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Background: Several reproductive diseases can prevent ejaculation by the traditional method of collection. Neoplasias as squamous cell carcinoma is the most common tumor of the external genitalia of horses and its lesions usually prevent copulation. The pharmacological induction of ejaculation is an important alternative technique to obtain and preserve the genetic material of stallions incapable of ejaculating by traditional methods of semen collection. However, the protocols currently used have shown questionable results and new protocols are needed in order to increase the success rates. The aim of this study is to report the success of a new protocol in inducing ejaculation when oral imipramine and intravenous oxytocin and detomidine were administrated in a Crioulo stallion. Case: A 9-year-old Crioulo stallion was admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of the São Paulo State University, FMVZUNESP, Botucatu, Brazil, with a history of a mass located on the glans and body of the penis. The histopathological exam confirmed the diagnostic of Squamous cell carcinoma and penectomy was performed. After 10 days of surgery the stallion was submitted to 5 different protocols with 3 days interval between the follow protocols: Imipramine+Xylazine; Imipramine+ Xylazine+Oxytocin; Imipramine+Detomidine and Imipramine+Detomidine+Oxytocin. Discussion: The traditional protocol of pharmacologically-induced ejaculation with imipramine hydrochloride (3 mg/kg/v.o) and xylazine hydrochloride (0.66 mg/kg/iv) was not successful even when oxytocin (20 UI/iv) was added to this protocol. Administration of imipramine hydrochloride (3 mg/kg/v.o) two hours prior to administration of detomidine hydrochloride (0.02 mg/kg/i.v) also did not result in ejaculation. However, administration of imipramine hydrochloride (3 mg/kg/v.o) 2 h prior to administration of detomidine hydrochloride (0.02 mg/kg/i.v) associated with oxytocin (20 U.I/i.v) resulted in ejaculation. The stallion was submitted to three seminal collections with a three-day interval between administration of the protocol and ejaculated in all the attempts after approximately 5 min of detomidine and oxytocin injection, presenting mean values of 50 mL of total volume (TV) and concentration of 80x106 spermatozoa/mL. The VT was higher and concentration was lower when compared to ejaculates obtained by pharmacological induction in previous studies, probably due to daily stimulation with estrus mare to induce penile exposure in order to allow antisepsis of the surgical wound. Thus, it is believed that the large amount of total volume of this stallion is due to the high production of gel by the accessory sex glands, with consequent reduction of ejaculate concentration. The sperm kinetics were evaluated by the computerized method CASA (HTMA-IVOS-12) with total motility (MT) of 84% and progressive (MP) of 38%, with 70% of rapid spermatozoa (RAP), being considered normal to the equine specie and similar to those observed by other authors in pharmacolocally-induced ejaculates. Post-thaw sperm kinetics presented 42% of MT, 21% of MP and 28% of RAP probably due to an intrinsic sensitivity of the stallion to the freezing process. Thus, this report concludes that the protocol associating imipramine, detomidine and oxytocin was efficient in the pharmacological induction of ejaculation, presenting normal and characteristic sperm parameters of the specie. Fresh and refrigerated semen presented good parameters for use in conventional artificial inseminations while frozen semen is indicated for deep horn inseminations or for use in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was evaluate the effects of three anesthetic combinations, ketamine-midazolam, ketamine-xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam, on IOP in rabbits. In a experimental, blind, randomized, crossover study, six rabbits were anesthetized with each of 3 treatments in random order. Groups KM (ketamine, 30 mg/kg + midazolam, 1 mg/kg); KX (ketamine, 30 mg/kg + xylazine, 3 mg/kg); and TZ (tiletamine + zolazepam, 20 mg/kg). The drugs were mixed in the same syringe injected intramuscularly (IM) into the quadriceps muscle. IOP was measured before drug administration (baseline) and at 5-minute intervals for 30 minutes. The data were analyzed by a 2-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test. All groups had significant decreases in IOP compared to baseline (p < 0.001). There was no difference between groups at any of the time points assessed (p > 0.05). Administration of either ketamine-midazolam, ketamine-xylazine, or tiletamine-zolazepam similarly decrease IOP in rabbits within 30 minutes of injection.

Com este estudo objetivou-se avaliar o efeito cardiorrespiratório e a qualidade da anestesia e da recuperação pós-anestésica decorrentes da associação cetamina e xilazina seguida da infusão contínua intravenosa (IV) de midazolam isolado ou associado ao fentanil, em suínos. Foram avaliadas 10 porcas adultas, da raça Landrace, com peso médio de 170±4kg, submetidas à endoscopia. Todos os animais foram medicados pela via intramuscular com cetamina (4mg kg-1) associada à xilazina (2mg kg-1). Vinte minutos após, foi realizado um bolus IV de cetamina (2mg kg-1), seguida da infusão contínua IV de midazolam (0,5mg kg-1h-1 GM, n=5), ou midazolam (0,25mg kg-1h-1) associado ao fentanil (4µg kg-1 h-1 GMF, n=5). Foram avaliados: frequência cardíaca (FC) e ritmo cardíaco, pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), temperatura retal (T), frequência respiratória (f), variáveis hemogasométricas (PaO2, PaCO2, pH, HCO3-, SaO2), qualidade da anestesia e qualidade e tempo da recuperação anestésica (RA). A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de análise de variância, teste de Tukey e o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney (PThe aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects, the quality of anesthesia and the post-anesthetic recovery of ketamine and xylazine premedication following intravenous (IV) continuous rate infusion of midazolam alone or in combination with fentanyl, in swine. Ten Landrace adult pigs that underwent endoscopy were evaluated. All pigs were premedicated with ketamine (4mg kg-1) and xylazine (2mg kg-1) by intramuscular administration. After twenty minutes, intravenous ketamine (2mg kg-1) was injected, following IV continuous rate infusion of midazolam (0.5mg kg-1 h-1 GM, n=5) or midazolam (0.25mg kg-1 h-1) plus fentanyl (4µg kg-1 h¹ GMF, n=5). Heart and respiratory rates, systolic arterial blood pressure, rectal temperature, arterial blood gases, quality of anesthesia and recovery, and time for recovery were investigated. Statistical analysis was performed with One-Way ANOVA, Tukey test and Mann-Whitney test (P

