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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT: Introduction/Objective: Despite the abundance of studies on earnings management in Latin America, research into the current state of this field remains limited. Therefore, this article aims to analyse the content and evolution of earnings management research within the Latin American context. Methodology: This study employed a systematic literature review of earnings management in Latin America spanning the years 1994 to 2023. Two databases, Scopus and Web of Science, were utilised to identify and select 132 relevant articles. Results: The study makes three significant contributions. Firstly, it conducts a descriptive analysis of earnings management research in the region. Secondly, it categorises the research field into seven themes: earnings management metrics, corporate governance, business strategy, alignment with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), audit quality, ownership structure, and various aspects of earnings management. Thirdly, it outlines a comprehensive research agenda. Conclusions: This study underscores that earnings management in Latin America remains a fertile area for research. Furthermore, it suggests new avenues for empirical and theoretical exploration. RESUMEN: Introducción/Objetivo: Aunque existen numerosos estudios sobre la gestión de ganancias en América Latina, la investigación sobre el estado actual de este campo sigue siendo escasa. Por tanto, este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la evolución y el contenido de la investigación sobre la gestión de ganancias en el contexto de América Latina. Metodología: El método elegido fue una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre la gestión de resultados en América Latina, cubriendo los años 1994 y 2023. Se utilizaron dos bases de datos (Scopus y Web of Science) en este estudio para la identificación y selección de 132 artículos. Resultados: Este artículo presenta tres contribuciones. La primera contribución es realizar un análisis descriptivo de la investigación sobre la gestión de resultados en la región. La segunda contribución es la identificación de siete categorías por medio de las cuales se está investigando la gestión de resultados en América Latina: métricas de gestión de ganancias, gobernanza corporativa, estrategia empresarial, convergencia con las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF), calidad de la auditoría, estructura de propiedad y varios estudios sobre la gestión de ganancias. La tercera contribución es presentar una agenda de investigación. Conclusiones: Una conclusión importante de este estudio es que la gestión de resultados en América Latina sigue siendo un campo fértil de investigación en esta región. Además, el estudio arroja luz sobre nuevas direcciones de investigación empírica y teórica.

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between judicial recovery and insolvency with the Real Earnings Management (REM) level of publicly traded Brazilian companies in the period 2016-2020. Methodology: The estimated econometric model was panel data regression. The dependent variable was the level of REM measured based on Roychowdhury (2006), which estimates the manipulation of real activities through the analysis of abnormal movements in operating cash flow, discretionary expenses and production costs. The sample collected from 2016 to 2020 consists of 723 non-financial companies. Results: As main results, the study was able to demonstrate that there is an inverse relationship between judicial recovery and insolvency with earnings management. In other words, companies that are in judicial recovery or insolvent tend to have less earnings management. The findings of this research suggest that managers of companies undergoing judicial recovery have less incentive to engage in discretionary practices, as they are thus able to highlight their financial difficulties and obtain the judicial benefits of the process. Contributions of the Study: Although many studies evaluate the factors that influence earnings management, this work seeks to contribute to the study of accounting earnings management and uses an operational proxy, associating it with companies undergoing judicial recovery. Furthermore, with evidence of less earnings management by these companies, there is a possible improvement in the shareholders' perspective regarding the future of the company's finances, thus also contributing to investors' decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes if the compensation of executives and the board of directors influences the Real Earnings Management (REM) of firms in the IBRX50 index in the period 2017-2020. We used panel regression, considering the level of REM as the dependent variable measured from Roychowdhury (2006). As main results, we find that there is an inverse relationship between CEO compensation and REM and also an inverse relationship between board compensation and REM. Unlike previous studies that focus on the management of accounting results, this study focuses on the management of operating results, and we did not find in Brazil any study of this nature, which also crossed with the compensation of the manager/director, taking a new perspective at the earnings management and compensation practices for Brazilian firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This study aims to verify the effect of media coverage on the earnings management of Brazilian listed companies. A sample of 284 Brazilian non-financial companies listed on the B3 was used, with quarterly data for the period 2011-2022. Media coverage was measured by the natural logarithm of the number of news stories released about the firms, and for earnings management, a detection model with accruals was used (Collins et al., 2017), estimated using an unbalanced panel in GMM 2SLS. The results show a negative association between media coverage and earnings management, indicating that managers tend to manage earnings less in the presence of media visibility, in order to avoid negative effects on the deviation from the real value of earnings. The research reveals that the Brazilian media acts as an external agent of governance, inducing the improvement of accounting information by monitoring management actions. Given the importance of the role played by the media, especially through the rapid dissemination of information, the results show that media coverage contributes to reducing the noise generated by earnings management. This finding could have implications for managers and the capital market, as it shows that the media is an agent that interferes, albeit indirectly, with corporate actions. Therefore, the media influences various organizations, with implications for management practices that seek to improve transparency. The study seeks to fill a gap regarding the effect of Brazilian media coverage on earnings management, shedding light on the media as an external element of corporate governance that contributes to an environment of better accounting information.

