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Our paper is a review of the modern knowledge on the antenatal development of the central nervous system. In our era the developmental anatomy is no more the exclusive field of the embryologist or anatomist. Clinicians usually are interested in those aspects of the development that could explain the mechanism of some congenital anomalies. The human central nervous system is the highest level of organization and perfecting of the nervous tissue in animals. In our paper we focus on the essential aspects of the development of the central nervous system: formation of the neural tube by the primary and secondary neurulation, and then the differentiation of the neural tube considering the cranio-caudal and the dorso-ventral axes respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a survey of the Romanian bibliographies of the history of medicine, from the end of the 19th century to present days. We start by underlining the fact that the history of medicine never had a bibliography of its own, because, finding itself at the border of the historians and the medicines interest, each guild was attracted only by parts of it. As a result, despite the numerous initiatives of gathering the medical history writings, there is no complete reference work yet published. There are periods almost exhaustively covered thanks to the complementarity of the medical and the historical bibliographies, but there are also many "white spots". The conclusions of our paper point out the need for a stand-alone bibliography of the history of medicine in Romania, a bibliography at the border of both historical and medical reference works, capable of filling a historiographical gap and to offer the historians of medicine a solid research tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. QUOROM represents an instrument to improve the quality of reporting of meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The aim of this study was the assessing of conformity to QUOROM criteria about all the chapters of a analysis of randomized controlled trials in reporting of abstracts of meta-analisis of survival data. Materials and methods. The study was an observational descriptive study. Meta-analysis papers of survival data of randomized controlled trials were searched in Pubmed, published between July 1999 and December 2005, using the search string "survival rate OR survival analysis" and the limits "Meta-Analysis, Humans". The meta-analysis of survival data were identified by assessing the title and abstracts. The quality of reporting of the abstracts of these studies was assessed. The concepts from QUOROM declaration, referring to all the chapters of a meta-analysis were assessed to see if they were reported in these abstracts. The number and percentage of the reporting of these concepts were presented for the assessed papers. Results. The search resulted in 466 results, from which 260 (56%) met the inclusion criteria, and from those 121 (47%) analysed randomized controlled trials. The QUOROM concepts that were less reported were: motivation for the review, or the biological rationale; naming of databases used; using unpublished studies; manual search; using expert informants; criteria for exclusion; assessing validity and data abstraction; methods for combining results; clinical and statistical heterogenicity; dealing with missing data; assessing publication bias; agreement on assessing selection criteria, and study validity; discussion on clinical implication of the findings; presenting possible biases in making of the meta-analysis. Conclusion. The results justify the necessity of using with much more rigour the QUOROM methodology to report abstracts of meta-analysis of survival data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Within the animal population, but also in the human one, Background. In patients with Turner syndrome (TS) it is observed a great phenotypic variability, not explained by cytogenetic abnormalities, such as mosaics or structural abnormalities of sex chromosomes. Recent studies suggest the possible role of X chromosome imprinting to explain the phenotype in TS, particularly growth and growth hormone (GH) treatment effects and neuro-cognitive development. Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate, by research of the literature, the influence of X chromosome parental origin on growth. Material and method. To identify the relevant papers, the following electronic databases were used: MEDLINE, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Journal Citations Reports. In the study were included only the articles that: included patients with TS, confirmed by cytogenetic analysis; evaluated parental origin, independent of the used technique; evaluated the growth parameters. Results. It has been identified 8 studies which respected the eligibility criteria. Only in one study, of Hamelin et al, of four which analyzed the GH treatment effects on height, it have been observed that parental origin influences the GH treatment effects, the girls with X chromosome of maternal origin (Xmat) growing more under GH treatment, than those with X chromosome of paternal origin (Xpat). Also, it has been observed in the great majority of the studies that the height of Xmat patients is better correlated with maternal height and almost all with paternal height. Conclusions. The analyzed studies suggest a possible role of X chromosome imprinting to explain the particular growth pattern of TS patients, but studies on a larger group of TS patients are necessary to certainly establish the imprinting effect on phenotype variability in TS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Within the animal population, but also in the human one, Background. In patients with Turner syndrome (TS) it is observed a great phenotypic variability, not explained by cytogenetic abnormalities, such as mosaics or structural abnormalities of sex chromosomes. Recent studies suggest the possible role of X chromosome imprinting to explain the phenotype in TS, particularly growth and growth hormone (GH) treatment effects and neuro-cognitive development. Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate, by research of the literature, the influence of X chromosome parental origin on growth. Material and method. To identify the relevant papers, the following electronic databases were used: MEDLINE, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Journal Citations Reports. In the study were included only the articles that: included patients with TS, confirmed by cytogenetic analysis; evaluated parental origin, independent of the used technique; evaluated the growth parameters. Results. It has been identified 8 studies which respected the eligibility criteria. Only in one study, of Hamelin et al, of four which analyzed the GH treatment effects on height, it have been observed that parental origin influences the GH treatment effects, the girls with X chromosome of maternal origin (Xmat) growing more under GH treatment, than those with X chromosome of paternal origin (Xpat). Also, it has been observed in the great majority of the studies that the height of Xmat patients is better correlated with maternal height and almost all with paternal height. Conclusions. The analyzed studies suggest a possible role of X chromosome imprinting to explain the particular growth pattern of TS patients, but studies on a larger group of TS patients are necessary to certainly establish the imprinting effect on phenotype variability in TS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper presents the evolution of health institutions in the Bihor County (except Oradea) over the years, since the appearance of the first health related establishments and until the Great Union. Up to the middle of the 19th century, the first elements of health and even medical-pharmaceutical services began to take shape in the anti-epidemiological battle, and these elements were extended during the following period, as a necessity imposed by the development of society. The demographic evolution, the accelerated administrative and legislative progress in the entire Habsburg Empire prompted health authorities to pay more attention to the establishment of new institutions, beside other measures meant to protect the population's health. After 1867 the dualist Austro-Hungarian Monarchy maintained the previous economical and sanitary policy, which generated progress in health services. The most important law passed during this period and which remained effective until 1918, is the Health Law of 1876, which governed all health related activities, from central authorities to local ones, the doctors' training and activity, the organization and running of hospitals, as well as the treatment of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the women from the Puşcariu family, originary from Bran- Braşov, that were doctors or pharmacists. They are chronologically ordered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents some medico-historical aspects regarding the establishment and evolution of the Anatomy building of Cluj Medical Faculty, between 1888 - when this historical monument was finished - and 1923, when the reorganization and extension of the Anatomy Institute was completed, under the guidance of Prof. Victor Papilian. The pavilion, which belongs to the Cluj university hospital complex, was in the beginning the seat of three institutes: Anatomy, Pathology and Forensic Medicine. The insufficient space for Anatomy was pointed out by Prof. Davida Leo - the head of this Institute which was part of the Cluj Hungarian Medical Faculty - in 1909, at the XVI-th International Congress for Medicine, held in Budapest. With the same occasion, Prof. Kálmán Buday, director of Pathology Institute of the same Faculty, mentioned that his department had also too limited a space. The situation was once again specified to the leaders of the Cluj University in 1919 and partially remedied by Prof. Victor Papilian - director of the Anatomy Institute belonging to the Cluj Romanian Faculty of Medicine - who built in a short time a small extension of the Anatomy building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To identify current practices related to wound debridement in Romania, we conducted a study in order to obtain information on existing knowledge and preferences of the medical staff for using debridement methods. This paper summarizes, presents and discusses only the aspects of Romanian medical professionals’ knowledge in wound care. Materials and Method. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire divided into four sections: respondents' demographic characteristics, level of knowledge regarding wound management, debridement methods currently used in clinical practice, perception of the level of education needed to perform various types of debridement. The questionnaire was applied during the National Congress of Surgery, 3-6 May 2010, Cluj-Napoca. Responses were coded and organized in a database used for statistical evaluation. Data were processed with SPSS Statistics software (descriptive statistics, ANOVA test, Tukey test, Pearson correlation coefficient). Results. We obtained 104 complete data sets. Statistical analysis shows that nurses spent more time on wound care than physicians (p<0.017). There were statistically significant differences (p<0.005) between the concepts contained in the courses followed by the medical professional categories studied. Significant correlations (p<0.01) were found between the type of debridement most used in practice and staff's perceptions about the method's effectiveness and safety. Conclusions. In Romania, education of all medical staff in wound care requires a standard at a level with the area of clinical practice as well as scientific and technical progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Far from being exhaustive, this paper aims to review the most illustrative topical therapies in rhinology, to show their patterns of action and their most suggestive characteristics proven by clinical trials and meta-analyses as tools of evidence based medecine. We describe several therapeutic clases: decongestants, antihistaminics, anticholinergics, antibiotics, disinfectants, antimicotics, fitotherapeutics, vitamins, immunotherapy and compounds. Furthermore, the nose