used in connection with indices of other classes. An important aspect of the classification methodology within historical field is how distinctly can historical figures and historians be classified. There are also presented the existence of different types of classification, based on a combination of common auxiliary indicating place, time and direct alphabetical specifications. The existence of different types of classification is also highlighted, based on specific topics. For application there can be used common auxiliaries and/or alphabetical extension (Table Ih in UDC) and the author provides different examples of combination(s) for biographies, biographical presentation (092), various other literary forms (82-9), presentation in chronological/historical form (091), historical sources (093). The history of individual countries and peoples is expressed through the use of Table Ie - common auxiliaries of place, Table Ig - common auxiliaries of time, and, where appropriate, Table If - common auxiliaries of ethnic grouping and nationality. Class 94 allows great flexibility for collection organization which should be guided by users needs and established by the local indexing policy. If required, it is also possible to organize history by periods first and then by place - e.g. 94"1914/1918"(4) Europe during First World war or 94"04/14"(5) History of the Middle Ages in Asia. A paper addressing the classification methodology has to offer practical situations and patterns of use of the classification indices, and to present, from a broader perspective, the topics encountered in practice, bringing into question the correlation between subjects and different types of indices from several classes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental demands in occupational environments increased in the current socioeconomic context, this trend imposing stress management policies to promote health at work, in particular mental health. There are many methods and assessment tools belonging mainly to psychology, and can be used successfully in support of mental health promotion as a requirements argument among workers. This paper outlines some of the methods currently used in the U.S. and Europe, and also proposes the using of stress control card at work, as a very accessible instrument for Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]