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Amblyopia is a disorder of the visual system that represents unilateral or bi-lateral reduction of visual acuity in which an organic cause cannot be detected. The illness represents a syndrome of visual deficits, not only a deterioration of visual acuity. This syndrome includes: presence of crowding phenomena, contrast sensitivity deterioration, deficits in accommodation, deterioration of spatial orientation and ocular motility dysfunction. Depending on its etiology, amblyopia is classified into four main types: strabismic amblyopia, anisometropic amblyopia, isoametropic amblyopia and stimulus deprivation amblyopia. To successfully treat the "lazy eye" it is essential to remove the amblyopic factor with techniques addressing each disturbing factor. Techniques used for treating amblyopia include: occlusion, optical penalty or pharmacological, therapy with Levodopa and computer vision therapy. Amblyopia treatment is lengthy and it is very important to counsel not only the child but the whole family and to establish a relationship of trust between doctor and patient in order to get high treatment compliance and high child motivation.

Purpose: Highlighting the differences in the objective refraction using the Plusoptix AO9 comparing them with the refraction performed with TOPCON KR-8900 autorefractor., Methods: Prospective study for 3 months held in the Ophthalmology Clinic in Iasi, Hospital Sf. Spiridon on a total of 39 children (21 girls and 18 boys) with mean age of 10.61 +/- 5.67 years. Clinical parameters: sex, age, objective refraction obtained with Plusoptix and with autorefractor corrected visual acuity (with different methods depending on each patient age), ortoptic examination (strabic deviation, binocular vision), the presence of symetry/asymetry while measuring with Plusoptix. The results were statistically processed by F-TEST calculating the correlation coefficient, standard deviation, significance level (using the spherical equivalent of the obtained values)., Results: Age limits of the studied cases ranged between 2-23 years. Visual acuity of children who had cooperate was between 0.2-1 with correction, achieving best values on right eye than left eye. 8 cases (20.51%) had large differences between measurements made with Plusoptix and autorefractor, half of that (4 cases) had strabismus. Three of these cases were with small hypermetropia and one with small myopia (Plusoptix shows a lower value). In 2 cases occurred higher differences (about 2-2,5D) between the 2 measurements, in patients with average hypermetropia. Plusoptix refraction was not possible at high hypermetropia or high myopia., Conclusions: This type of determining objective refraction using Plusoptix is a useful method of screening for discovery of refractive errors that can cause refractive amblyopia in young children and in those cases with a difficult collaboration. Because there are differences betweeti this 2 methods, for children with refractive errors are recommended further exploration to determine the appropriate optical correction. Plusoptix is a limited method because it cannot detect the exact values in those cases with high hypermetropia or high myopia.

The article is an up-to-date of the principles of spectacles prescription in children, based upon the published guidelines and personal experience. The prescribing of spectacles for children is different from that for adults because of the unique morphological and functional characteristics of the children's eye. Most of the recommendations for refractive errors correction are based on clinical consensus (experience) rather than populational studies (evidence). This explains the great variability of the indications for refractive errors correction in children.

Laser refractive surgery has an ascendant evolution on the context of the progress in the medical field. The functional result can be negatively influenced by residual errors, irregular astigmatism or anisometropia, situations in which rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses are a successful alternative in optimizing visual acuity. The paper presents the particularities and the protocol of RGP fitting, outlining the contribution of the corneal topography in the ocular pre and post-operative evaluation.

Purpose: The purpose is to appreciate the benefits and the drawbacks in the correction of the refractive errors with contact lenses comparative to the glasses, to see their indications, general contraindications, their specific features., Material and Method: This is a retrospective study on a group of 100 patients that were consulted during a period between years 2003 and 2004 in the Optimed Clinic of Ophthalmology., Results: The patient's age varied between seven to sixty years, most of them between twenty and thirty years. Women formed the largest group most of the patients lived in the cities. The refractive errors in which we used contact lenses were: myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia, keratoconus. Soft lenses were used more then hard lenses. Only 25 of our patients developed some complications, especially corneal complications., Conclusions: 1. The contact lenses represent an optimal solution in the correction of refractive errors, especially in young patients. 2. The quality of vision obtained with contact lenses is superior comparative to glasses. 3. Most of their complications can be treated without marks.

Purpose: To appreciate the indications, complications and visual outcomes in the correction of refractive errors with contact lenses at children., Material and Method: We studied 15 eyes from nine kids. The times prescription included: history (motivation of wearing contact lenses), ocular refraction (with cycloplegia), best corrected visual acuity, keratometry, the corneal diameter, slit lamp examination, the selection of contact lens and follow up., Results: The age of patients varied between several months to twelve years. The refractive errors in which we used contact lenses were: aphakia--6 eyes, myopia--6 eyes, hyperopia--3 eyes. The types of contact lenses were for permanent use--8 eyes and discontinuity use--7 eyes. We didn't have any major complication. The best corrected visual acuity with contact lenses was: 0.1-0.3 at 4 eyes, 0.4-0.6 at 2 eyes and one at 7 eyes., Conclusions: (1) Contact lenses represent the optimal correction of anisometropia after congenital or traumatic cataract operation in children. (2) The quality of vision obtained with contact lenses represents an important factor in the prevention and treatment of amblyopia.

Unlabelled: The paper represents the analysis of 27 patients with a form of exodeviation examined în the Department of Ophthalmology Sibiu (jan. 1999-jan. 2003)., Method: The evaluated parameters were: debut age, sensorial status, refraction, type of exodeviation related with refractive errors and treatment., Results: The predominant refractive error was hyperopia (low degree)-40.74%, exophoria was the most frequent type of exodeviation (44.44%). Amblyopia was present în 11.2% of cases, 25.9% of patients had no stereopsis., Conclusions: In the studied group 81.48% of cases had refractive errors. Exophoria and intermittent exotropia were related with emetropia or minor refractive errors. Mixed astigmatism with amblyopia and anizometropia presented constant exodeviation.

The indications of contact lens adaptation in optical purpose are widely large, starting, with refractive errors [correction of vices], unilateral and bilateral aphakia, myopia, anisometropia and astigmatism, together with the use of contact lens in esthetic purpose. We have been presented the adaptation techniques, the supervise, and maintenance of contact lens.