Os agonistas dos receptores adrenérgicos 2 e os opioides tem ação analgésica e a aplicação preventiva pela via epidural pode minimizar os efeitos clínicos e comportamentais indesejáveis. Assim, avaliaram-se os efeitos comportamental, clínico e analgésico promovidos pela injeção epidural preventiva de morfina (0,1mg kg-1), xilazina (0,17mg kg-1) ou clonidina (3µg kg-1) durante 24 horas, em 18 equinos submetidos a um modelo incisional de dor inflamatória e avaliados pelos filamentos de von Frey. As alterações comportamentais, de frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, temperatura retal e altura de cabeça em relação ao solo foram mínimas e transitórias. A sensibilidade cutânea em pele incisada foi semelhante à sensibilidade da pele íntegra por 24, 8 e 12 horas após a administração epidural preventiva de morfina, xilazina ou clonidina, respectivamente, em equinos submetidos ao modelo incisional de dor inflamatória e avaliados com filamentos de von Frey. Além disso, não ocorreram alterações clínicas ou comportamentais importantes ao longo de 24 horas.Opioids and 2-agonists have analgesic effect and preventive administration by epidural route can minimize undesirable and clinical effects. So, behavioral, clinical and analgesic effects were evaluated for 24 hours after preventive epidural injection of morphine (0,1mg kg-1), xylazine (0,17mg kg-1) or clonidine (3µg kg-1) in 18 horses subjected to incisional model of inflammatory pain evaluated by von Frey filaments. Behavioral changes and changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature and height of head were minimum and transitory. Cutaneous sensivity in injured skin was similar to complete skin for 24, 8 and 12 hours after preventive epidural injection of morphine, xylazine and clonidine, respectively. Moreover, clinical and behavioral changes were not severe along 24 hours.

The objectives of this study were to compare the clinical effects and glycemia induced by medetomidine and xylazine in healthy cats and to demonstrate the reversal of the effects by atipamezole. A prospective blindedrandomized experimental trial was used with twenty-four healthy adult cats. The animals were allocated into 4 groups of 6 animals each to receive by intramuscular route (IM): Group M (medetomidine - 50 μg/ kg); Group X (xylazine - 1.1 mg/kg); Group MA (medetomidine - 50 μg/kg and 60 minutes later atipamezole - 0.2 mg/kg); Group XA (xylazine - 1.1 mg/kg and 60 minutes later atipamezole - 0.2 mg/kg). Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, electrocardiogram, intraocular pressure, degree of sedation were measured at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes, and the serum glucose concentration was measured at 0, 60, 120 and 180 minutes. The xylazine at a dose of 1.1 mg/kg and medetomidine at a dose of 50 μg/kg (both intramuscular) induced hypothermia, decreased heart rate, respiration and blood pressure and also 1st-degree A-V block in some cats, but it did not interfere significantly with intraocular pressure. The medetomidine induced a more pronounced hypothermia, sedation and hyperglycemia than xylazine in cats. The atipamezole was an excellent antagonist of the effects induced by medetomidine and xylazine in cats. Also, it did not interfere with the intraocular pressure values.

Amitraz acts on a2-adrenergic receptors in a competitive and reversible way, leading to some xylazine-like effects. To evaluate the left ventricular function index after amitraz or xylazine administration, eight mongrel cats were submitted to intravenous injection: group X (xylazine), group A (amitraz) or group D (diluent). The same cats were used in all groups, after a 15-day interval. Heart rate (HR) and rhythm, shortening fraction (%SF), ejection fraction (%EF) and cardiac index (CI) were measured by echocardiography immediately before and during 60 minutes after drug injection. Amitraz and xylazine induced first-degree atrioventricular block (1st AVB) and decreases in HR, %SF, %EF and CI. The mean values of HR and all echocardiographic parameters of group X were significantly lower comparing to group A. It was concluded that both a2-agonists produce bradycardia and 1st AVB, but xylazine causes greater depression of the cardiac contractility.

O estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito sedativo do azaperone e de sua associação com a xilazina ou dexmedetomidina na espécie suína, assim como verificar a possibilidade de o agente butirofenônico contrabalançar os efeitos causados pelos agonistas α2-adrenérgicos nos parâmetros cardiovasculares. Foram estudados 18 suínos hígidos da linhagem Dambread X MS 50, de 50 dias de idade, pesando 17,3kg (±1,7). Todos os animais foram submetidos a anestesia com isofluorano para instrumentação necessária ao protocolo experimental e, 30 minutos após a recuperação anestésicas, os parâmetros basais foram mensurados e os animais alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos de seis animais cada: GA (Azaperone 2mg kg-1 + Cloreto de sódio 0,5ml - IM), GAD (Azaperone 2mg kg-1 + Dexmedetomidina 3µg kg-1 - IM), GAX (Azaperone 2mg kg-1 + Xilazina 2mg kg-1 - IM). Os parâmetros foram novamente avaliados aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos após administração dos fármacos correspondentes aos grupos do estudo. A frequência cardíaca teve seus valores reduzidos em todos os grupos, porém essa redução foi maior no GAX. Durante o estudo não foi observado efeito bifásico sobre a pressão arterial, com hipertensão seguida de hipotensão. O GAX apresentou redução de PaO2 e aumento de PaCO2, assim como observou-se melhor efeito sedativo nesse grupo. Os resultados permitem concluir que a associação de azaperone com xilazina promoveu melhor sedação e miorrelaxamento e menor resposta a estímulos.The aim of this study was to evaluate the sedative effects of azaperone and its association with xylazine or dexmedetomidine in swine, as well as verifying the possibility of the butyrophenone agent to counterbalance the effects caused by α2-adreneceptor agonists on the cardiovascular and hemodynamic parameters. For this, eighteen healthy swines of the Dambread X MS 50 lineage aged 50 days-old, weighing around 17.3kg (±1.7) were used. All animals were submitted an isoflurane anesthesia by face mask throughout the period of instrumentation. Basal parameters were measured 30 minutes after recovering from general anesthesia. All swines were randomly assigned into three groups of six animals each: AG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + sodium chloride 0.5ml - IM), ADG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + dexmedetomidine 3µg kg-1 - IM) and AXG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + xylazine 2mg kg-1 - IM). Parameters were again measured at the following times: 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after administrating the corresponding drugs to each group. The heart rate had its values reduced in all groups; however this reduction was more significative in AXG. During the study was not observed a biphasic effect over the arterial pressure with an initial increase followed by a gradual decrease. AXG presented reduction of PaO2 and an increase in PaCO2 as well as a better sedative effect. The results allow to conclude that the association of azaperone with xylazine promoted a better tranquilization and muscular relaxation.

Avaliaram-se oito eqüinos sob anestesia geral inalatória com isofluorano (1CAM) e infusão contínua de xilazina (0,35mg kg-1h-1) ou medetomidina (3,5µg kg-1h-1), em relação à freqüência cardíaca, ritmo cardíaco, freqüência respiratória, pressão arterial, hemogasometria arterial e temperatura, nos tempos T0 (imediatamente antes do início da infusão contínua) e T10 ao T60 (intervalos de 10 minutos, após início da infusão contínua). Houve redução da freqüência cardíaca e da temperatura e elevação da pressão arterial média. A paCO2 (no GM) elevou-se e a paO2 mostrou-se maior no GM que no GX. Conclui-se que a infusão contínua de doses equipotentes de xilazina e medetomidina, durante anestesia geral inalatória, com isofluorano, em eqüinos, promove alterações cardiocirculatórias, respiratórias, térmicas e hemogasométricas discretas e equivalentes.Eight horses under inhalant general anesthesia with isoflurane (1MAC) and continuous infusion of xylazine (0.35mg kg-1h-1) or medetomidine (3.5µg kg-1h-1) were evaluated for heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gas analysis and temperature immediately before the beginning of the continuous infusion (T0) and in intervals of 10 minutes after the beginning of the continuous infusion (T10 to T60). Heart rate and temperature decreased and mean arterial pressure increased. PaCO2 (in GM) increased and GM showed a higher paO2 than GX. We conclude that equipotent doses of continuous infusion of medetomidine and xylazine during inhalant general anesthesia with isoflurane in horses promote slight and equivalent cardiocirculatory, respiratory, thermic and arterial blood gases changes.

A xilazina é o fármaco agonista adrenérgico α2 mais utilizado pela via epidural de eqüinos e sabe-se que o amitraz tem ação sobre esses receptores. Assim, foram avaliados os efeitos clínicos e comportamentais causados pela injeção epidural de 0,17mg kg-1 de xilazina (GX) ou de 0,1mg kg-1 de amitraz diluído em emulsão lipídica (GA) durante 24 horas, em doze eqüinos. A freqüência cardíaca e a altura de cabeça mantiveram-se inalteradas; a freqüência respiratória aumentou de T105 a T360 no GX; a temperatura retal elevou-se de T120 a T720 em GA e de T360 a T720 em GX. Não houve diferença no tempo de latência para urinar ou defecar em ambos os grupos. Em relação às alterações comportamentais, o amitraz provocou sedação (50%), ptose labial (33,4%) e palpebral (16,7%), enquanto que a xilazina promoveu ataxia (50%), sudorese perineal (33,4%), ptose palpebral (16,6%) e relaxamento do esfíncter anal (16,6%). Considera-se segura a injeção epidural de xilazina ou amitraz em eqüinos, pois as alterações clínicas e comportamentais promovidas são leves e não limitam seu uso.Xylazine is the α2-adrenergic agonist more employed by epidural route in horses and it is known that amitraz acts on these receptors. So, clinical and behavioral effects caused by epidural injection of 0.17mg kg-1 xylazine (GX) or 0.1mg.kg-1 amitraz diluted in lipidic emulsion (GA) were evaluated in 12 horses. Heart rate and height of the head didn't change; respiratory rate increased from T105 to T360 in GX; rectal temperature increased from T120 to T720 in GA and from T360 to T720 in GX. There is no difference in latency to urine or defecate in both groups. Concerning behavioral changes, amitraz promoted sedation (50%), lip (33.4%) and eye (16.6%) dropping, while xylazine caused ataxia (50%), perineal sweating (33.4%), eye dropping (16.6%) and anal sphincter relaxation (16.6%). So, epidural injection of xylazine or amitraz was considered safe because the clinical and behavioral changes observed are subtle and don't limit its application.