Purpose: The objective of the study is to analyze whether credit unions manage their accounting results, in order to smooth them through provision for bad debts (income smoothing), from a default perspective. Methodology: The sample reaches 938 unique cooperatives between the period from December 2010 to December 2018, with data from the Central Bank of Brazil, tested using the multiple regression statistical technique, in quarterly panels. Results: The variation in the stock of credit operations and the adjusted net income were not statistically significant in the model, however it was not possible to accept the hypothesis that credit unions use the allowance for loan losses (PPC) as a mechanism for managing results. The interest rate implicit in the result of income from credit operations was significant, and therefore related to the PPC variation, while the condition of free admission did not show statistical significance. The variation in default was significant in the model, with a negative coefficient, implying consistency with the earnings management hypothesis, since in a scenario of higher default (risk) the relationship is negative and, therefore, PPC levels are lower, avoiding potential negative results. Contributions of the Study: The results indicate the absence of earnings management by PPC in the sample and period, contributing to the discussion of the relationships between earnings management variables. This enables credit unions to reflect on their internal corporate governance structure. In addition, the evidence contributes to the progress of the literature on earnings manipulation in credit unions, for which there are few studies available and play an important role in the Brazilian market, ensuring funding flows to economic sectors not served by traditional banking institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of the study is to analyze whether credit unions manage their accounting results, in order to smooth them through provision for bad debts (income smoothing), from a default perspective. Methodology: The sample reaches 938 unique cooperatives between the period from December 2010 to December 2018, with data from the Central Bank of Brazil, tested using the multiple regression statistical technique, in quarterly panels. Results: The variation in the stock of credit operations and the adjusted net income were not statistically significant in the model, however it was not possible to accept the hypothesis that credit unions use the allowance for loan losses (PCLD) as a mechanism for managing results. The interest rate implicit in the result of income from credit operations was significant, and therefore related to the PCLD variation, while the condition of free admission did not show statistical significance. The variation in default was significant in the model, with a negative coefficient, implying consistency with the earnings management hypothesis, since in a scenario of higher default (risk) the relationship is negative and, therefore, PCLD levels are lower, avoiding potential negative results. Contributions of the Study: The results indicate the absence of earnings management by PCLD in the sample and period, contributing to the discussion of the relationships between earnings management variables. This enables credit unions to reflect on their internal corporate governance structure. In addition, the evidence contributes to the progress of the literature on earnings manipulation in credit unions, for which there are few studies available and play an important role in the Brazilian market, ensuring funding flows to economic sectors not served by traditional banking institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aims to analyze whether credit unions manage their accounting results in order to smooth them through the provision for doubtful accounts (income smoothing), from a default perspective. Methodology: The sample reaches 938 unique cooperatives considering the period from December 2010 to December 2018, with data from the Central Bank of Brazil, tested using the multiple regression statistical technique, in quarterly panels. Results: The variation in the stock of credit operations and the adjusted net income were not statistically significant in the model, however it was not possible to accept the hypothesis that credit unions use the allowance for loan losses (PCLD) as a mechanism for managing results. The interest rate implicit in the result of income from credit operations was significant, and therefore related to the PCLD variation, while the condition of free admission did not show statistical significance. The variation in default was significant in the model, with a negative coefficient, implying consistency with the earnings management hypothesis, since in a scenario of higher default (risk) the relationship is negative and, therefore, PCLD levels are lower, avoiding potential negative results. Contributions of the Study: The results indicate the absence of earnings management by PCLD in the sample and period, contributing to the discussion of the relationships between earnings management variables. This enables credit unions to reflect on their internal corporate governance structure. In addition, the evidence contributes to the progress of the literature on earnings manipulation in credit unions, for which there are few studies available and play an important role in the Brazilian market, ensuring funding flows to economic sectors not served by traditional banking institutions.

