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The correlation estimation and its partition into cause and effect is seen as a valuable tool in obtaining gains from selection in plant breeding. This allows the anticipation of choosing the best genotypes. Thus, the objective of this study was to consider indirect selection for simultaneous improvement of root and aboveground traits in segregating common bean populations. The experiment was carried out in the 2021/22 season, considering six common bean genotypes, two parents and four segregating generations (F2, F3, F4 and F5), under a lattice design. Root system traits were measured by two phenotyping methods, called Shovelomics and WinRHIZO. The aerial part traits evaluated were chlorophyll content, plant height, stem diameter, first pod height insertion and yield components (number of pods, number of grains and weight of grains per plant). Correlation analysis and cause and effect analysis (path analysis) were performed. Significant correlation estimates (t) were found between root and aerial traits, with emphasis on chlorophyll B content with left horizontal length (t = -0.22) and chlorophyll A content with total root length (t = 0.24). The unfolding of these estimates by path analysis indicated that the chlorophyll A content has a correlation and a high direct effect on the total length of roots and that the total chlorophyll content indirectly influences the left and right horizontal root lengths. This fact makes it possible to obtain gains with the selection of improved common bean plants for root system based on the direct and indirect evaluation of chlorophyll contents, easily measured in the aerial part of the plants. This allows the optimization of time and resources in breeding programs, aiming at obtaining agronomically superior plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression can be developed, worsened and/or prevented depending on some factors such as: family support and reasons for living, in addition to the possibility of being conceived with a depressive trait and state. The main objective of this research was to test a predictive theoretical model (path analysis) of family support on the depressive trait/state and reasons for living, in a sample of 123 participants, composed of two groups: patients from the Psychosocial Care Center- Alcohol and Drugs (CAPS-AD) and the Family Health Strategy (ESF) and verify the differences of these aspects in the studied sample. A sociodemographic form, the Baptista Depression Scale -Adult (EBADEP-A), the Perceived Family Support Inventory (IPSF), Trait and Depressive State Scale (DTS) and the Brazilian Scale of Reasons to Live (BEMVIVER) were applied. The result of the path analysis indicated that the reasons for living are explained by the depressive state and trait and family support. CAPS-AD patients had higher levels of depressive symptoms and depressive state than the ESF group. ESF patients presented higher means of family support and reasons to live. It is concluded that investing in strategies that enhance the reasons to live and family support can reduce the risks of depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex models, such as mediation and moderation, are essential for comprehending psychological variables. Nevertheless, during the testing of such models, the structure and reliability of the instruments might affect the estimated relationship between variables. Thus, models of mediation and moderation that correct the parameters yielding error estimates are fundamental. The objective of this study is to compare the performance of three Structural Equation Modeling models that include mediation and moderation effects: Random slopes, latent interactions and path analysis. The three models were compared using both simulated and real data. The results showed that when the variance contained in the slopes is small, both the random slopes model and the latent interaction model are equivalently good. The path analysis model, on the other hand, performs well to recover the effects of moderation, but it underestimates the direct and indirect effects of mediation. Best practices for testing hypotheses with complex effects are discussed, and we suggest using latent models for testing mediation and moderation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Possible psychological mechanisms underlying the association between physical activity and mental health have not been sufficiently studied and tested in adolescents. As such, this study aims to investigate the effects of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in different mental health dimensions (psychological well-being and social anxiety), as well, as the mediation effects of self-esteem and body satisfaction between these variables. Participants were 924 adolescents (530 girls and 394 boys) aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 15.10, SD = 1.78), randomly divided into two sub-samples (calibration and validation) with similar characteristics. The direct and indirect relationships model was tested by using the path analysis technique. The obtained results in both sub-samples confirmed the adequacy of the relationships model suggested (CFI e GFI > .95, RMSEA < .065) and supported the mediation effect of self-esteem on nearly all of the well-being and social anxiety dimensions, with the exception of the direct effect of physical activity on purpose in life. These results are discussed in the context of previous findings and practical implications are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we investigated the contribution of the Big Five factors of personality in explaining the domains from the Impulsivity Assessment Scale (EsAvI). Participants included in the study were 335 public workers from the Brazilian State of Bahia, ages ranging from 21 to 62 years. Path analysis modeling revealed that lack of concentration was mainly predicted by low conscientiousness and high neuroticism, whereas cognitive control is related to high conscientiousness and high agreeableness, and what explains fearlessness is low agreeableness, low neuroticism and high openness. In contrast, the Big Five factors accounted for only 1% of the variance in the planning scale. Findings provide an in-depth understanding of the processes underlying each EsAvI scale, showing how they connect to the Big Five factors of personality and a general model of impulsivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay aimed to estimate fruit production of physic nut as a function of planting spacing and easily measured morphometric variables. Thirty 36 months old plants were randomly selected from a commercial plantation established on a 3 x 2 or 5 x 2 m spacing. Measurements per plant included height (ALT), number of primary branches (NG), average diameter of primary branches (DG), number of leaves (NFL), leaf area (AFL), number of fruits (NF) and fruit fresh biomass (MF). The largest values of NF, MF, AFL, NFL and DG were measured in plants from the 5 x 2 m. The estimation of number of fruits per plant (NF) from the two plant spacing can be obtained with plant height and leaf number using the model NF = -143.7611 + 91.32257*ALT - 0.14648*NFL + 0.0001*NFL². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The force of soybean seeds (Glycine max L.) comprises traits that determine the potential for seedling emergence. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic effects associated with physiological quality of soybean contrasting growth habits. Conducted at the University Federal of Santa Maria Campus Frederico Westphalen - RS in 2015. In a randomized block design arranged in a factorial design, 5 (production environments of seed) x 20 (soybean genotypes) in eight repetitions. Analysis of variance showed a significant interaction (p <0.05) between seed production soybean genotypes x environments for all traits. For soybean cultivars contrasting to the growth habit non have the same phenotypic relationships between attributes of seed quality. The cultivars with determinate growth habit the highest values obtained in the first count, abnormal seedlings and seedling dry matter non result in higher emergency field. The cultivars with indeterminate growth habit, which have higher laboratory germination percentage does not indicate greater emergency field. Regardless of the growth habit, cultivars that have higher length of root and shoot in the laboratory resulted in higher emergency field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to study the linear relations among characters for indirect selection of plants. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the linear relations among characters of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) and identify characters for indirect selection. Field experiment was conducted and in ten evaluation times (22, 28, 34, 42, 48, 55, 76, 83, 90 and 105 days after sowing) were randomly selected 52 plants, totaling 520 plants. In each plant, were measured the characters plant height, number of leaves and number of tillers, and fresh and dry masses. The sigmoidal model was adjusted and it was studied the relations among the traits by correlation and path analysis. In the culture of black oat, the number of leaves per plant and plant height has a positive linear relation with the fresh and dry masses of shoots and can be used for indirect selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between achievement goals, anxiety, self-confidence and subjective well-being (positive and negative affect, and satisfaction with life) through path analysis. The sample consisted of 169 Brazilian athletes (140 males and 29 females), aged between 17 and 59 years, of different sports and competitive levels. The questionnaires TEOSQ, CSAI-2, EBES and SWLS were applied the day before the competition, on-site training of athletes. Main results partially demonstrated that anxiety and self-confidence mediated the relationship between motivational orientations and subjective well-being. Based on modification indices of the structural model, regression coefficients were specified between ego orientation and negative affect, and between task orientation and the positive dimensions of well-being (positive affect and satisfaction). Results were discussed taking into account the theoretical and practical implications of these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to identify the squash seed analysis variables that major predict the plants emergency of this culture. The research was carried out at the Crop Science Department in the Federal University of Santa Maria. Three lots of squash seeds of each cultivars 'Caserta', 'De Tronco', 'Caravela' and 'Menina Brasileira' were utilized. It was determine de normal seedlings percentage of the germination test, first counting of germination, accelerated aging test, sub optimum temperature test, cold test, root dry mass, hypocotil dry mass and seedlings total dry mass, root length, hypocotil length, seedlings total length, seedlings emergency, emergency speed index and hypocotil length at emergency. The seedlings variables were analyzed through the path analysis and the tests variable through the stepwise multiple regression, considering the seedlings emergency to the seven days as variable main. The data were also submitted to the factors analysis. The sub optimum temperature test was the better seedlings emergency estimator of this culture, for all the cultivars available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The definition of the most suitable plant selection criteria is especially important for Jatropha curcas L. as subsidies the genetic progress estimates and the ideotype characterization, described in terms of the traits that are thought to enhance genetic yield potential. The objective of this study was to estimate the direct and indirect effects of seven vegetative traits and four seed quality traits on J. curcas oil yield. The traits grain yield and the weight of the nuts showed direct and positive effect on the oil yield. The tree volume showed the major indirect and positive effect on the main variable through grain yield. The development of J. curcas with higher oil yield in the evaluated population has to consider the selection of plants with higher yield and tree volume, maintaining the variability of the grain quality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interior of a plastic greenhouse can be considered a heterogeneous environment due high variability in the production, being necessary the use of experimental techniques for improvement of the statistical inferences precision. Between the main forms to obtain experimental error reduction is the use of the optimal plot size that has special importance in experiments inside plastic greenhouse, where the experimental area is normally restricted to the preexisting installations. The aim of this work is to estimate the optimal plot size for fruit fresh biomass of chili pepper cultivated in plastic greenhouse and the relation of the equations parameters that determine it. It was conducted four blank experiments under plastic covering, each one with eight lines of 70 plants. The fruit fresh biomass was evaluated in each plant, identifying its position inside the greenhouse, by the line number, and its position in the line in each harvest. The optimal plot size was estimated and related with the parameters used for its estimate by the Pearson correlation coefficient. It was recommended the use of parcels with ten plants in the line or double line, tending to decrease. There wasn't consistency in the relation of the variables with the plot size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]