Os agonistas de receptores adrenérgicos α2 geram efeito antinociceptivo após administração epidural e o amitraz possui atividade intrínseca sobre tais receptores. Assim, avaliou-se o efeito antinociceptivo promovido pela injeção epidural preventiva de 0,17mg kg-1 de xilazina (GX) ou 0,1mg kg-1 de amitraz diluído em emulsão lipídica (GA) durante 24 horas, em doze eqüinos submetidos a modelo incisional de dor inflamatória e avaliados com filamentos de von Frey quanto ao limiar nociceptivo à estimulação mecânica (LNEM). A xilazina produziu manutenção do LNEM por até 4 horas, enquanto que o amitraz diluído em emulsão lipídica foi capaz de manter o LNEM inalterado por até 24 horas.Epidural administration of α2 agonists promotes antinociceptive effect and amitraz acts on α2 receptors. Antinociceptivo effect caused by pre-emptive epidural injection of 0.17mg kg-1 xylazine (GX) or 0.1mg kg-1 amitraz diluted in lipidic emulsion (GA) were evaluated, in 12 horses submitted by incisional model of inflammatory pain and evaluated about nociceptive threshold by mechanical stimulus (NTMS), by von Frey filaments. Xylazine produced maintenance of NTMS for 4 hours, while amitraz diluted in lipidic solution maintained NTMS for 24 hours.

Cardiovascular effects due to intravenous (IV) xylazine (1.0mg/kg) or amitraz (0.1 or 0.4mg/kg) were evaluated in horses. Left ventricular function indexes, heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO) were measured by echocardiography. Second degree atrioventricular (AV) block was detected by electrocardiography. Invasive arterial blood pressure (AP) was also evaluated. All parameters were measured immediately before and during 60 minutes after drug injection. HR, CO, and second degree AV block were different between xylazine and amitraz-0.4mg/kg groups. Xylazine induced initial hypertension 10 minutes after injection, and hypotension was observed 30 minutes after amitraz-0.4mg/kg administration. Except for the second degree AV block which occurred only at five minutes, there was no change in the echocardiographic measurements after administration of amitraz-0.1mg/kg. Thus, amitraz-0.4mg/kg and xylazine (1.0mg/kg) induced similar cardiovascular side effects, but long-lasting action of amitraz-0.4mg/kg in the cardiovascular system was observed.Avaliaram-se efeitos cardiovasculares decorrentes da administração intravenosa (IV) de xilazina (1,0mg/kg) ou amitraz (0,1 ou 0,4mg/kg) em cavalos. Os índices ventriculares, a freqüência cardíaca (FC) e o débito cardíaco (DC) foram mensurados por ecocardiografia, e o bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo grau (BAV2), detectado por eletrocardiografia. A pressão arterial invasiva foi também avaliada. Todos os parâmetros foram mensurados imediatamente antes e durante 60 minutos após a administração dos fármacos. Os valores da FC, do DC e do BAV2 apresentaram alterações significativas nos grupos da xilazina e do amitraz na dose de 0,4mg/kg. A xilazina induziu hipertensão inicial 10 minutos após sua administração e a dose de 0,4mg/kg amitraz induziu hipotensão após 30 minutos. Exceto pela ocorrência de BAV2 aos cinco minutos, não houve alteração nas mensurações ecocardiográficas após a administração de amitraz-0.1mg/kg. Nas doses utilizadas, a xilazina (1,0mg/kg) e o amitraz-0,4mg/kg promoveram alterações semelhantes no sistema cardiovascular, porém os efeitos cardiovasculares provocados pelo amitraz foram mais prolongados.

Este estudo investigou o efeito da ropivacaína, da lidocaína e da associação de lidocaína e xilazina na anestesia epidural de cães. Trinta cães foram tranqüilizados com acepromazina intravenosa, distribuídos em três grupos e submetidos à anestesia epidural no espaço lombo-sacro, com lidocaína 2% com vasoconstrictor (GL), ropivacaína 1% (GR) ou com xilazina associada à lidocaína (GXL). Mensuraram-se as freqüências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (f), a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), a concentração final expirada de CO2 (EtCO2), o volume minuto (VM) e a temperatura retal (T). Para avaliação da analgesia somática, utilizou-se o teste do panículo e o teste térmico a 55°C. Os protocolos produziram anestesia da região retro-umbilical, sendo que a associação XL produziu bloqueio anestésico mais cranial, porém causou bradicardia moderada. A duração da anestesia foi mais prolongada nos animais dos grupos GXL (240 min) e GR (250 min), quando comparada as do grupo GL (120 min).This study was aimed at investigating the effects of ropivacaine, lidocaine or lidocaine combined with xylazine for epidural anaesthesia in dogs. Thirty dogs were sedated with acepromazine IV, divided in to three groups and submitted to lumbosacral epidural anaesthesia using 2% lidocaine with adrenaline (L) or 1% ropivacaine (R) or xylazine combined with lidocaine (XL). Heart and respiratory rates, systolic arterial blood pressure, EtCO2, minute volume and temperature were measured. Cutaneous anaesthesia was investigated using a forceps and thermic stimulus. All protocols produced retroumbilical anaesthesia. The combination of XL produced a more cranial anaesthetic block, with moderate bradycardia. The duration of the anaesthesia was more prolonged in animals treated with XL (240min) and R (250min), when compared to L alone (120min).