Deferred Tax Assets represent the value of the tax on profit to be recovered at a given time, and most studies in the literature show these assets of financial institutions listed at the Central Bank of Brazil as a results manager, which in crisis scenarios national or global economy, directly impact the financial results of banks. And the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of Deferred Tax Assets as a metric for identifying earnings management by Allowance for Loan Losses (H1) of 122 banks, classified as multiples, investments and cash, listed in the Central Bank of Brazil. Brazil, during the period from 2016 to 2020, estimating the panel data regression model. The inclusion of financial institutions to detect metrics of Deferred Tax Assets in meeting the hypothesis was motivated to improve the quality of information and decisions of banks. And the results found identified significance in the use of Deferred Tax Assets as a metric for identifying earnings management by Allowance for Loan Losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article consists of, based on the current norm, the Resolution of the National Monetary Council-CMN, nº 2692/99, which deals with the classification criteria of credit operations and rules for the constitution of the provision for doubtful debts - PCLD, reporting and demonstrate the various forms of discretion allowed by the monetary authority for the accounting recognition by banking institutions of estimated losses and/or expected losses, given that the model advocated in the aforementioned standard is considered a mixed model. From practical examples, with the use of tables and forms of accounting, the article characterizes the high amplitude or ranges of accounting recognition, which give rise to the commitment of discretion and how PCLD is used by banks to characterize the risk profile of their respective loan portfolios, allowing to increase, decrease or maintain results at a desired level, according to the managers' strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Contabilidade do Mestrado em Ciências Contábeis da UERJ is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of management control levers can help organizations to assess results and minimize opportunistic behavior by managers. It can shape behavioral factors by providing a trigger, on occasion, to earnings management practices. The aim of the study is to analyze whether the use of management control levers affects the relationship between the behavioral factors of empowerment and creativity of managers and the propensity for earnings management. The sample is composed of 82 respondents (managers of Brazilian companies), for data processing, the structural equation was used. The results suggest that companies that prioritize the use of management control levers by threshold and diagnostic systems create barriers to earnings management practices. On the other hand, companies with the use of management control levers through belief and interactive systems make room for managers to exercise the opportunistic behavior of earnings management.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of adopting CPC 47 on the level of the earnings management of companies listed in the Brazilian capital market. Methodology: The sample used in this study is composed of 207companies listed in B3 in the observation period 2012-2021 totaling 2070 observations. The approach is quantitative, using multiple linear regression with balanced panel data. Dechow, Hutton, Kim and Sloan (2012) and Kothari, Leone and Wasley (2005) models were used to improve the discretionary accruals and an earnings management model with control and interest variables. Results: The results did not confirm the hypothesis that the adoption of CPC 47 affected the level of results management in the analyzed period but showed that indebtedness and operating recognition. This evidence about earnings management increased with the adoption of CPC 47 was contrary to Baldissera, Gomes, Zanchet and Fiirst (2018), however, according to the findings of Grecco (2013), Jewel and Nakao (2014) and Braga (2020) in relation to the effects of accounting standards. The results indicate that companies with higher operating cash flow can generate accounting information with better quality regardless of the effects of the adoption of CPC 47. The period of the coronavirus pandemic did not significantly affect earnings management levels. Contributions of the Study: As a