is increasingly being used for the delivery of other drugs, ranging from hormone replacement therapy and growth hormone to insulin and anti-migraine medication (sumatriptan). The ability to directly reach the neuronal tissue in the olfactory niche and hence the brain makes this a very attractive challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease is a major health problem worldwide, as a result of the atherosclerotic process (ATS) that occurs in childhood. Certain types of hypercholesterolemia observed in children, such as familial hypercholesterolemia caused by an abnormality of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene, involve an increased risk of early ATS and premature cardiovascular complications. The aim of this paper is to present the practical aspects of running familial HC screening, as well as the principles and methods of diet and drug treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the XIXth century in Europe, modern medical science enjoyed an increasing social prestige and, like all the other modern sciences, medicine was getting an international dimension. The latter manifested itself through the organization of the international medical congresses and conferences in the beginning with the middle of the century. In this paper we deal with the participation of the physicians from Romania in the medical reunions at the end of the XIXth century. We were interested in who participated in these reunions, what quality did they have and the motivations for participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most recently acquired methods of assessing the efficiency of the glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes is the Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM). This method is important for patients with type 1 diabetes in which control is more difficult. Out of the 122 papers examined, 41 were considered adequate for analysis in this study. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the benefits of the CGM in improving glucose control and reducing the incidence of extreme levels of glycaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The English psychiatrist Humphry Osmond (1917-2004) is known not only for his work in the field of psychotropic substances and for coining the word "psychedelic", but also for introducing the famous English writer Aldous Huxley (1894-1963) to psychedelic drugs, an experience which the author subsequently described in the famous but controversial book "The Doors of Perception" (1954).What is less known is the fact that Humphry Osmond was one of the closest friends of the writer in his last decade of life. The paper presents some significant aspects of the correspondence between the two intellectuals, which can contribute to a better understanding of the way in which the author of "Brave New World" was integrating new scientific discoveries within his literary and research activities and was also getting involved in the scientific research of the time related to psychedelic substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a systematic review of 51 hand transplantations (uni- and bilateral) carried out in 34 patients in different specialized centers during 1998-2010. The results show the efficiency and the risks of the interventions. No deaths were recorded. All side effects and complications were reversed by appropriate therapy. All reamputations, with one exception, were due to the noncompliance of the therapeutic and rehabilitation program. The high costs and the complexity of the procedures limit the spread of the method. Success is provided by the experience of the medical teams and by the compliance of the patients. It is expected that in the future hand transplantations will be performed on a larger scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: For an exact subsequent determination of lack of substance in the femoral head in multiple diseases, this paper wishes to measure the "whole„, respectively the femoral head, so that later on this would represent the basis of calculus of possible bone deterioration. Material and method: The lot that we studied was constituted of prepared bones: 19 femurs, out of which 11 were from the right side and 8 from the left side. The measurements were done by two methods. The first was the direct method of physical measurement of the femoral head and the second was the measurement with the aid of a software on the CT scans that we've performed. Results and discussions: One of the most important problems that arises during direct measurements, obvious from the very beginning, was the degree of deterioration of the prepared bones due to more or less careful manipulation over time. The CT scan technique obtained successive images at 1 mm interval. The subsequent use of the software that helps establish the volume depends on some sources of error. The two methods of volumetric assessment overlap to a positively variable degree that can still be subjected to corrections. Conclusions: The volumetric assessment of the femoral head is not yet a routine measurement, recognized and in 100% correspondence to the physical volumetric measurements. We consider that the improvement of the computerized algorithm would lead to more precise results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Many recent clinical observation have revealed the presence of both pulmonary and tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy in patients with congestive heart failure. That lymphadenopathy is reversible and disappears after treatment for heart failure. In this paper we study the venous circulation of tracheobronchial and pulmonary lymph nodes in order to establish the role of vascularization in the reversible mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with congestive heart failure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied cardiopulmonary blocks collected during necropsy of cases with a history of congestive heart failure. We have used microscope dissection coupled with colored gelatin injection and light microscopy to define the detailed anatomy of the tracheobronchial and pulmonary lymph nodes