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Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Case Law Review / Revista Română de Jurisprudenţă is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Case Law Review / Revista Română de Jurisprudenţă is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The invention of the printing press in the 15th century revolutionized the way books were produced, making access to learning possible for anyone. In the 19th century, the library became an essential part of psychiatric institutions. Bibliotherapy is developed, which uses books to help people overcome certain problems. The reality offered by digital technology has opened a new era in the history of reading, fundamentally changing the way we read. The progress in communication technology in the 20th century leads to the emergence of the electronic book, thus information is made available online to the reader in a huge virtual library. Augmented reality is discovered, which manages to combine the two mediums, traditional and online, this being an interactive version of a real-world environment, achieved through digital visual elements, using holographic technology. Thanks to the images that come to life, involving more senses, the reader can reach a better understanding of the content. When access and availability are considered priorities, there is no doubt that electronic books are preferred, even though they cause fatigue and eye irritation. The physical book, on the other hand, is remarkably durable, does not need power or internet, can be edited in several editions, and continues to be valuable. In recent years, the demand for paper copies has become increasingly high, generating more than 150 billion dollars in revenue. Thus we ask ourselves the question regarding the survival of the printed book. The answer is, perhaps, surprising, but in an age of digital saturation, the traditional book has made a spectacular comeback in recent years, remaining, it seems, the preferred reading medium of true bibliomaniacs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper has as a main objective the comparison between the performances of a subject under the therapy of the verbal language, the performances expressed by her results at two tests, the ‘Draw-a-Man’ test in Jacqueline Royer’s approach and the ‘Star-Wave’ test created by Ursula Avé-Lallemant.The discussion on the results has demonstrated the validity of these tests in the displaying of the progress, as well as their complementarity in what concerns certain psychological aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of an ever growing interest upon environmental protection issue, the study comprises an analyze of the organization and the effectiveness of the public sanitation services both at a union and a national level, starting from the premises of the two dedicated principles: the priority of selective waste collection and the principle „Pay-as-you-throw“, a practical application of a more general „the polluter pays“ principle. Both of these are going to be analyzed from a double perspective: the EU Law (Directive 2008/98/EC) and EU recommendations, on one side, the national law (Law no. 51/2006 of community services of public utilities, GEO no. 92/2021 regarding the waste regime, Law no. 101/2006 of the public sanitation services, Framework Regulation of the public sanitation services etc.), on the other. As this study will show, EU and national law are abundant in regulations determining and detailing these two principles: thus, the theory seems to be clear. These principles are no longer that clear when it comes to their concrete application, due to the lack of detailed rules. The selective waste collection remains, in fact, a simple wish, mostly because the users of the public sanitation service have not received previous proper instruction in this regard, as there are no concrete rules related to how to classify a waste into one of the paper/plastic and metal/glass/biodegradable categories. But also „The polluter pays“ principle is rather an illusion than a reality; even though national laws force its implementation, there are plenty of hurdles in applying it: the inadequate use of the available instruments that determines the waste produced by each individual, or to the difficulties related to condominiums. The article focuses on the analysis of all of these acute issues, taking into account two factual examples -- waste management in the Metropolitan Area of Cluj and Bucharest, -- proposing solutions attempting to ease the implementation of these two key principles concerning public sanitation services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept al Afacerilor is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Case Law Review / Revista Română de Jurisprudenţă is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During 1982 the living standard in the county of Timiș (like in the whole Romania) went up in decreasing following both the accelerate process of industrialization and the international energetic crisis, and need to pay back the external falling due. Crops export in order to pay back the external debt led to a ever greater penury of food of prime necessity: bread, sugar, and oil, meat and processed meat, flour, eggs, and butter, milk, cheese, etc. Lack of industrial products or the necessary products for an elementary hygiene – soap, toilet paper, or tooth paste – came together with the ones above. The population in Timiș County had to face the ever frequent stoppages of energy, of warm water, and apartments warming, or long files at the petrol stations or stations for gas cylinders. Such a crisis generated deep dissatisfaction in the county, a population frame of mind the reports of the Timiș County Inspectorate of the Ministry of Inner Affairs registered down and those reports were submitted to the prime-secretary of the County Committee of the Romanian Communist Party. The small retributions the villagers working in cooperates were given (after months and months) emphasized such dissatisfactions, all together with the salaries diminishing for unseating the plans in the case of those who worked in industry where the technological process was stopped for energy stoppages or lack of raw material. The papers register so the tensions of population, their critical reaction against the economical policy promoted by the Romanian communist leaders, and the distrust of people in the communist regime and ever frequent comparisons between the situation in Romania and Poland, an image that realistically put in light the ever less living standard in Romania during the 80s of the past century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On September 29, 1918, a commemorative monument was inaugurated on the Guşteriţa Hill, celebrating two years since the defeat of the troops of the Kingdom of Romania who had attacked Transylvania in late August 1916. After only two and a half months since the celebratory event, the Romanian troops permanently occupied Sibiu, and Transylvania was united with Romania. Everything happened so quickly that the whole public eye was taken by surprise. An empire led by a 600-year-old dynasty dissolved in a matter of just a few weeks. During these events, the Romanians were totally unprepared at the beginning, unlike the Czechs and the Yugoslav peoples, who started organizing their independence much sooner, i.e. during the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research aims to better understand how public institutions have implemented the rules that guarantee the effective exercise of the right of the civil servant to refuse to sign administrative acts. Law 140/2017 and the 2019 Administrative Code granted the civil servants the right of refusals to sign. These laws protects public sector employees when they raise flags over illegal activities within a government organization. The paper investigates the background procedure that enables effective exercise of refusals to sign right. We seek to better understand how public entities have implemented the rules that guarantee the effective exercise of the right of the civil servant to refuse to sign administrative acts. Trough data collection and analysis, we assess the performance of public entities legal counteractive measures such as the elaboration of the procedure and the book keeping of refusals to sign in a public register published on paper and digital. Our goal is to improve current situation and to make recommendations that lead to limitation of politics influence and ensure the neutrality of civil servants in the exercise of their duties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Annual General Meeting of the Europeana Network, held between December 6-8, 2017 in Milano, Italy, was organized by the Europeana Foundation and hosted by the National Museum of Science and Technology "Leonardo da Vinci". The meeting provided a space for the experience exchange, a discussion forum for understanding the challenges of the information explosion and for seeking new strategies for libraries. The European Cultural Forum was also an important event which included a large amount of information of the most diverse cultural themes. The article presents the succession of the events and themes debated in the annual meeting and cultural forum, detailing the aspects of the projects, best practices and directions of the future development of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Română de Conservare şi Restaurare a Cărţii is the property of Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

By the civil status laws voted in 1894, in force with October 1, 1895, the authorities of the Magyar state imposed the Magyarization of the first names and even of names of Romanians, Slovaks, Serbians, and Croatians. The clerks in the administrative offices in charge of civil status activity were obliged to register births, marriages, and demises in special registers, and they tried to make parents to register the Christian name of a new born with the corresponding Magyar one, after baptizing. Schoolteacher Damaschin Daicoviciu of Căvăran, the father of the future professor, archeologist, epigraphist, and member on the Romanian Academy, requested the circle notary in Sacu, to register his son as Constantin, the name he had been given with the baptism occasion. That one refused to register the Romanian first name, and mentioned in the corresponding column of the register még nem kapott, “not given yet”, what was a falsity. Only in 1932, after demands addressed to Prefecture of Severin County, his Christian name Constantin was registered on his birth certificated written in March 6, 1898. Both along his studies at the Magyar public gymnasium and lyceum in Lugoj and Caransebeş, 1909–1916, and the military probation, 1916– 1918, he was enrolled under the name of Silard. The fall of 1918 when he applied to Cluj University was the first moment he used his Christian name in official papers. The archive documents prove that he was born in February 22, 1898, as registered in the parish register of the Romanian Orthodox Parish of Căvăran and that Constantin is his Christian name. From the register of newborns of Sacu circle notary results that his birth was declared only in March 6, 1898, but mentioned as born in March 1, a stratagem of his father to avoid paying the legal fine for being back with declaring the birth within 7 days. But March 1 is Constantin Daicoviciu’s sanctioned birth day, even if the true one is February 22. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Criminologie, Criminalistica si Penologie is the property of Romanian Society of Criminology & Criminalistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article continues the presentation of the printing workshops and paper mills in Sibiu, one of the oldest centres of the Romanian book publishing and journalism, with information about the work as printers, booksellers, publishers, and cultural animators carried out by Johann, Johann Petrus and Andreas Barth; Samuel Sárdi; Martin Hochmeister and Martin Hochmeister Jr. in the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries, as well as the most important works printed by them and their impact at that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of REVART: Specialized Review of Theory & Critique of Arts is the property of EDITURA Eurostampa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The behaviour of the insulation paper used in a variety of insulating fluids in electrical applications - mineral oils as well as synthetic ester-based and natural ester-based fluids (vegetable oils) was evaluated. Following the analysis of the comparative experimental results on insulation paper and samples of new and exposed to thermal ageing at 110±30C for 1000 hours insulating fluids, by viscosity measurements, it has been found that the polymerization degree of the cellulose exposed to thermal ageing is reduced by approximately 58% in mineral oils compared to only 36% in synthetic ester, 38% in vegetable ester and 53% in predominantly vegetable oil (with addition of mineral oil). Also, by HPLC, it was found that the amount of furan formed during the applied heat treatment is approximately 10 times higher in the mineral oils case than in the synthetic ester and oil mixture (mainly vegetable) cases and of over 33 times higher than in pure vegetal oil [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The problem of collecting, managing, transporting and disposing hazardous waste is one of the most delicate challenges faced by the member states of the European Union. That is why this paper focuses on the hazardous waste, in a complex and comprehensive approach, referring to all the steps and operations that are undertaken in the aforementioned management process. Thus, the present study addresses the theoretical aspects of waste, starting with the concept of waste and continuing with waste classification, which will encourage a better understanding of its complexity. Thereafter, we shall emphasize the most important normative acts operating in this problematic field (all based on European legislation). The second part of the paper focuses on waste management, in the sense that we will refer to the hazardous substances registration, the labeling of products containing such substances, their transportation and storing, recycling and recovery (when it proves appropriate), as well as to the treatment and disposal (or neutralization) of hazardous substances. Given the importance of these activities which have great consequences on people's health and life, in the last part of the paper we shall refer to the necessary control over the way waste management is undertaken, especially concerning hazardous waste management. Likewise, references to more recently regulated issues will be enunciated, in relation to the extensive responsibility of the producer of goods containing hazardous substances for the environment and for human beings, so as to stimulate the production of environmental friendly goods and services as an essential component of the European Union's new intelligent environmental policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By decision of 21 January 2016, Cluj Court of Appeal referred a request for a preliminary ruling to the Court of Justice of the European Union under Article 267 TFEU, asking, in essence, whether the provisions of Directive 2006/112/EC (the VAT Directive) must be interpreted as precluding the tax authority from refusing a taxable person the right to deduct the VAT owned or paid in relation to a supply of goods, solely on the ground that the supplier who issued the invoice in which the expenses and the VAT are individualised, has previously been declared as an inactive taxpayer. As the C-101/16 Paper Consult case is pending before the Court, this study is aimed at offering a possible solution to the case by analysing the relevant case-law of the Court, as well as presenting several aspects which the referring court should take into consideration in order to give a just and well-founded decision in the national proceedings. The conclusion of this study is that it is incompatible with the rules governing the right of deduction under the VAT Directive and with the principles of VAT neutrality, proportionality and legal certainty, to impose a penalty in form of refusal of VAT deduction right related to acquisitions from inactive taxpayers, without objectively proving that the taxable person knew or ought to have known that the transactions concerned were connected with a fraud committed by the supplier. Curtea de Apel Cluj a decis la data de 21 ianuarie 2016 înaintarea către Curtea de Justiţie a Uniunii Europene a unei trimiteri preliminare, în temeiul art. 267 TFUE. În esenţă, instanţa de judecată consideră relevant pentru soluţionarea cauzei răspunsul la întrebarea dacă prevederile Directivei nr. 2006/112/CE (Directiva TVA) trebuie interpretate ca interzicând autorităţilor fiscale să refuze, pe baza reglementării naţionale, dreptul de deducere a TVA, unei persoane impozabile pe motiv că persoana din amonte, care a emis factura în care sunt individualizate cheltuiala şi taxa pe valoare adăugată, a fost declarată inactivă de către administraţia fi scală. Cauza este pendinte pe rolul CJUE, iar autorii îşi propun să prefigureze o posibilă soluţie, argumentată, inclusiv pe baza jurisprudenţei relevante a Curţii, precum şi să ofere câteva criterii de analiză pentru a se decide întemeiat de către instanţa naţională investită cu soluţionarea cauzei Paper Consult. Concluzia la care se ajunge este că impunerea unei sancţiuni, constând în refuzul deducerii TVA în cazul achiziţiilor de la contribuabili inactivi, fără a se dovedi în mod obiectiv că acela căruia nu i se recunoaşte dreptul de deducere a TVA a cunoscut că tranzacţia în cauză a fost încheiată cu un contribuabil care a comis o fraudă, este incompatibilă cu regula deducerii TVA stabilită de Directiva TVA, precum şi cu principiile neutralităţii