contribution, the study expands the theoretical knowledge about the effects of CPC 47 on earnings management. Additionally, in a practical way, it collaborates with regulatory organs, auditors, executives, stakeholders and the financial market in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Contabilidade do Mestrado em Ciências Contábeis da UERJ is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gestão e Sociedade is the property of Revista Gestao e Sociedade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Evidenciação Contábil & Finanças is the property of Revista Evidenciacao Contabil & Financas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT We aimed to investigate the relationship between workforce [força de trabalho (FT)] and earnings management in the Brazilian capital market and, additionally, identify whether operating activities management is a substitute for management by accruals. Evidence of the effect of the FT on earnings management practice is controversial, sometimes showing an effect on the reduction or smoothing of profit or even no effect. In Brazil, there are no studies that investigate how the intensity of the FT affects the managers’ behavior regarding the manipulation of profit. The research is relevant to the regulatory bodies because it brings empirical evidence of the incentives generated by the pressure of the FT so that the top executives reduce the result of the period, in a substitute way, to the manipulation of the company's operational activities. In addition, it is relevant for users of accounting information, as it demonstrates that the FT influences the recognition of results, affecting the quality of accounting information. The findings may assist regulatory bodies and investors, as it demonstrates that pressure from the FT is an important incentive for decision-making by executives and workers at the operating levels of companies and can support the improvement of labor regulations. Following Pae (2005), we use Jones' modified model (1991) with lagged accruals to detect earnings management. To capture the FT intensity, we employed the proxies presented by Hilary (2006) and a variable calculated from the statement of value added [demonstração do valor adicionado (DVA)]. We analyzed 119 companies listed on the Brazilian stock exchange during the period 2012-2018. It were found that the intensity of the FT negatively influences earnings management by accruals [gerenciamento de resultados por accruals (GRA)], expanding the evidence on the effects of workers' bargaining power on accounting choices.

ABSTRACT This paper aimed to evaluate the moderation by variables related to incentives for earnings management (indebtedness, profitability, and size) over the effect of the change in standards (accounting or tax) on the book-tax differences (BTD). The end of the Transitional Tax Regime (RTT) enables us to evaluate the symmetry between the divergence and reconvergence of the accounting and tax standards, helping to identify the moderating effect of characteristics such as size, leverage, and profitability over the use of the discretion allowed by the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Studying the effects of changes in the standards contributes to understanding how they affect accounting information quality, particularly when we observe symmetrical movements of divergence of the accounting and tax standards, such as IFRS adoption, and of reconvergence, with the end of the RTT. The analysis conducted enables us to separate effects of divergence between the tax and accounting standards from the innovations introduced by the IFRS. An understanding of the effect of the standard over accounting information quality contributes to the quality of the work of financial analysts, tax authorities, and regulators. Event studies are conducted to evaluate the effect of IFRS adoption, as well as the end of the RTT, over the BTD (a proxy for earnings management), in cross sections of companies. We use explanatory variables related to incentives to manage book and taxable income (indebtedness, profitability, and size), which could explain the ambiguity of the results in the literature. The article provides evidence that the indebtedness and size of companies influence the effect of IFRS adoption, as well as of the end of the RTT. We observed a negative relationship of indebtedness and size with the impact of changes in standards over differences between book and taxable income (BTD).