circulation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: We identified large anastomosis between the pulmonary venous circulation and the systemic venous circulation. These anastomoses had tortuos paths and were equipped with valves. In the medullary region of the pulmonary and traheobronchic lymph nodes, we noticed ectatic veins of variable sizes that increase the volume of the node and reduce the cortical region to a small peripheral band. CONCLUSIONS: The increase of volume of the traheobronchic and pulmonary lymph nodes in heart failure is caused by ectatic veins in the medullary region. The presence of ectatic veins can be explained by the increase of blood volume in the pulmonary venous system caused by the pulmonary-systemic anastomoses. This mechanism could explain appearance of the tracheobronchial lymphadenopaty in congestive heart failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uric arthropathy is a relatively common pathological sign which involves a complex metabolic imbalance (in essence the purine metabolism) manifested through hyperuricemia, recurrent episodes of acute arthritis in which monosodium urate monohydrate crystals are identified in the synovial fluid, tissue deposits of monosodium monohydrate urate, chronic interstitial nephropathy and kidney stones. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the significance of radiographic examination in the diagnosis confirmation of gouty arthropathy, tracking disease progression and treatment efficacy. Materials and methods: This study includes patients hospitalized at the Băile Felix Medical Rehabilitation Hospital in 2010. There were 23 cases identified, with both clinical and radiological signs. Results: the radiographic identification of the destructive joint changes has a high importance, respectively of the gouty tophi in seven patients, of which five were men, the average age being 47 years. Most cases were included in the forms of early gout (hiperuricemia and minimal radiographic changes, clinical manifestations of the joint). Conclusion: Radiographic examination is essential in the diagnosis of the uric arthropathy, this being an accessible and inexpensive method of investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Agenesis of corpus callosum is a rare congenital disease (present at birth), characterized by partial or total absence ( due to lack of training - agenesis) of a region of the brain that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. Corpus callosum is generally made available from the transverse nerve fibers. The disease may occur singly or in combination with other systemic malformations of the central nervous system. Material and Methods In the perinatal period agenesis of the corpus callosum is diagnosed only by brain CT or ultrasound. Although the disease is present at birth with congenital character, in many cases it is diagnosed in childhood because the clinical manifestations appear and become evident quite late. In this paper we present a child for two years, presented to the pediatrician for seizures and spasticity. CT scan of the skull is very suggestive evidence of brain malformations. Discussions Appropriate inquiry in this case would have been Trans ultrasound, but the reasons given by parents who have not been made timely. Conclusions Total agenesis of corpus callosum is a very rare brain malformation. Skull CT generates native images for this malfomaţie suggestive but the diagnosis may be made by ultrasonography and Trans, and maximum certainty can complete MRI examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pelvic floor disorders in women, especially those past the fifth decade, is a major health problem because of the quality of life alterations on these patients. This paper presents a female patient aged 58 years who presented to hospital genitourinary prolapse grade IV, confirmed on physical examination, valves examination and pelvis CTscan. The indication for surgery was for this case laparoscopiccolposacropexia ,the fixation of the vagina to the sacrumpromontory angle through two polypropylene meshes, one anterior and one posterolateral. The intervention proved to be the best indication for surgery in this case, the patient showing postoperative normal pelvic anatomical status, without signs of gastrointestinal or urinary disturbances. In conclusion, surgical indications of colposacropexia can be extended for cystocele, enterocele, rectocel, and not use only in uterine prolapse, as any prolapse of the genital area in women treated surgically for a certain manner, may result in prolapse in another adjacent area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The theme of this paper is a comparative research of the heart anatomy between cow, sheep, pig and human. The study wants to bring a modest completion in the comparative anatomy scope. Materials and methods We used adult hearts from healthy animals, the pieces not presenting congenital or acquired pathological defects. For human hearts, we used pieces from Anatomy and Embryology Department, ‟Iuliu Haţieganu„ University in Cluj-Napoca. The dissection methods used were classical for opening hearth cavities at humans and other adapted techniques for specific hearts (for animal hearts). Results We got a series with similarities and differences between analyzed species heart. In the series studied, we found the pig's heart is most similar to the human, but there is and anatomical features of species (form more globular, ventricular wall thicker, different position of moderator band). Discussion Some results are similar to those found in literature. No contradictory aspects with the existing literature were found. Conclusions The observed differences are due to different positioning of the heart in the mediastinum of the studied species, subject position linked to that organism (biped vs. quadruped). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ontogenesis is that period of life which is the most difficult to study in humans. In the last few decades we assist at the development of the fetal medicine, which refers to the fetus as a patient. Its goals are the prevention, diagnosis and, in some cases, even the cure of the congenital anomalies. Our paper describes the morphological aspects of the central nervous system at different embryonic ages. In our study we consider the Carnegie staging of the human embryos. The study is carried out on three human embryos of our collection. They correspond of the Carnegie stages 17, 19 and 20 respectively. Their macroscopic and microscopic morphology is studied. Photos are taken in different incidences in natural light and by transillumination using digital techniques. Serial sections for histological study are made. Details of the central nervous system that can be seen for the first time during the development are highlighted. The morphological aspects of the development of the central nervous system are known from many years and didn't change fundamentally from the first descriptions. In fact, what is changing in time is our understanding of those morphological changes and their implication in the genesis of the congenital anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Enlarged hepatectomies consist of removal of five hepatic segments. Postoperative failure of the remnant liver represents the major complication related to this type of interventions. Material and method This paper presents a retrospective study upon 13 patients admitted in 1st Surgical Clinic, Tîrgu-Mureş, during January, 1st 2003-December, 31st 2010 who underwent enlarged hepatectomies for hepatic tumors. Changes in the levels of specific biological parameters were assessed. Results Patients included in our study had a favorable outcome, with a low morbidity rate and no mortality. Discussions Objective analysis of remnant hepatic volume and function, including biochemical and imagistic tests, needs to be done in order to reduce postoperative hepatic failure risk. In a certain amount of cases ligation of portal branch, followed by ipsilateral atrophy and compensatory hipertrophy is required. Conclusions Strict selection of the cases, surgical technique and team work are key points for the success of enlarged hepatectomies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to give an overview of the various and many issues addressed by medical anthropology. To do this we will endeavor to answer such questions as: What systems, phenomena, processes is studying medical anthropology? How these objectives are studied by medical anthropology? What is the motivation and approach to medical anthropology? How can interfere medical anthropology in the doctor-patient relationship? Doctor-patient relationship must be seen in different situations and stages. Patient's personality is important, but equally important is the personality of the doctor who deals with sick people. The meeting between doctor and patient is a meeting of two personalities who stand on different positions. Medical act, by force of things, has a limited time available and the knowledge of all aspects of disease manifestation is a communication problem, difficult for both doctor and patient. This can occur through the anthropology studies that can provide to medical personnel data and insights collected and processed in time so that it can be highlighted issues of interest, both on human pathology and its perception by the subjects and temporal evolution. Anthropology brings human specific, such as subjectivity and spirituality, while medicine uses methods of natural science and has a "-principled indifference" to the subjective notes, the patient being often regarded as an object of clinical investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Major liver resections, defined as removal of more than three hepatic segments, are surgical interventions marked by the risks of pre and postoperative hemorrhage and postoperative hepatic failure. There are several techniques of vascular control used to minimize blood loss during hepatectomies. Material and method This paper reports on a retrospective study of 50 patients hospitalized in Ist Surgical Clinic Tîrgu-Mureş who underwent major hepatectomies during 1st of January 2003-31st of December 2010. We evaluated the method used for vascular control, the amount of perioperative blood loss, changes in biological status and postoperative evolution. Results Most of the patients underwent right hepatectomies for both primary and secondary malignant tumors. In each case a vascular control technique was used. Remnant liver injury was appreciated by assessing changes in transaminases, bilirubine and INR values. Discussions Hepatic vascular exclusion was a more effective technique on reducing the blood loss in patients included in our study. Conclusions Typical liver resections require a good acknowledgement of hepatic anatomy in order to obtain minimal bleeding and morbidity. Vascular control is necessary and must be adapted to each individual case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the medical world there is a real concern for creating functional environments, with beneficial effects on reducing stress for patients and health improvement. This increased the importance of proper planning of green spaces of medical centres. Most Romanian hospitals are facing a decline in the landscape, with a negative effect on quality of life. The purpose of this paper is to develop a concept of designing a green space for a medical institution taking as a case study Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. I. Chiricuță" Cluj-Napoca. The approach of this project is based on documentary analysis of research and results available in specialized literature (Ulrich and Parsons, 1992) regarding the influence of vegetation and environment on health and observations, made at the Institute of Oncology, on the situation of the site and use manner of green space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to present a multidisciplinary treatment of a clinical case of a gingival recession produced by iatrogenic prosthetic treatment. The patient presented a 2 mm height Miller class 1 gingival recession at the left maxillary first premolar caused by a fixed prosthodontic appliance with incorrect marginal adaptation that aggressed the biological width. The main objective of the treatment was the esthetic