The sedative and antinociceptive effects of romifidine (0.1mg/kg) and of xylazine (1.0mg/kg) on Thoroughbred mares were studied. Sedation was evaluated by quantifying spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) and head height (HH) in animals placed in automated individual behaviour stalls. Antinociception was determined utilizing a heat irradiation lamp recording the latency time for the hoof withdrawal reflex (HWRL) and the latency time for the skin twitch reflex (STRL) in a randomised block design with 10 replicates. Comparison of the sedative effects of romifidine and of xylazine on SLA showed a faster effect for xylazine. Regarding the sedative effect of the substances based on HH, romifidine caused a longer-lasting effect. Romifidine caused an increase in HWRL and STRL, and xylazine, an agent known for its analgesic effect, did not have an antinociceptive effect based on STRL result. The antinociceptive effect of romifidine was more pronounced than the xylazine effect.Compararam-se os efeitos sedativos e antinociceptivos da romifidina (0,1mg/kg) e da xilazina (1,0mg/kg) em éguas da raça Puro Sangue Inglês. A sedação foi quantificada por meio da atividade locomotora espontânea (ALE) e altura da cabeça (AC) em baias individuais automatizadas para o estudo do comportamento. A antinocicepção foi avaliada utilizando uma lâmpada de irradiação de calor registrando-se a latência para o reflexo de retirada do membro (LRRM) e a latência para o reflexo do frêmito cutâneo (LRFC), em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com 10 repetições. O efeito sedativo sobre a ALE foi de aparecimento mais rápido no grupo exposto à xilazina, ao passo que a ptose da cabeça foi mais prolongada no grupo que recebeu romifidina. A romifidina promoveu aumento da LRRM e LRFC e a xilazina não causou efeito antinociceptivo medido pela LRFC. O efeito antinociceptivo da romifidina foi mais pronunciado que o da xilazina.

Estabeleceram-se a pressão venosa periférica (PVP), a pressão venosa central (PVC), a pressão arterial invasiva (PAI) e a pressão arterial não invasiva (PANI) em cães após diferentes eventos de hipotensão. Foram utilizados 15 cães adultos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos (G) com cinco animais cada, submetidos aos seguintes eventos hipotensores: GI - cloridrato de xilazina a 2%, GII - choque hipovolêmico agudo e GIII - veneno da serpente Bothrops moojeni. Os animais, avaliados durante 30 minutos após o início do evento hipotensor, foram tratados com cloridrato de ioimbina (GI), amido hidroxietílico a 6% (GII) e cetoprofeno (GIII) e reavaliados por mais 30 minutos. Somente os animais do GII apresentaram redução da PVP após o evento hipotensor e aumento, 25 minutos após tratamento. Os cães dos grupos II e III mostraram redução da PVC após o evento hipotensor, e somente os animais do GII exibiram discreto aumento cinco minutos imediatamente após o tratamento. Houve diminuição da PAI e PANI nos dos grupos II e III após o evento hipotensor, com recuperação gradativa imediata, após o tratamento, somente da PAI.The peripheral venous pressure (PVP), the central venous pressure (CVP), the invasive (IAP) and non-invasive blood pressure (NIAP) in dogs submitted to different hypotensive events were studied. Fifteen adult mongrel dogs were randomly divided in three groups with five animals each, and submitted to hypotensive event as follow: GI - xylazine chloride 2%, GII - acute hypovolemic shock and GIII - snake venom (Bothrops moojeni). All animals were evaluated for 30 minutes after starting hypotensive event, treated with yoimbine chloride (GI), colloid hetastarch 6% (GII) and ketoprofen (GIII) and reevaluated for more 30 minutes. Only the group II dogs showed PVP decrease after hypotensive event, and increase 25 minutes after treatment. In animals of groups II and III, the CVP decreased after hypotensive event and only in GII dogs there was mild increase, five minutes after treatment. The groups II and III dogs showed IAP and NIAP decrease after hypotensive event and gradation recuperation immediately after treatment only in IAP.

Estudaram-se as alterações produzidas por doses equipotentes de xilazina e romifidina e os efeitos da administração subseqüente de ioimbina em oito cabras mestiças. Respeitou-se um intervalo de sete dias entre os seguintes tratamentos: A- 250µg/kg/IM de xilazina e 0,1ml/kg/IV de solução fisiológica, B- 250µg/kg/IM de xilazina e 250µg/kg/IV de ioimbina, C- 25µg/kg/IM de romifidina e 0,1ml/kg/IV de solução fisiológica, D- 25µg/kg/IM de romifidina e 250µg/kg/IV de ioimbina. Foram mensurados a freqüência respiratória, o pH, as pressões parciais de oxigênio e dióxido de carbono, a concentração de íon bicarbonato, o excesso de bases e a saturação de oxigênio no sangue arterial. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental crossover, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste Duncan (PdWith the purpose to assess some of the clinical and laboratorial features induced by xylazine and romifidine, at equipotent sedative doses, followed by the use of yohimbine, eight crossbred female goats were assigned randomly to four treatments at the following dose rates: A- 250µg/kg/IM xylazine plus 0.1ml/kg/IV saline solution, B- 250µg/kg/IM xylazine plus 250µg/kg/IV de yohimbine, C- 25µg/kg/IM romifidine plus 0.1ml/kg/IV saline, D- 25µg/kg/IM romifidine plus 250µg/kg/IV yohimbine. Breath rate, pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, concentration of hydrogen carbonate, base excess and fraction of oxyhemoglobin of arterial blood were measured. A crossover experimental design was used and the comparisons of treatment means were performed by Duncan test (Pd

The effect of the intravenous injection of amitraz (0.1mg/kg) to horses on cardiac activity, respiratory rate, intestinal motor activity, rectal temperature, sweating and masticating was evaluated and compared to the effect of intravenous administration of xylazine (1mg/kg, iv) on heart rate, respiratory rate and intestinal activity. Amitraz caused a significant decrease in heart activity, respiratory rate and intestinal movements, but these effects were not as pronounced as those caused by xylazine. Amitraz also caused a significant relaxation of the rectal smooth muscle, and an apparent increase in sweating and in the frequency of horses found masticating hay. Rectal temperature was not influenced by amitraz. The results indicated that amitraz, at the dose used, did not cause severe side effects in horses.