This study analyzed whether Brazilian companies use earnings management (EM) practices for accruals and for real activities with greater intensity in the year they go public, based on the premise that in that year companies seek to present a more economically favorable scenario interested parties in order to attract investors. This analysis was performed by means of linear regression with robust standard errors and fixed effect control of year and sector, in 1,782 company-years, during the period from 2010 to 2018. The results showed that there is no statistically significant relationship between the EM by accruals and real activities (aggregate measure) and the year in which companies launch their Initial Public Offering (IPO, from English Initial Public Offering). When analyzing the measure of real activities by Roychowdhury (2006) by its isolated metrics, it was identified that the abnormal cash flow from the activities is related, at the level of 10%, to the year of IPO, which generates statistically sensitive evidence of that companies can use this way of manipulating values in this specific period. Finally, based on the premise that in the year of going public, companies aim to disclose inflated profits, the discretionary accruals proxy was analyzed, separating them into positive and negative accruals, which revealed that positive accruals (used to increase profit) were not related to the IPO year. This research contributes, therefore, by generating evidence on the quality of the accounting information of companies in the year in which they begin their public offerings, bringing empirical results that can assist stakeholders in their decision-making, as well as in the inspection by the regulatory bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Gestão, Finanças E Contabilidade is the property of Universidade do Estado da Bahia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated whether the pandemic scenario caused by COVID-19 affected the performance of companies listed on the Stock Exchange and influenced the realization of accounting choices that raised the levels of earnings management to improve performance indicators. The methodology used was descriptive, hypothetical-deductible, quantitative and documentary. The final sample consisted of 310 companies listed on Brasil, Bolsa and Balcão (B3), with 6,522 quarterly observations, referring to the period 2015 to 2021. For the calculation of discretionary accruals, the model of Dechow, Hutton, Kim and Sloan was used (2012). The variables analyzed were obtained from the Economatica® database. The statistical techniques were descriptive analysis, Pearson's correlation and panel data, operated by the STATA® software. The results showed that the pandemic scenario affected the performance of companies on the Stock Exchange, influencing the accounting choices made and raising the levels of earnings management to improve performance indicators and avoid fluctuations in quarterly results. The study findings contribute to the earnings management literature, considering a unique scenario (COVID-19 pandemic) and an emerging economy. In addition, there are contributions to organizational practice, especially for managers and those involved in corporate decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we investigate the relationship between institutional, regulatory, regulatory and public-political aspects with earnings management in publicly traded companies in South American countries. We used a time series made up of publicly traded companies from 6 countries in South America, from 2003 to 2016. The four results smoothing measures discussed were influenced by institutional aspects. There are negative effects of the low quality of public institutions related to the government's way of acting on quality measures based on cash. The adoption of IFRS was not significant for the dependent variables. It therefore innovates, inserts alternative institutional variables to those reviewed in the literature and determines new factor compositions. It presents contributions: i-theoretical when expanding the discussion on information quality and normative-regulatory and public-political institutional variables by inserting alternative country-level variables and; ii-practices, such that, the relevance of the observations and analyzes for legislators and normatizers stands out, especially with regard to the way in which the adoption of IFRS occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Analyzing the influence of operational levels of corporate governance on earnings management in companies listed on B3. Methodology: Descriptive research with a documentary procedure and a quantitative approach was adopted. The sample consisted of 207 companies listed on B3, which are classified in the operational levels of corporate governance. Data were collected through Economática® from 2013 to 2018 and, subsequently, the model developed by Kang and Sivaramakrishnan (1995) was used. To estimate the result management, the software SPSS, LhStat and Excel were used. Results: The results show that in the result management aspect there isn't a trend or an evolutionary line, that the segments that require higher corporate governance standards, companies have accounting choices to manage less results, or, that in the segments with lower corporate governance requirements, companies have accounting choices to manage more results. After all, the operational levels that have the best corporate governance concepts, do not negatively influence the practice of earnings management, as well as, the operational levels that do not have the best concepts, do not positively influence the earnings management practice. Contributions of the Study: The study brought contributions to the corporate sphere, addressing the promotion of governance as a mechanism for transparency in accountability of companies in the aspect of earnings management. This allows users to infer the quality of accounting information disclosed by B3. Likewise, contributions in the academic sphere when analyzing accounting choices directly from companies' accounting accounts, bringing