rehabilitation in that region. The treatment plan had in view the surgical coverage of the exposed and colored root surface with a coronally advanced flap associated with a connective tissue graft and the tooth restoration with a morphological and functional correctly adapted metal-ceramic crown. The obtained coverage was 100% at two month follow-up visit and the gingival keratinized tissue gain was of 1 mm. The probing depth values were the same before and after surgery. The gingival graft was well integrated in the surrounding tissues. The esthetic disharmony was solved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some previously unpublished biographic data about a distinguished clinician from Bucharest, a complex personality, ubnfortunately largely forgotten today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical devices are instruments, apparatus, mechanisms, materials or any other items that are used to correct organic or physiological deficiencies for patients in medical rehabilitation. The paper aims to analyse the medical devices legislation in Romania, to check how this is harmonized with European legislation and to assess the extent to which main activities involving medical devices are covered in the legislative field. The working materials used were Romanian and European regulations concerning medical devices. As working methods were used the comparative method and the logical-rational approach. The research done has shown that in Romania, the medical devices field is regulated both by legislation transposing European Directives within the health care system reform steps, and by specific legislation, ellaborated by national authorities. Health care legislation adopted in our country covers all major areas of activities involving medical devices. Data regarding medical devices used in our country are stored in a national database, organized and coordinated by the Ministry of Health, accessible to the competent authorities of all European Union Member States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to estimate the market of homeopathic drugs in Romania and to evaluate Romanian pharmacies that deliver homeopathic drugs. The research was based on the data provided by CEGEDIM (Centre de Gestion, de Documentation, d'Informatique et de Marketing), the Romanian branch, as well as on the results obtained from 240 questionnaires sent to pharmacies from all the counties of Romania. According to the data obtained, the value of the Romanian homeopathic market has reached about 8 million euros. The Boiron laboratories, the world leader in the production of homeopathic drugs, also occupy the first place on the Romanian homeopathic market. The PlantExtrakt company of Radaia (Cluj) is the second greatest producer. The most demanded homeopathic products are granules, syrups and tablets. The investigations performed show that in our country there are currently about 160 homeopathic pharmacies, 3500-4000 homeopathic doctors, and the number of those who have recourse to homeopathic doctors is around 80,000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The purpose of this paper is to introduce new calcium hydroxide based materials with antiseptic properties in the armamentarium of infected root canals. No materials used for medical purposes on people or on animals can be used without the tissue tolerance test or without the local and general biocompatibility test. Material and Method. Two new products were taken into study: Duocalcim and Fotocalcim, which were developed by The "Raluca Ripan" Institute for Research in Chemistry, Cluj-Napoca. The two products were introduced as intra-tissue implants in three ways, i.e. subcutaneously, intramuscularly and intraperitoneally, on a group of 30 Wistar breed rats and 30 Danga breed mice. The animals had been kept under observation for 21 days, then they were euthanized and the macroscopic and histopathological modifications in the periimplant space were examined. Results. The same local and general reactions to the two studied materials were registered for both species of animals and for all three ways of inoculation. The postoperative plague healed per primam in 7 days and histopathologically, it can be observed that the implanted material was separated by a connective-vascular capsule, without inflammatory or necrotic modifications. Conclusions. The lack of morphopathological and histopathological postimplant modifications proves that both products meet the conditions of a good material, which can be used in the conservative endodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is structured in two parts: the first part prsents several theoretical concepts and the second part is an applicative one (presenting a study undertaken from October 2009-January 2010 inside the medical cabinet no. 329, from Cluj- Napoca, on a sample of 150 patients aged between 18-85 years. The study aims at evaluating disease risk in patients studied, and also their beliefs regarding disease risk, risk perception depending on socio-economic and educational conditions and the degree of confidence in the family doctor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a description of the beginnings of the sports medicine in Cluj, enhanced by Iuliu Haţieganu, the founder of the medical school in this city. In chronological order, this paper presents an update of the development of sport medicine in our university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present one of the many choices in prosthodontics treatments which concernes the direct reconstructions, using fiber-quartz reinforced endodontic posts and core systems. The method began to be used very often due to the biocompatibility, radioopacity, elasticity module very close to that of dentina, easy technique and fast to set (15-20 minutes), their combination with dualcure omposites permeeting an homogen mechanical and fizical-chemical reconstruction. They satisfy with succes the esthetical demands, permeeting the apliccation of integral- ceramic crowns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the relationships established between community pharmacies and medicine warehouses in order to improve