Neste experimento objetivou-se avaliar diferentes técnicas anestésicas em capivaras. Foram utilizadas 50 capivaras, sendo 23 machos e 27 fêmeas, adultas, de peso médio estimado em 36 ± 7kg. Foram realizados 3 grupos experimentais: G1(n=20) - xilazina (1mg/kg) e quetamina (15mg/kg); G 2 (n=15) - midazolam (0.5mg/kg) e quetamina (15mg/kg) e G 3 (n=15) - romifidina (0,1mg/kg) e quetamina (15mg/kg). Todas as drogas acima citadas foram associadas na mesma seringa e administradas pela via intramuscular com a utilização de dardos e zarabatana confeccionados artesanalmente. A freqüência cardíaca e respiratória e a temperatura retal foram avaliadas a cada 15 minutos, por até 60 minutos após a administração dos anestésicos. Também foi observado o período de latência, de analgesia e de recuperação. Cinco animais do grupo tratado com xilazina e quetamina apresentaram óbito, provavelmente relacionado com a alta temperatura ambiente. Os animais deste grupo apresentaram maiores períodos de analgesia e recuperação e o grupo de animais tratados com midazolam e quetamina, os menores períodos. Houve uma redução gradativa da freqüência cardíaca nos grupos l e 3 e de temperatura em todos os grupos. A freqüência respiratória manteve-se estável em todos os grupos. Com os três protocolos foi possível tatuar e colocar brincos nos animais, bem como realizar punção venosa, porém cuidados devem ser tomados quando do uso de xilazina em casos de temperatura ambiente elevada, bem como há necessidade de novos estudos para se melhor adequar a dose do midazolam em capivaras.The aim of this study was to investigate three anaesthetic techniques in capybaras. Twenty three male and 27 female adult capybaras weighing 36 ± 7 kg were divided in three groups: G 1(n =20) - xylazine (1mg/kg) and ketamine (20mg/kg), G2 (n=l5) - midazolam (0,5mg/kg) and ketamine (20mg/kg) and G3 (n=15) - romifidine (0,1 mg/kg) and ketamine (20mg/kg). All drugs were given intramuscularly in the same syringe using darts. Heart and respiratory rates and temperature were evaluated every 15 minutes for 60 minutes after the administration of the anaesthetics. Time to onset of action, duration of analgesia and recovery period were also measured. Five out of 20 animals from G 1died during the experiment. Duration of analgesia and recovery was longer after xylazine and ketamine and shorter after midazolam and ketamine. Heart rate decreased in G1 and G3. There was no change in respiratory rate. Temperature decreased in all groups. Tattoo mark, earring placing and venous punction was performed in all animals using these anaesthetic protocols. Special care should be taken when xylazine is used under a high environmental temperature and further studies should be performed in order to evaluate the ideal dose of midazolam in capybaras.

O propofol na dose de 6mg/kg foi usado como agente indutor em dez felinos, pré-medicados com xilazina (0.5 mg/kg) e cetamina (10mg/kg). A intubação orotraqueal desses animais foi possível sem o uso de lidocaina a 4% em "spray"ou o uso de relaxante muscular. As alterações da função cardiovascular compreenderam o aumento da pressão venosa central e freqüência cardíaca após a indução com o propofol. Ocorreu diminuição na freqüência respiratória após administração do propofol, com elevação dos valores médios destes parâmetros até o período de recuperação. Não ocorreram períodos de apnéia. O protocolo anestésico pesquisado produziu um período hábil anestésico médio de 47 + 10,95 minutos e um tempo de recuperação de 10 + 1,41 minutos.The propofol (6mg/kg) as inductor agent was used in ten felines premedicated with xilazine (0,5mg/kg) and ketamine (10mg/kg). Orotraqueal intubation was possible without laringeal topic 4% lidocaine spray or muscular relaxam. Ocurred after propofol induction. Central venous hipertention and increased cardiac frequency. The respiratory frequency decreased after propofol administration and increased in the recovery period. Apnea didn't ocurre. The anestethic protocol adopted induced a rate anesthetic period of 47 + 10.95 minutes and recovery time m 10 + 1.41 minutes.

The objectives of this study were to compare the clinical effects and glycemia induced by medetomidine and xylazine in healthy cats and to demonstrate the reversal of the effects by atipamezole. A prospective blinded randomized experimental trial was used with twenty-four healthy adult cats. The animals were allocated into 4 groups of 6 animals each to receive by intramuscular route (IM): Group M (medetomidine - 50 μg/ kg); Group X (xylazine - 1.1 mg/kg); Group MA (medetomidine - 50 μg/kg and 60 minutes later atipamezole - 0.2 mg/kg); Group XA (xylazine - 1.1 mg/kg and 60 minutes later atipamezole - 0.2 mg/kg). Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, electrocardiogram, intraocular pressure, degree of sedation were measured at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes, and the serum glucose concentration was measured at 0, 60, 120 and 180 minutes. The xylazine at a dose of 1.1 mg/kg and medetomidine at a dose of 50 μg/kg (both intramuscular) induced hypothermia, decreased heart rate, respiration and blood pressure and also 1st-degree A-V block in some cats, but it did not interfere significantly with intraocular pressure. The medetomidine induced a more pronounced hypothermia, sedation and hyperglycemia than xylazine in cats. The atipamezole was an excellent antagonist of the effects induced by medetomidine and xylazine in cats. Also, it did not interfere with the intraocular pressure values.

