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Brazil is the tropical region of the world that heated up the most during 1901-2012. Over the years, in face of the constant shocks related to the drought periods in the Brazilian semiarid region, the governments have leaned on two distinct policy responses - to fight against drought and cope with drought, the latter mainly characterized by the expansion of social technologies related to rainwater harvesting. Among those, the water reservoir called “cistern” has been changing small farmers’ lives since the early 1990s, when the discussion about “Coexistence with the Semiarid” started by the Brazilian civil society. This research focuses on the Cisterns Program, more specifically to the 2nd Water Cisterns, a social technology that aims to improve productive capacity and reinforce food security of beneficiaries. The research goals are: 1) To present the main impacts of the 2nd water cisterns in three semiarid states: Pernambuco, Bahia and Ceará and 2) To discuss the impacts of cisterns in the promotion of adaptive capacity through social learning. The conceptual theory is based on social learning and adaptive capacity, and it is argued that farmers acquire extensive knowledge about coexistence with the semiarid, which will possibly benefit them in a climate change scenario. The assessment is based on document analysis, fieldwork and open/semi-structured interviews, 39 households and five rural technical assistance workers responsible to implement the cisterns were interviewed. The findings suggest the positive impacts of 2nd water cisterns extend beyond water infrastructure, with relevance for food security and adaptive capacity through social learning activities as farmers presented an increased confidence in their own knowledge and capabilities as a result of the cisterns implementation process.

Brazil is the tropical region of the world that heated up the most during 1901-2012. Over the years, in face of the constant shocks related to the drought periods in the Brazilian semiarid region, the governments have leaned on two distinct policy responses - to fight against drought and cope with drought, the latter mainly characterized by the expansion of social technologies related to rainwater harvesting. Among those, the water reservoir called “cistern” has been changing small farmers’ lives since the early 1990s, when the discussion about “Coexistence with the Semiarid” started by the Brazilian civil society. This research focuses on the Cisterns Program, more specifically to the 2nd Water Cisterns, a social technology that aims to improve productive capacity and reinforce food security of beneficiaries. The research goals are: 1) To present the main impacts of the 2nd water cisterns in three semiarid states: Pernambuco, Bahia and Ceará and 2) To discuss the impacts of cisterns in the promotion of adaptive capacity through social learning. The conceptual theory is based on social learning and adaptive capacity, and it is argued that farmers acquire extensive knowledge about coexistence with the semiarid, which will possibly benefit them in a climate change scenario. The assessment is based on document analysis, fieldwork and open/semi-structured interviews, 39 households and five rural technical assistance workers responsible to implement the cisterns were interviewed. The findings suggest the positive impacts of 2nd water cisterns extend beyond water infrastructure, with relevance for food security and adaptive capacity through social learning activities as farmers presented an increased confidence in their own knowledge and capabilities as a result of the cisterns implementation process.

The Pantanal is the largest continuous floodplain on the planet. The periodic cycle of drought and flood, the so-called the flood pulse, is the controlling factor of the operation and maintenance of the Pantanal's biodiversity. These hydrobiological conditions, together with the scenic beauty, are great touristic attractions to the region. The objective of this work was to analyze how the different social actors of tourism perceive the pulse of flood and how it can influence the activity in the Pantanal of Poconé, one of the tourist centres of the Pantanal. The departing point of this research was the significant growth of activity in the last years and the scarcity of specific studies in the region. Seven main social groups were initially identified, which were later interviewed in a structured interview (37 recorded interviews in total). These were transcribed for the analysis of the results; the analytical tool Voyant tools was applied to count the main words mentioned by each social group. Results showed that the vast majority of the hostel owners are from traditional farmers who started to develop hotel services, catering mainly to foreign tourists. Conflicts between cattle ranchers and hostel owners were identified regarding the hunt of jaguars, in the form of losses to the herd against losses to the touristic activities based on "jaguar observation"; likewise, there are conflicts between the native population (professional fishermen and riverine), who seek to participate more directly in the tourism, and the business community in control of hostels and/or ranchers. The flood pulse exerts a strong influence on the tourist enjoyment of the Poconé Pantanal, but it was not clearly understood by the different social groups involved; the perception of the importance of the pulse is affected by the difficulty to understand the concept itself. The groups with better technical qualification (tourism guides and environmental agents) and the riverine and professional fishermen, natives of the region, showed a better understanding of these two aspects of the flood pulse. The study also revealed the importance of developing tourism with greater local identity, including other attractions, such as the traditional festivals of the rich culture of Poconé and the diversity of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems during the flood season.