them. The study included community pharmacies in three counties: Bihor, Salaj and Maramureş. As a working method, I used the questionnaire. The questions referred to the number of medicine warehouses which collaborate with pharmacies, to the commercial terms they offer the pharmacies, to the time limit ordered products are delivered, to the positive and negative aspects of the services offered by the warehouses, and to the criteria on which the cooperation of a pharmacy with a medicine warehouse depend on. The answers to the questionnaires allowed an evaluation of the services offered to pharmacies and a review of the reasons for the choice of a warehouse by a pharmacy. A classification of the medicine warehouses was established after the feedback from the questionnaire, both in terms of procurement value and the satisfaction provided by the collaboration, the Relad, Farmexim, Mediplus and Europharm warehouses being at the very top of the warehouse list. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims at analysing and comparing the European and Romanian legislation in the field of manufacturing food supplements, in order to identify the correspondence between Romanian norms and the European legal framework. The research has been performed on the texts of applicable European directives and the norms in force in Romania in the field of food supplements, covered by food legislation. The methods of interpretation and the comparative method are being used. The elements of legislation under research are the provisions on the authorisation of the producer, manufacturing process, packaging and labeling of supplements. In regard to the setting up of production units and the manufacturing process it has been ascertained that the directives applicable in the European Union do not have any such provisions. In the Romanian legislation, these rules have been inferred from the legislation on food products. They set the need to authorize / register producers with the Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority at county level, as well as the obligation to observe the good manufacturing practice rules set by the producers' associations. The provisions regarding packaging and labelling of food supplements, in European and Romanian legislation, are very similar. However, they are set apart mainly by the fact that Directive 2002/46/EC establishes that labelling and presentation must not attribute to food supplements the properties of preventing, treating or curing a human disease, or refer to such properties. In Romanian legislation such provisions exist only with regard to food supplements containing just vitamins and/or minerals. The proposals refer to the harmonising Romanian standards with the European ones, by adopting these provisions also in what regards the food supplements of animal and/or vegetal origin, so as to avoid any confusion between these and medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is toinvestigate the relationship between stress factors and the reaction of the autonomic nervous system, the changes of the glucose metabolism and the status of the pancreatic artery. Our experiments show that there are changes of the function of the autonomic nervous system as evidenced by electroretinogramme, evoked potentials, high pressure of the central retinian artery, increase of plasma renine activity, aldosterone and cortisole. Stress induced by the change of nictemeral biorhythm was reflected by changes in blood glucose and lipids levels, and accumulation of fat in the arterial wall. The lumen of the pancreatic artery was diminished. These changes are located in the area of the pancreatic body and tail, thus influencing the behaviour of blood glucose. Our data emphasize the role of stress in the production of metabolic changes, of the integrity of the pancreatic artery and hence the occurrence of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surgery of the tissue defects represented a cornerstone for the surgeons, leading to the development of the most diverse methods for solving them. The last discoveries have been the well-known perforator flaps used as local, regional or free flaps. The paper demonstrates the advantages of the perforator flaps in well-selected cases, both as local/regional flaps for covering small and medium-sized tissue defects and free perforator flaps for covering the extended defects at the level of the functional zones of the forearm and hand. The authors present 100 patients with defects of the forearm and hand who have been treated between January 2003 - December 2008. The size of the defect was as on the average 16/10 cm. The perforator flaps used have been: 76 cases of regional pedicled or local transposition perforator flaps (76%) and 24 free perforator flaps (24%). The duration of the operation was between 4 and 7:30 hours for the free transfers and 2 hours for the local/regional flaps. An adequate covering was achieved in all cases. The postoperative follow-up was between 6 months and 3 years. In the cases in which regional pedicled or local transposition perforator flaps were used, the results were very good in 70 cases (92,1 %); in 6 cases (7,9%) minor complications appeared, with congestions and minimum necroses, but with healing by conservatory treatment. Regarding the free perforator flaps, the evolution was good in 18 cases (75%); in 6 cases (25%), a venous thrombosis occurred 8 hours postsurgery, which required a new intervention with a good evolution in 5 cases, but with a complete necrose in one case (4,2%). So, the general success rate in free perforator flaps was 95,8% (23 out of 24 flaps). In conclusion, the local/regional perforator flaps can be successfully used to cover the small and medium-sized defects by reducing the morbidity of the donor site, using the same operative field, replacing the destroyed tissue with similar tissue, avoiding the use of the main vascular axes. The free perforator flaps offer a larger amount of tissue, being indicated in larger defects of the forearm or of the hand, and especially on functional zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims at analysing and comparing the European legislation and the