TVA, proporţionalităţii şi securităţii raporturilor juridice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Colloquium of Social Sciences and Communication ACUM (NOW) took place in Brasov in between 17th and 19th of October 2019, over three sunny autumn days. The event was organized by the Faculty of Sociology and Communication of the University Transylvania and by the Society of Sociologists of Romania. The keynote speakers were: Bogdan Voicu (R.I.Q.L.) with a communication about migration as a double osmosis, Robbie Gilligan (University of Dublin), with a paper about working with vulnerable young people, Sylvie Huet, (University of Clermond), who investigated the "glass ceilings", and Mihai Burlacu, from the Bucharest Polytechnic, with a reconsideration of the anthropological space as heterotopia. The colloquium organized by SSR is already part of a local university tradition of national and international openness. Slowly but steadily, a real international character of scientific manifestations in Romania is formed, much less cosmopolitan than similar conferences in the global West, but with a constant presence of foreign guests and participants who bring a much needed diversity of perspectives and research themes. During the works, we received a very careful reception from colleagues in sessions that put together various contributions, from long-term individual research topics to recent exploratory research.The event was one that confirmed its success over the years, thus strengthening Brasov's place on the map of social sciences in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The celebrated idea of Prussian war strategist Carl von Clausewitz regarding conventional warfare played a dominant role up to the First World War in the West. In his seminal work "On War", Clausewitz posits: "If you want to overcome your enemy, you must match your efforts against the power of resistance!" In a way, his idea was akin to annihilating the enemy's army in major battles. However, this idea was challenged by British military strategist Basil Henry Liddell Hart in his book, titled "The Strategy", by proposing a different military theory called "Indirect Approach". The objective of this paper is based on making a comparative analysis between Clausewitz and Liddell Hart regarding the utility of their military theories in modern warfare. While taking a methodology based on a comparative analysis of the utility of the two doctrines, this paper explores the effectiveness of those military strategies against the current asymmetries in modern warfare. To buttress the reliability of this research, the examples from the Ukrainian war and the Sri Lankan civil war between 1990 and 2009 will be examined. The main objectivity of this paper lies in creating a novel discussion on the merits and demerits of Clausewitz and Basil Liddell Hart's theories of war in contemporary warfare. The results emerging from this research will demonstrate the relevance of re-reading both Clausewitz and Liddell Hart in an era where the orthodox idea of warfare is at stake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the author analyzes the content of two old constitutional reform drafts elaborated in the context of public debates on the topic of elaborating a new Basic Law after the completion of the state unity of the Romanian Kingdom. The first of the drafts was elaborated - as a theoretical work - in 1919 by professor Iuliu Pascu from the University of Cernăuți, and the second, by the politician Constantin Argetoianu. The first draft has remained practically unknown to the constitutional doctrine. The second one was written by its author in the form of a report and presented on 20 December 1922 during the People's Party congress, held in Sibiu between 20-21 December 1922. Subsequently, Constantin Argetoianu published it in a booklet in 1922, practically not included either in the memory of the specialized doctrine. The report presented by Constantin Argetoianu at the congress in Sibiu is, however, included in the memoirs of the venerable politician and can be consulted in his memoir paper published after 1990 in several editions. The two drafts are atypical, in the sense that they were not edited in an ordinary legislative form, but as doctrinal papers, in which the authors presented and supported with arguments their opinions regarding some principles and provisions of constitutional rank, which they considered at that time appropriate legislative solutions for a wide-spread constitutional reform of the Romanian State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the issues presented by autonomous vehicles on European roads and their regulation according to European legal acts, such as Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 regarding the general safety of vehicles. We will focus on the existing levels of autonomy for vehicles and the types of cars that can be used on both EU roads and in Romania. Additionally, we will compare the proposed and adopted measures within other states and international organizations. Moreover, the paper will address ethical concerns and accountability for the actions of, utilizing mixed research methodologies and employing the method of comparative and empirical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Arhivei Maramureșene is the property of Revista Arhivei Maramuresene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Română de Conservare şi Restaurare a Cărţii is the property of Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the Romanian society of the Middle Ages, dowry represented a part of the paternal patrimony to which a daughter was entitled after marriage; it was indispensable and only in rare cases could a girl marry without a dowry. Its composition was one of the father's obligations, and in his absence this duty was laid on another person leading the family, so girls received dowry from the parental wealth at a certain moment when the father decided to divide his heritage. The dowry was made according to the status and the possibility of each family, not too small for a boyar family and not too big for a simple-born daughter. The parents considered the value of the dowry without regard to any custom or law, but it wouldn't be inferior to their rank and family estate. In simple families, the girl went into her new house with the little that the father had endeavored to procure. The dowry comprised of personal objects for the girl, as well as some animals, according to the family's welfare; clothes and jewels started to show up in dowry documents of families with a higher social rank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Criminologie, Criminalistica si Penologie is the property of Romanian Society of Criminology & Criminalistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Farmacist.