Submitted by Alessandra Furlanetto (alefurlanetto14@aluno.ibb.unesp.br) on 2020-04-23T19:20:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO para submissão.pdf: 2030430 bytes, checksum: b917f32f832b27a4c0512f0236c9785b (MD5) Submitted by Alessandra Furlanetto (alefurlanetto14@aluno.ibb.unesp.br) on 2020-04-23T19:20:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO para submissão.pdf: 2030430 bytes, checksum: b917f32f832b27a4c0512f0236c9785b (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Submitted by Alessandra Furlanetto (alefurlanetto14@aluno.ibb.unesp.br) on 2020-04-23T19:20:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO para submissão.pdf: 2030430 bytes, checksum: b917f32f832b27a4c0512f0236c9785b (MD5) Submitted by Alessandra Furlanetto (alefurlanetto14@aluno.ibb.unesp.br) on 2020-04-23T19:20:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO para submissão.pdf: 2030430 bytes, checksum: b917f32f832b27a4c0512f0236c9785b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT). 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No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-18 Submitted by Alessandra Furlanetto (alefurlanetto14@aluno.ibb.unesp.br) on 2020-04-23T19:20:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO para submissão.pdf: 2030430 bytes, checksum: b917f32f832b27a4c0512f0236c9785b (MD5) Submitted by Alessandra Furlanetto (alefurlanetto14@aluno.ibb.unesp.br) on 2020-04-23T19:20:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO para submissão.pdf: 2030430 bytes, checksum: b917f32f832b27a4c0512f0236c9785b (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-18 Submitted by Alessandra Furlanetto (alefurlanetto14@aluno.ibb.unesp.br) on 2020-04-23T19:20:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO para submissão.pdf: 2030430 bytes, checksum: b917f32f832b27a4c0512f0236c9785b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-18 Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-18 Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-18 Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-18 Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-18 Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-18 Submitted by Alessandra Furlanetto (alefurlanetto14@aluno.ibb.unesp.br) on 2020-04-23T19:20:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO para submissão.pdf: 2030430 bytes, checksum: b917f32f832b27a4c0512f0236c9785b (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-18 Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-18 Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-18 Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-18 Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-18 Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-18 Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-24T20:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 furlanetto_a_me_bot_par.pdf: 471249 bytes, checksum: 012681aded779d327b681278ce3f2b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-18 O aumento no número de bactérias multirresistentes aos fármacos antibacterianos é preocupação de saúde pública e tem motivado pesquisas na buscsa por antimicrobianos alternativos para minimizar este problema, e na obtenção de substâncias com capacidade de matar bactérias e/ou interferir com a sua patogenicidade. O Staphylococcus aureus é uma bactéria altamente virulenta, capaz de causar inúmeras doenças, incluindo intoxicações alimentares. Esta bactéria se tornou resistente aos diversos antimicrobianos ao longo dos anos com destaque para o S. aureus meticilina-resistente (MRSA). O peptídeo antimicrobiano (AMP) nisina, bacteriocina produzida por Lactococcus lactis é um que vem sendo estudado na forma de nanoemulsões e nanopartículas. O objetivo desse estudo foi sintetizar, caracterizar e testar nanoemulsões e nanopartículas de ouro (AuNPs) de nisina, para a verificação da ação antibacteriana, através da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM), atividade antibiofilme, antienterotoxina, atividade hemolítica, ação sobre a membrana bacteriana determinada pelo extravasamento de proteínas, sobre linhagens padrões ATCC de S. aureus, e teste de viabilidade celular em linhagem HCT-116 por citometria de fluxo. Os tratamentos utilizados foram nisina, cinco nanoemulsões com nisina (Nano-Nis), AuNPs com nisina (AuNPs-Nis), AuNPs com Nano-Nis (AuNPs + Nano-Nis) e AuNPs-Nis com nanoemulsão (AuNPs-Nis + Nano). De acordo com os resultados obtidos para CIM, observou-se que para a cepa ATCC 33591 de MRSA, a nanoemulsão denominada número 1, foi a mais eficiente entre as 5 testadas incluindo também a própria nisina. Por outro lado, sobre as linhagens também ATCC enterotoxigênicas, a nanoemulsão número 5 foi a mais eficiente sobre SEA e SEB com valores inferiores comparativos ao obtidos com a nisina e demais nanoemulsões. Considerando que a nanoemulsão