the theory discussed in the academy closer to the reality of associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyze the influence of operational levels of corporate governance on earnings management in companies listed on B3. Methodology: Descriptive research with a documentary procedure and a quantitative approach was adopted. The sample consisted of 207 companies listed on B3, which are classified in the operational levels of corporate governance. Data were collected through Economática® from 2013 to 2018 and, subsequently, the model developed by Kang and Sivaramakrishnan (1995) was used. To estimate the result management, the software SPSS, LhStat and Excel were used. Results: The results show that in the result management aspect there is not a trend or an evolutionary line, that the segments which require higher corporate governance standards, companies have accounting choices to manage less results, or, that in the segments with lower corporate governance requirements, companies have accounting choices to manage more results. After all, the operational levels that have the best corporate governance concepts, do not negatively influence the practice of earnings management, as well as, the operational levels that do not have the best concepts, do not positively influence the earnings management practice. Contributions of the Study: The study brought contributions to the corporate sphere, addressing the promotion of governance as a mechanism for transparency in companies accountability in the aspect of earnings management. This allows users to infer the quality of accounting information disclosed by B3. Likewise, contributions in the academic sphere when analyzing accounting choices directly from companies' accounting statements, bringing the theory discussed in the academy closer to the associations reality.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of the dimensions of national culture on the relationship between corporate governance (CG) and earnings management (EM). There is evidence that in certain cultural contexts CG mechanisms appear to be ineffective in minimizing EM. Studies on governance and its influence on accounting information quality can help market participants make better decisions. It is important to include the cultural context in this relationship as it sheds light on an aspect that has hardly been explored in the research, which can improve the informational environment of organizations. In practical terms, the results may contribute to organizations paying more attention to the cultural influence of countries when implementing or improving their governance mechanisms, with the aim of making them more effective in aligning interests and monitoring behaviors in organizations. Moreover, market participants may require alterations in these mechanisms in more individualistic and indulgent cultural contexts. The sample was composed of 18,707 observations of companies located in 24 countries belonging to the G20 group, covering 2010 to 2017. The data were operationalized using a multiple linear regression, with robust standard errors and controls for sector and year fixed effects, using the propensity score matching (PSM) method. The premise that CG can minimize EM was confirmed in this research, except in individualistic and indulgent countries. In these cultural contexts, governance mechanisms tend to be ineffective in minimizing EM. These results contribute to the literature by highlighting that the culture of countries can impact the effectiveness of CG in mitigating opportunistic practices, which explains the ambiguous results of previous research.

The study aims to verify the relationship between the managerial ability of managers and the level of earnings management by accruals (AEM) and by real activities (REM) in Brazilian companies. Data from 2013 to 2018, corresponding to 228 non-financial companies, were analyzed through regression TOBIT. The results support a positive relationship between managerial ability and earnings management practices by accruals and real activities. Specifically, more skilled managers are associated with earnings management, which reduces the quality of accounting information. The findings support the premise that more skilled managers manage financial reporting to camouflage compensation, privileges, and excessive investment in risky projects. Furthermore, it sheds light on how individual idiosyncratic differences can affect accounting reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the Senior Management Theory maintains that top management managers rely on their characteristics to interpret situations, form opinions, and make decisions, research in Brazil predominantly investigates how contractual, economic, and institutional aspects affect organizational choices. Thus, this study aimed to fill this gap and verify whether the characteristics of the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) are associated with the adoption of earnings management practices in entities. To this end, quantitative research was carried out, carried out by collecting information on Brazilian publicly-held companies. It was identified that the age and educational level of CFOs are negatively associated with earnings management practices. The findings suggest that, just as contractual, economic, and institutional characteristics affect the earnings management of entities, the observable characteristics of CFOs are also decisive in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of the study was to assess whether banks in Latin America use unrealized gains and losses with financial instruments, recorded as other comprehensive income, with the objective of earnings management and regulatory capital. Methodology: Using data from 75 banks in 13 countries in Latin America, from 2008 to the first quarter of 2020, the empirical tests comprised the estimation of a panel data model with sectional fixed effects, following Barth et al. (2017). Results: The estimates made revealed that there is no empirical evidence that these banks, in general, use unrealized gains and losses with financial instruments