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The contents of the three papers which form this cycle, published in OEconomica, nos. 1- 4/2014, are shortly described, together with the conferences which lie as their bases. The critics (verbal or written) of the referees are exposed, accompanied by the comments and responses of the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The premise of this paper is that the constitutional values and traditions of a nation constitute the basic vein of its constitutional development. This process is evolutionary and creative by nature, which means that, in addition to the existing value substrate, society receives new elements and values. The combination of tradition and innovation takes place in a sequence of stages, leading to an emerging evolution. Thus, the paper identifies these constitutional values and traditions as those contained in the acts with constitutional value adopted in the period 1858-1938. The interrelationship between these constitutional traditions and innovative ideas from the European constitutional space can be found in the Constitution of 1991, which perfectly illustrates the emerging evolution of Romanian constitutionalism. The Constitution of 1991 organically combines the elements of constitutional tradition that mainly relate to the institutional construction of the state with the innovative ones aimed at a resettlement and adaptation of the axiological content offundamental rights and freedoms, but also the relationship between the national and European legal order. Of course, the valorization of the constitutional tradition cannot be mimetic, but must be appropriate to the new requirements of the science of law. Under these conditions, the valorization, interrelation and recombination of constitutional values over time reflects an emerging evolution, which proves the continuity of the development movement of Romanian law and its permanent connection to European values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic resilience, considered in this paper as the ability to withstand and recover from economic shocks and disruptions, has become a linchpin of ensuring national security and stability. As demonstrated by conflicts such as the one in Ukraine, where economic sanctions were deployed to diminish an adversary’s capacity to sustain its war efforts, it has become evident that military power alone is insufficient in today’s complex security landscape. A comprehensive approach to defence must incorporate economic considerations, as the economic well-being of a nation is intrinsically linked to its overall security. The main research objectives of this paper are to investigate the concept of economic resilience, from the perspective of the concept of comprehensive defence and the ways it is interconnected with other resilience domains, through the development of an economic resilience index outlining the relative economic resilience of the 29 European countries that are NATO members and to propose a methodology for identifying the main factors that influence the economic resilience from a comprehensive defence point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses one of the most important holy revelations that inspired the legal system of most civilized states. The Decalogue or Ten Commandments represents the foundation of the covenant relationship and the moral standards established by the sovereign God as a legal basis for the continuous relation with his people, Israel. In the first part of this paper we will point to the historical context in which the giving of the law on Mount Sinai took place, and will thus show that the covenant made with Moses was a continuance of the covenant lasting from Noah to Abraham. That being said, in this mosaic covenant, God keeps his 400 year old promise and gives laws and instructions intended to reveal his holy nature, while also establishing a moral, social and spiritual order for the Hebrew community. In the second part of this paper we will debate on the significance, purpose, structure and classification of the Mosaic law, thus attempting to define the concept of moral law. The Ten Commandments will be looked upon from three perspectives: the laws referring to a correct relationship with God, the laws related to work, and the laws related to society. The last part of our paper will focus on understanding and applying the Ten Commandments according to the new covenant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Medical information has not been approached from a practical point of view until now. In the national area, no studies were found regarding the nature, legal regime, content and practical situation of special personal data, which includes medical information. This study aims to develop the practical situation of medical information, included in the category of special personal data. These are currently recorded in medical files kept in script format, which do not benefit from a coherent regulation and which lack guarantees for the patient's rights regarding the processing of these data. The protection of the right to the processing of special personal data is conferred by European regulation and common law, in