O amitraz age de forma competitiva e reversível em receptores adrenérgicos do tipo a2, desencadeando efeitos similares aos da xilazina. Com o objetivo de avaliar a função ventricular esquerda após a administração de amitraz ou xilazina, oito gatos SRD foram submetidos a injeções intravenosas: grupo X (xilazina), grupo A (amitraz) ou grupo D (diluente). Os mesmos animais foram utilizados em todos os grupos após um intervalo mínimo de quinze dias. Foram avaliados frequência cardíaca (FC), ritmo cardíaco, fração de ejeção (FE), fração de encurtamento (FS) e índice cardíaco (IC), por meio de eletrocardiografia e ecocardiografia, imediatamente antes e durante os primeiros sessenta minutos após a aplicação. Tanto o amitraz quanto a xilazina induziram bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau (1º BAV) e diminuição de FC, FE, FS e IC. As médias da FC e de todos os parâmetros ecocardiográficos do grupo X foram estatisticamente menores do que as do grupo A. Concluiu-se que ambos os agonistas adrenérgicos de receptores tipo a2 causaram bradicardia e 1º BAV; contudo, a xilazina produziu maior depressão na contratilidade cardíaca. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Amitraz, xilazina, ecocardiografia, eletrocardiografia, gatos.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects, the quality of anesthesia and the post-anesthetic recovery of ketamine and xylazine premedication following intravenous (IV) continuous rate infusion of midazolam alone or in combination with fentanyl, in swine. Ten Landrace adult pigs that underwent endoscopy were evaluated. All pigs were premedicated with ketamine (4mg kg-1) and xylazine (2mg kg-1) by intramuscular administration. After twenty minutes, intravenous ketamine (2mg kg-1) was injected, following IV continuous rate infusion of midazolam (0.5mg kg-1 h-1 GM, n=5) or midazolam (0.25mg kg-1 h-1) plus fentanyl (4μg kg-1 h1 GMF, n=5). Heart and respiratory rates, systolic arterial blood pressure, rectal temperature, arterial blood gases, quality of anesthesia and recovery, and time for recovery were investigated. Statistical analysis was performed with One-Way ANOVA, Tukey test and Mann-Whitney test (P<0.05). The quality of anesthesia was similar between treatments, and endoscopy was able to be performed in both groups. Cardiopulmonary variables and blood gases did not differ between groups. The recovery time was 98±15 and 79±17 minutes in GM and GMF, respectively, without significant difference between treatments. The quality of recovery did not differ between groups. The results allowed us to conclude that both treatments provide cardiopulmonary stability and were satisfactory to swine endoscopy. However, despite of absence of significant difference, shorter time of recovery was observed with midazolam/fentanyl infusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of several inspired oxygen fractions (FiO2) on the blood gases, respiratory and hemodynamic parameters in mechanical ventilation hypovolemic rabbits anesthetized with continuous infusion of propofol were evaluated. A total of 50 rabbits (New Zealand), weighing 3.5±0.3kg, were divided into five groups: G100 (FiO2=1), G80 (FiO2=0.8), G60 (FiO2=0.6), G40 (FiO2=0.4) and G21 (FiO2=0.21), which received xylazine (1mg kg-1) and ketamine (15mg kg-1) intramuscularly. Exactly after 20 minutes, it was administered propofol (8mg kg-1 bolus and 0.5mg kg-1 min-1) and rocuronium (0.6mg kg-1 bolus and 0.6mg kg-1 h-1. Then, the mechanical ventilation by controlled pressure mode began. After 30 minutes, the animals underwent acute hypovolemia, withdrawing arterial blood (12mL kg-1). The parameters were measured 30 minutes after anesthetic induction (M0) and every ten minutes after exsanguination (M1-M7). The variables were subjected to analysis of variance followed by Tukey test (P<0.05). The values of PaO2, SaO2, PAO2, AaDO2 decreased as lower were the FiO 2 . After the induction of hypovolemia, the variables CO, MAP, PaO2, SaO2, Vt, AaDO2 decreased significantly. No change was noted in the parameters HR and PaCO2. The FiO2 of 0.8 and 1.0 proved to be the most suitable for maintaining stability, better ventilation and adequate gas exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to report the incidence of surgical anesthetic deaths during an 11-year period (1996 to 2006), because during these years, no complementary or laboratorial exams were realized previously to the anesthetic procedure. A retrospective study was carried out, evaluating the anesthetic records used during the anesthetic procedures at the Veterinary Clinical Hospital/Santa Catarina State University. A total of 7012 anesthetic procedures were evaluated, from which 5500 (78.4%) performed in dogs and 1512 (21.6%) in cats, submitted to general anesthesia. The deaths included in this study occurred during the trans-anesthetic or immediate postoperative period. The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, patients' age, sex or the surgical procedure accomplished were not taken in consideration. All the animals were submitted to the anesthetic-surgical procedures only with pre-anesthetic clinical evaluation, with no previous complementary data, and they were monitored in the transanesthetic period based on clinical anesthesia. In this period, 63 deaths were observed during the anesthetic period, from these, 49 in dogs (77.8%) and 14 in cats (22.2%). The mortality rate observed in dogs was 0.89% and in cats, 0.92%. In conclusion, the anesthetic protocol with higher mortality rate in dogs was the association atropine, xylazine, thiopental and halothane (20.4%), with no protocol specially related to this rate in cats. The drugs associated with larger mortality rate were diazepam, etomidate and isoflurane for dogs and cats, when analyzed individually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the cardiopulmonary and analgesic effects of propofol and propofol/ketamine infusion in bitches premedicated with atropine and xylazine and submitted to ovariohisterectomy. In six bitches, anesthesia