for earnings management purposes. On the other hand, the empirical results show that banks with lower capital ratios (lowest quintile) use these profit and loss shares with the financial instruments DPV or VJORA as both a capital and earnings management mechanism. Contributions of the study: The study contributes to the advancement of the accounting literature, by evaluating the use of the earnings and capital management approach through operational activities - in the case of capital management, through the reduction of riskweighted assets (RWA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Contabilidade do Mestrado em Ciências Contábeis da UERJ is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Gestão, Finanças E Contabilidade is the property of Universidade do Estado da Bahia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Evidenciação Contábil & Finanças is the property of Revista Evidenciacao Contabil & Financas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study seeks to verify whether Brazilian public companies manipulate qualitative information through tone management. Forty-three companies were selected from Brazil's Ibovespa, Bolsa e Balcão (B3), with quarterly data from 2017 to 2018. The data regarding positive tonality were formatted using Loughran and McDonald (2011) word classification, taken from press releases voluntarily released by the companies and analyzed by the software Atlas.ti8. The index was regressed against the discretionary accrualsobtained in two results management models. The results point to a negative and significant relationship between accounting management and positive tone of reporting, i.e. companies with higher positive tone manage less results. These findings present relevant information as they highlight the quality of the texts contained in the companies' reports.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate if the culture of countries influences earnings management practices. Earnings management (EM) was chosen as a Corporate Governance mechanism. Methodology: We selected the Earnings Management proxies from Leuz et al. (2003). We adopted Hosftede´s cultural dimensions: power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance and long term orientation. The sample comprised companies listed in 2016 in the stock markets of Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and the United States. This work involved regression analysis to associate the dimensions of culture with the practice of EM of the firms. Findings: The results showed a positive relationship between EM and power distance and between EM and uncertainty avoidance. On the other hand, the results showed a negative relationship between EM and individualism and between EM and long term orientation. Overall, our results suggest that culture influences firms’ earnings management. Originality/value: Finance literature has had difficulty in assessing which variables can affect the development of CG in companies and its peculiarities in each country. It is also difficult to find country-level variables that are common to all countries. This paper breaks new ground by developing culture indicators of the countries and aggregating legal and firm-level variables to these indicators to advance the understanding of CG in the firms and nations. Theoretical and methodological contributions: studying culture at a multi-country level is important to improve the understanding of common aspects and the countries’ particularities that may affect the relationship between corporate governance and performance around the world.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess whether banks in Latin America make use of unrealized gains and losses through financial instruments, recorded as other comprehensive income, when engaging in earnings management and capital resource allocation. Methodology: Empirical tests were conducted that were based on data from 75 banks in 13 countries in Latin America, (from 2008 to the first quarter of 2020), and which took account of the panel data model estimates with fixed effects, devised by Barth et al. (2017). Results: The estimates obtained revealed that, generally speaking, there is no empirical evidence that these banks made use of unrealized gains and losses through financial instruments for the purposes of earnings management. However, the empirical results showed that banks with lower capital ratios (i.e. with a lower quintile) use these profit and loss statements through the AFS or FVOCI measurements, both as a capital and earnings management mechanism. Research Contributions: The study seeks to make a significant addition to the accounting literature on management results, which is often restricted to discretionary accruals, by evaluating earnings and capital management practices through operational activities - in the case of capital management, through the reduction of risk-weighted assets (RWA).

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Context: measurement of earnings management usually requires multi-step models for computation. After examining the literature through bibliometrics studies, literature review, and research databases, we found that the Standard Jones model and its subsequent modifications are those that have more prominent use. Much of this research is potentially interesting for business theories related to earnings quality and accounting manipulation; however, it is difficult to be understood by junior researchers and practitioners, because they are not clearly described in the literature or the steps may be easy to confuse. Objective: in this tutorial, we present several key concepts about earnings management and explain, step by step, how to measure it. Method: our tutorial considers measurement using the following models: Standard Jones, Modified Jones, Modified Jones with return on assets (ROA), and Modified Jones using Cash Flows and Accruals Reversals. Conclusions: our main contribution with this tutorial is to provide a step-by-step guide for future studies, so that they can be more comparable with each other when using measurement methods of earnings management.