Romanian legislation in the field of defining food supplements, in order to identify the components of a legal definition and the correspondence between Romanian norms and the European legal framework. The research has been performed on the texts of applicable European directives and the norms in force in Romania. The method of interpretation and the comparative method are being used. Several definitions of food supplements have been identified, in various categories of normative acts, that include as elements the definition itself and the limits of nutrient concentration. The definition itself includes the composition, form of presentation and purpose of using food supplements. There are similarities between the European and the Romanian definitions in what regards the elements of the definition, and differences in what regards their contents. Qualifying a product as a food supplement has as an impact the obligation of observing the applicable legislation. Although the analysed definitions include the possibility of presenting food supplements in pharmaceutical forms, no definition provides for the possibility of associating it to a therapeutic purpose, something that clearly distinguishes these products from medicines, both at the European level and in Romania. The definitions of food supplements in the Romanian legislation are in line with the European legal framework, and are even more detailed in what regards the composition and form of presentation. The drawbacks of Romanian regulations include the lack of provisions regarding minimum and maximum limits of nutrient concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a review of own basic and clinical research of last years on the atherogenesis of some aspects of the metabolic syndrome. In order to assess the role of seric and membrane cholesterol in atherogenesis, different studies were undertaken including biochemical, and repeated MRI measurements in cardiovascular patients and groups of young healthy controls. In animal studies, the alteration of lipid metabolism was detected, expressed by acummulations of lipids in the arterial wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the important criteria in the diagnostic of minor forms of beta thalassemia. The study has been conducted on a number of 15 patients diagnosed with minor beta thalassemia at the Clinical Center for Diagnostic and Treatment and in a family clinic. The results have shown for each of the cases a significant drop in the values of mean corpuscular volume (VEM) (65,77±3,36 fl) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (HEM) (20,69±1,2 pg), in contrast with the severity of the anaemia, all patients presenting light forms of anaemia (mean hemoglobin=11,55±1,05 g/dl). 40% of the patients had normal values of the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and 46,6% of the patients had shown polyglobulie. All patients had raised values of Hb A2, this being the criteria to be included in the study. Most of the patients (53%) have undergone - previous to being diagnosed - treatments with iron. In conclusion, expressed hipocromia and microcitosis, unlike with the level of anaemia and the resistance to repeated treatment with iron, should draw our attention and make us analyse the possibility of the presence of a minor form of beta thalassemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Menkes Disease (MD) is caused by an inborn copper metabolism defect causing the defective function of several enzymes. The genetic defect is located on the X chromosome, affecting the ATP7A gene (identified in 1993). There are several clinical forms of the disease due to the different clinical severity (MD - the most severe form, The Occipital Horn Syndrome - a clinically moderate form). In this paper we'll present a case of a male infant who was admitted in our hospital for a cytolysis syndrome and who was further diagnosed as having MD of moderate severity, probably an incomplete form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invagination is a rare cause of intestinal occlusion in adults. Its symptomato-logy is non-specific, but its evolution can induce potentially lethal complications. Diagnosis is made intraoperatively in most cases and therefore, the surgeon must take into consideration two aspects, i.e. the location of the invagination and the size of the intestinal sacrifice. The unanimously accepted tactics in colon invagination is resecting the affected segment without reducing the invagination but also ensuring safe oncological margins, as the most frequent cause of invagination is neoplasm. Most small intestine invaginations, however, are caused by benign lesions, which allows reduction and restrictive intestinal resection. This paper presents one case of intestinal invagination, which was successfully resolved in our clinic and in which the employed surgical tactics was concordant with speciality literature recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the landmarks for a history of the Bihor pharmacies outside Oradea, in order to provide information on the beginnings of the supply of this area's population with drugs, on the dates of foundation of the pharmacies, on the evolution of pharmaceutical activity in small towns and rural areas. The focus on the history of pharmacies in this territory is due to the lack of studies on this subject. Drug supply to the population of the rural areas of Bihor county takes place under different conditions from those of Oradea city, which is a county town, especially that the localities spread throughout the territory have certain peculiarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most frequent genetic disease with autosomal-recessive transmission in the Caucasian populations. This disorder is produced by the defects of a chloride ion transporter, named Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR). This paper summarizes the research performed in Romania on the mutations in the CFTR gene. The profile of these mutations is now identified; the most frequent mutation is F508del, which was detected in about 54% of the chromosomes from CF patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]