número 1 foi a mais eficiente sobre a cepa MRSA, foi dada continuidade dos estudos utilizando combinações desta nanoemulsão juntamente com as AuNPs. Observou-se que as AuNPs-Nis, apresentaram mesma ação que a nisina isoladamente enquanto a do tratamento AuNPs + Nano-Nis apresentou menor valor. Os testes antienterotoxinas foram realizados utilizando kit SET-RPLA, entretanto, todas as cepas se mostraram fortes produtoras de enterotoxinas com uso de concentrações correspondentes a 70% do valor de CIM nos ensaios, com exceção das AuNPs-Nis que resultaram em moderada produção de SEA e SEB. O teste antibiofilme foi realizado com concentrações subinibitórias de 25% a 90% do valor de CIM dos tratamentos incubando-as por 48 horas. Todos os tratamentos apresentaram redução da produção de biofilme, em todas as concentrações testadas. A atividade hemolítica foi determinada para tratamentos com concentrações variando desde ¼ até 4 vezes o CIM. No valor de CIM, dois tratamentos apresentaram-se hemolíticos enquanto no valor de 4xCIM, quatro tratamentos apresentaram-se hemolíticos. O teste de extravasamento protéico foi realizado, tendo as concentrações protéicas determinadas de acordo com protocolo de Bradford, e utilizando concentrações de 1 e 2 vezes a CIM para MRSA. O tratamento que resultou em maior concentração de proteínas extravasadas foi a Nano-Nis. Os tratamentos, com exceção da nanoemulsão, não apresentaram efeito citotóxico sobre a linhagem HCT-116. Assim, pode-se dizer que as nanoemulsões e AuNPs, quando conjugados à nisina, foram eficazes contra S. aureus, com potencial antibacteriano superiores quando utilizando-a na forma pura. The growth in the number of multiresistant bacteria resistant to traditional antimicrobial drugs is a public health concern which has been motivated researchs worldwide, seeking new antimicrobial drugs to minimize this problem besides getting new substances able to erradicate bacteria and/or interfer with their pathogenicity. Staphylococcus aureus is a highly virulent bacteria, able to cause countless diseases including food poisoning. This bacteria got resistant to many antimicrobials within the years, highlighting the S. aureus metchilin-resistant (MRSA). The antimicrobial peptide (AMP) nisin, bacteriocin synthesized by Lactococcus lactis, is one that has been studied in nanoemulsions and nanoparticles. The objective of this study was to synthesize, characterize and evaluate nanoemulsions and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with nisin, to verify their antibacterial action, using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), antibiofilm activity, antienterotoxin activity, hemolytic activity, action on bacterial membrane determined by protein leakage, on MRSA ATCC strains, and cell viability in HCT-116 strain by flow citometry. The treatments used were nisin, five nanoemulsions with nisin (Nano-Nis), AuNPs with nisin (AuNPs-Nis), AuNPs with Nano-Nis (AuNPs + Nano-Nis) and AuNPs-Nis with nanoemulsion (AuNPs-Nis + Nano). According to the results obtained for MIC, it was observed that for the MRSA strain ATCC 33591, the number 1 formulation of nanoemulsions was the more efficient between the five others, including nisin itself. However, when tested on enterotoxigenic strains, the number 5 nanoemulsion was the more efficient on SEA and SEB with lower values when compared to nisin itself and with other nanoemulsions. Whereas nanoemulsion 1 was the more efficient on MRSA strain, the study continued with this nanoemulsion, with the AuNPs. It was observed that AuNPs-Nis showed the same action than nisin itself while the AuNPs + Nano-Nis treatment showed a lower MIC. The antienterotoxin test was evaluated by SET-RPLA kit, however, all of the enterotoxigenic strains showed high enterotoxin production after the experiment with 70% of the treatments’ MICs, except for AuNPs-Nis, which resulted in moderate production of SEA and SEB. The antibiofilm test was evaluated with six subinhibitory concentrations, from 25% to 90%, incubating them for 48 hours. All treatments showed biofilm reduction in all six concentrations. The hemolytic activity was evaluated for the treatments from ¼ to 4 times the values of MICs. In the MIC value, two treatments showed hemolytic activity while in 4xMIC, four treatments showed hemolytic activity. The test for proteins leakage was evaluated following Bradford protocol, with concentrations of one and two times the MICs value for MRSA strain. The treatment that showed the higher concentration of leakaged proteins was Nano-Nis. The treatments, except for the ones with nanoemulsion, didn’t show citotoxicity on HCT-116 strain. Then, it can be concluded that the nanoemulsions and the gold nanoparticles, when conjugated with nisin, were efficient against different strains of S. aureus, with antibacterial potential higher than the potential of nisin itself.