Purpose: This paper aims to analyze whether the adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) strengthened the negative relationship among earnings management and corporate governance best practices, which are: B3’s differentiated levels of corporate governance, the presence of a board of independent directors and whether the company is audited by a Big Four or not. Methodology: We applied panel data regression with a sample of 92 companies listed in B3 during the period 2002-2007, for the period prior to IFRS and 2010-2015, for the period after IFRS. Data were collected from the explanatory notes, company reference form and in the Economatica® database. In order to measure the dependent variable earnings management, we applied the model proposed by Dechow, Hutton, Kim and Sloan (2012). Results: Results show that when there is an independent administrative committee, the levels of earnings management are lower, and this relationship is driven by the IFRS adoption. We cannot affirm that companies at the highest levels of corporate governance and audited by a Big Four have a lower incidence of earnings management after the application of IFRS. Contributions of the Study: This paper contributes to a better understanding of how variables related to governance can influence the quality of accounting and financial information. It also contributes to the literature that investigates how IFRS can influence the quality of accounting information.

This study evaluates the prevalence of earnings management to avoid losses and earnings decreases across the World. This practice was first documented by Burgstahler and Dichev (1997) for United States firms from 1976 to 1987. We replicate their study for a more recent and global sample. Firms that do not seem to manage earnings do avoid reporting earnings decreases, but we found persistent evidence of earnings management to avoid reporting losses. The results are consistent across different geographical regions, countries, and before and after International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption. Unlike Burgstahler and Dichev (1997), however, we were not able to find evidence on which components of earnings (cash flow from operations, changes in working capital, or other accruals) firms mainly manage to increase earnings, concluding they likely use a bundle of all these components. Our results are important mainly to financial analysts and general investors, who should be careful in giving good prospects to firms who presented small profits since they are likely small losses artificially managed to look better, a practice widely spread across time and geographical regions among IFRS adopters and non-adopters.

Purpose: A study analyzed the trajectory and state of the art of scientific production of articles published in the ASAA magazine from 2008 to 2017. Methodology: This investigation adopted techniques of bibliometric and sociometric analysis in 146 published studies. Results: The University of São Paulo was highlighted with 39 published articles. The coauthorship network is seen with low density, and with a centralized degree in relief. USP is the institution with the highest degree, and this finding is confirmed in the two-mode network. The topics that stood out were: International accounting, corporate governance, accounting teaching, management accounting, accounting research, auditing, earnings management. Beuren and Mendonça Neto were the most fruitful authors. Contributions of the Study: This study contributes to highlight information and knowledge about the accounting area in the light of one of the main journals in the area of Brazil classified in Qualis da Capes with extract A2 and which brings in its core in ten years of publications published as if it involves the dissemination and socialization of academic accounting knowledge, through scientific production and collaboration networks of researchers, institutions and themes, especially the most addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to analyze whether the adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) strengthened the negative relationship among earnings management and corporate governance best practices, which are: B3’s differentiated levels of corporate governance, the presence of a board of independent directors and whether the company is audited by a Big Four or not. Methodology: We applied panel data regression with a sample of 92 companies listed in B3 during the period 2002-2007, for the period prior to IFRS and 2010-2015, for the period after IFRS. Data were collected from the explanatory notes, company reference form and in the Economatica® database. In order to measure the dependent variable earnings management, we applied the model proposed by Dechow, Hutton, Kim and Sloan (2012). Results: Results show that when there is an independent administrative committee, the levels of earnings management are lower, and this relationship is driven by the IFRS adoption. We cannot affirm that companies at the highest levels of corporate governance and audited by a Big Four have a lower incidence of earnings management after the application of IFRS. Contributions of the Study: This paper contributes to a better understanding of how variables related to governance can influence the quality of accounting and financial information. It also contributes to the literature that investigates how IFRS can influence the quality of accounting information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose – To analyse the impact of women on boards of directors and the gender of CEOs and CFOs on the earnings management and, thus, on the quality of the financial information of European listed firms. Design/methodology/approach – Archival research based on data collected from Bloomberg, complemented by information hand collected from financial reports, for a sample of European listed firms, covering 2007-2013. Findings – The main results show that only CFO gender has an impact on both the intensity and direction of earnings management. Firms with a woman CFO presented less earnings management than those with a male CFO. We also find evidence that women manage earnings downwards, such that discretionary accruals are used to decrease reported earnings. Originality/value – We contribute to the still scarce literature on the impact of gender on earnings management and financial reporting quality, namely by providing international evidence, since the extant literature focuses on the USA.