the absence of a special regulation designed to ensure the right to the protection of this type of data (medical information). Regulation (EU) 679/2016 contains an extensive regulation of special personal data, through which the medical information and its nature were analyzed in this study. The European norm recognizes a fundamental right to the protection of personal data, which affects medical information. Thus, the legal regime of the right to the protection of special personal data (medical information) was analyzed, as well as the legal nature of these data of public utility, with all the consequences arising from this aspect. In this context, the conflict between this fundamental right and the public interest is addressed, with the aim of providing a solution to solve this conflict. The solution can be the exceptional character of the processing of special personal data, without the consent of the owner of this data. The implications brought by this legal character of the medical information were analyzed, as a pioneer, in the present paper. No further, the present study can form a basis for proper regulation and compliant implementation of the medical record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important principles in contractual matters, related to the effects produced towards the contracting parties, is that of its binding force, having its source in the will of the contracting parties, in their autonomy of will, sacralized by the power of law recognized to this will. In the introductory part of the study, it was brought into discussion whether the legal power of the binding force of the contract, enshrined in the current Civil Code, is still up-to-date compared to the realities of our days, when, under the influence of economic, social and globalist phenomena, we are witnessing a limitation of the freedom of will, to its censuring at legal level, to the possibility of the judge to adjust the contract, even beyond the will of the parties. As support for the argument, reference was made to the UNIDROIT principles, to the Principles of the European Contract Law, to the Reference Framework Project, to the Portuguese Civil Code and to that of Quebec, which enshrine the binding force of the contract, without confering it the power of law. The binding force of the contract subsists because the objective law, the legislation, recognizes and grants it, and the private norm, as the law of the parties, which details the binding nature of the contract, must be in accordance with the objective law, without being assimilated with the objective legislation. In outlining the principle of the binding force of the contract, we bent over and brought into discussion the distinction between the obligational nature and the binding nature of the contract, which operates regardless of the obligational or non-obligational content of the contract. The binding nature of the contract, its binding force, acts not only with regard to its content, as it is established by the express or implicit clauses, from its interpretation, from the implied clauses that are part of the contract [Article 1272 (2) of the Civil Code], but also regarding the extended and accepted clauses or the negotiated or common standard clauses, even if, in our opinion, the latter represent a way to supplement the contract. Contractual fidelity is analyzed in this study not only from the perspective of the debtor, bound by the fulfilment of the obligation assumed with the diligence of a good owner, but also from the perspective of the creditor, whose conduct must not make the execution of the contract more difficult. Cooperation seen as a means of achieving the common interest entails the creditor's duty to minimize the damage, in the case of the debtor's abdication from the binding force of the contract. In terms of the binding force of the contract, its modification and cessation are examined in relation to the principle of symmetry and asymmetry, the first having as its basis the agreement of the parties, and the second the contractual clause or the legal provision. In the operation of the mutual cessation of the contract, the study distinguishes between revocation and termination, and in terms of the extent of the effects, between future cessation and retroactivation of the cessation, when the nature of the services allows it. In the approach to unilateral denunciation, of contractual or legal origin with a mutual character, there were discussed the mitigated and derived aspects of the operation of denunciation, with regard to some contracts, the exercise of this potestative right in good faith and the protective features of contract retraction, in the matter of consumer protection. Likewise, the particularities of the forced cessation of the intuitu personae contracts, included among the cases of contract lapsing, were emphasized, and the legislative interventionism in the modification of the contract in various forms of manifestation was explained and justified by the social utilitarianism of contracts. The study emphasizes the restrictive character of the adaptation of the contract as a means of safeguarding it, associated with those effects that come out of the zone of reasonable risk, seriously affecting the contractual balance and calling into question the contractual justice. The adaptation of the contract goes beyond the framework of interpretation of the clauses, sometimes calling into question their modification, whenever it is imposed by the requirement to revive the ratio of proportionality, to ensure the utility and social security of the contract. The paper deals with the problem of adapting the contract in the spirit of the decisions of the Constitutional Court, which transpose the adaptive process of the contract, by identifying the balance point of the benefits, without reducing it to their value threshold and without ignoring the circumstances or the fluctuations that occurred after the conclusion of the contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]