was induced by 5mg kg-1 of propofol and maintained initially with 0.4mg kg-1.min-1 of propofol (GP). In the other six bitches, anesthesia was induced with a combination of 3.5mg kg-1 propofol and 1mg kg-1 of ketamine and maintained initially with 0.28mg kg-1.min-1 propofol and 0.06mg kg-1.min-1 of ketamine (GPK). Heart and respiratory rates, arterial blood pressure, minute ventilation, end tidal CO2, pulse hemoglobin O2 saturation, blood gas analysis, plasma glucose concentration and temperature were measured before and every 10 minutes during anesthesia. Mean arterial blood pressure reduced from 20 to 40 minutes of propofol anesthesia. Temperature reduction and hypercapnia with respiratory acidosis occurred in both groups during anesthesia. PaO2, bicarbonate and glucose increased only during propofol/ketamine anesthesia. Propofol infusion rate was increased by 50 and 20% during anesthesia in GP and GPK respectively to allow satisfactory surgical anesthesia. Both anesthetic protocols were safe and adequate for ovariohysterectomy in bitches, considering that controlled ventilation is performed when necessary and propofol infusion rate is adjusted to 0,.6 and 0.34mg kg-1.min-1 in GP and GPK according to the surgical stimulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sedative effects of azaperone and its association with xylazine or dexmedetomidine in swine, as well as verifying the possibility of the butyrophenone agent to counterbalance the effects caused by α2-adreneceptor agonists on the cardiovascular and hemodynamic parameters. For this, eighteen healthy swines of the Dambread X MS 50 lineage aged 50 days-old, weighing around 17.3kg (±1.7) were used. All animals were submitted an isoflurane anesthesia by face mask throughout the period of instrumentation. Basal parameters were measured 30 minutes after recovering from general anesthesia. All swines were randomly assigned into three groups of six animals each: AG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + sodium chloride 0.5ml - IM), ADG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + dexmedetomidine 3μg kg-1 - IM) and AXG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + xylazine 2mg kg-1 - IM). Parameters were again measured at the following times: 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after administrating the corresponding drugs to each group. The heart rate had its values reduced in all groups; however this reduction was more significative in AXG. During the study was not observed a biphasic effect over the arterial pressure with an initial increase followed by a gradual decrease. AXG presented reduction of PaO2 and an increase in PaCO2 as well as a better sedative effect. The results allow to conclude that the association of azaperone with xylazine promoted a better tranquilization and muscular relaxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xylazine is the α2-adrenergic agonist more employed by epidural route in horses and it is known that amitraz acts on these receptors. So, clinical and behavioral effects caused by epidural injection of 0.17mg kg-1 xylazine (GX) or 0.1mg.kg-1 amitraz diluted in lipidic emulsion (GA) were evaluated in 12 horses. Heart rate and height of the head didn't change; respiratory rate increased from T105 to T360 in GX; rectal temperature increased from T120 to T720 in GA and from T360 to T720 in GX. There is no difference in latency to urine or defecate in both groups. Concerning behavioral changes, amitraz promoted sedation (50%), lip (33.4%) and eye (16.6%) dropping, while xylazine caused ataxia (50%), perineal sweating (33.4%), eye dropping (16.6%) and anal sphincter relaxation (16.6%). So, epidural injection of xylazine or amitraz was considered safe because the clinical and behavioral changes observed are subtle and don't limit its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight horses under inhalant general anesthesia with isoflurane (1MAC) and continuous infusion of xylazine (0.35mg kg-1h-1) or medetomidine (3.5μg kg-1h-1) were evaluated for heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gas analysis and temperature immediately before the beginning of the continuous infusion (T0) and in intervals of 10 minutes after the beginning of the continuous infusion (T10 to T60). Heart rate and temperature decreased and mean arterial pressure increased. PaCO2 (in GM) increased and GM showed a higher paO2 than GX. We conclude that equipotent doses of continuous infusion of medetomidine and xylazine during inhalant general anesthesia with isoflurane in horses promote slight and equivalent cardiocirculatory, respiratory, thermic and arterial blood gases changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidural administration of a2 agonists promotes antinociceptive effect and amitraz acts on a2 receptors. Antinociceptivo effect caused by pre-emptive epidural injection of 0.17mg kg-1 xylazine (GX) or 0.1mg kg-1 amitraz diluted in lipidic emulsion (GA) were evaluated, in 12 horses submitted by incisional model of inflammatory pain and evaluated about nociceptive threshold by mechanical stimulus (NTMS), by von Frey filaments. Xylazine produced maintenance of NTMS for 4 hours, while amitraz diluted in lipidic solution maintained NTMS for 24 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of drugs into acupoints promotes vital parameters more stable than the pharmacological induction. This study was to compare the dose of xylazine intramuscularly (IM) with reduced administration in the Yin-Tang acupoint. Ten dogs received xylazine IM in G1 or in the Yin-Tang acupoint (G2). There was less fluctuation of TR in G2 (1.15%) compared to G1 (2.94%). G1 showed a significant difference in relation to the abdominal diameter (13.86%) compared to G2 (8.9%).The duration of sedation was higher in G1 (53.7minutes).The use of pharmacounture with reduced dose of xylazine promoted the same degree of sedation with fewer deleterious effects when compared with the traditionally dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]