Este artigo mostra como os regimes de ordenacao espacial sao produzidos pela juncao de tres forcas: neoliberalismo, politicas de esquerda e visoes modernistas. Ele focaliza o PROMETROPOLE, um programa de urbanizacao em Recife. Nesse programa, a dimensao neoliberal e manifesta na ideia de que o Estado, as empresas privadas e os cidadaos sao responsaveis conjuntamente pela construcao do espaco urbano. Alem disso, espera-se que os beneficiarios sejam cidadaos autonomos, assumindo a responsabilidade por seu novo ambiente. A dimensao politica de esquerda promove, atraves de procedimentos participativos, o envolvimento dos moradores no projeto. A adocao de uma estetica modernista exige que os moradores usem o espaco segundo os padroes da “civilizacao moderna”. No entanto, a pesquisa mostra que esse regime destoa dos modos de vida da populacao. Alem disso, os procedimentos participativos fracassam na atribuicao de qualquer influencia real sobre os moradores. No final, os residentes reconstroem drasticamente seus novos conjuntos habitacionais, reapropriando-se do espaco urbano e contestando o regime que lhes foi imposto. REGIMES OF SPATIAL ORDERING IN BRAZIL: neoliberalism, leftist populism and modernist aesthetics in slum upgrading in Recife This article shows how regimes of spatial ordering are produced by the entangling of neoliberalism, leftist populism and modernist visions. It focuses on Prometropole, a slum upgrading project in Recife. In this project, the neoliberal dimension manifests in the idea that the state, private companies and citizens together are responsible for (re)constructing urban space, and that beneficiaries are autonomous citizens, taking responsibility for their new living environment. The leftist political dimension is seen in participatory procedures to involve the residents in the project. The modernist aesthetics informs the project design with the requirement to use the new space according to the standards of “modern civilization”. As our research shows, such a regime of spatial ordering clashes with the livelihoods of the residents. Furthermore, the participatory procedures fail to grant them any real influence in creating their environment. Consequently, these residents drastically reconstruct their estate, reappropriating the urban space and contesting the regime imposed upon them. Key words: Favelas Urbanization. Urban Space. Participation. Neoliberalism. Socialism. LES REGIMES D’ORDONNANCEMENT SPATIAL AU BRESIL: la fusion du Neoliberalisme, du populisme de gauche et des visions modernistes dans l’urbanisation des favelas a Recife Cet article montre comment, au Bresil, les regimes d’ordonnancement spatial sont produits par la jonction de trois forces: le neoliberalisme, la politique de gauche et les visions modernistes. Il se concentre sur le PROMETROPOLE, Programme d’Infrastructures dans les Aires a Faible Revenus de la Region Metropolitaine de Recife, programme finance par la Banque Mondiale. Dans ce projet, la dimension neoliberale est claire quant a l’idee que l’Etat, les entreprises privees et les citoyens sont conjointement responsables de la construction de l’espace urbain. En outre, on attend des beneficiaires qu’ils se comportent comme des citoyens autonomes et qu’ils assument la responsabilite de leur nouvel environnement de vie. D’un autre cote, la dimension politique de la gauche nourrit l’idee que, grâce a des procedures participatives, le gouvernement devrait permettre a la population cible de prendre part au projet de sa conception a sa mise en oeuvre. En echange on espere que les habitants maintiendront une relation de cooperation avec le gouvernement. La troisieme dimension consiste en l’adoption d’une esthetique moderniste - lignes droites, espaces ouverts et ordre visible - qui configure la conception du projet. L’exigence du gouvernement est que les habitants des favelas utilisent leurs maisons et leurs espaces publics selon les normes de la “civilisation moderne”. Cependant cette recherche montre que ce regime d’ordonnancement spatial entre en conflit avec les modes de vie de la population urbaine pauvre qui peut meme voir sa qualite de vie se deteriorer a cause de ce genre d’intervention. De plus, contrairement a ce qui est affirme, les procedures participatives ne permettent pas a la population cible d’avoir une veritable influence. Au final, les residents reconstruisent resolument les espaces prives et publics des nouveaux quartiers residentiels, en reprenant ainsi possession de cet espace urbain et en contestant le regime d’ordonnancement spatial qui leur est impose. Mots-cles: Urbanisation des Favelas. Espace Urbain. Participation. Neoliberalisme. Socialisme.

O Pantanal é a maior planície de inundação contínua do planeta. O ciclo periódico de seca e cheia, chamado de pulso de inundação, é o principal fator controlador do funcionamento e da manutenção da biodiversidade do Pantanal. Estas condições hidrobiológicas, aliadas à beleza cênica, são grandes atrativos à atividade turística na região. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar como os diferentes atores sociais do turismo (pousadeiros, turistas estrangeiros, turistas brasileiros, pescadores profissionais, agentes SEMA, guias de turismo, moradores locais) percebem o pulso de inundação e como este pode influenciar esta atividade no Pantanal de Poconé, um dos polos turísticos do Pantanal, considerando o expressivo crescimento da atividade nos últimos anos e a escassez de estudos na região. Foram previamente identificados sete principais grupos sociais, que posteriormente foram entrevistados em entrevista do tipo estruturada (37 entrevistas gravadas). Estas foram transcritas para a análise dos resultados e aplicado uma ferramenta de análise de texto para contagem das palavras mais mencionadas por cada grupo social. A grande maioria dos pousadeiros é de fazendeiros tradicionais que passaram a desenvolver serviços de hotelaria, atendendo basicamente turistas estrangeiros. Foram identificados conflitos entre pecuaristas e pousadeiros, relativo a onça pintada, que representa prejuízos ao rebanho e aos pousadeiros uma fonte de renda quanto ao turismo de “observação de onça”; e conflito entre a população nativa, tanto moradores locais quanto pescadores profissionais, que almejam por participarem mais diretamente no turismo e das instâncias de poder, concentrada nos pousadeiros e/ou pecuaristas. O pulso de inundação exerce forte influência sobre o aproveitamento turístico do Pantanal de Poconé, mas não foi nitidamente compreendido pelos diferentes grupos sociais do turismo, tanto quanto a percepção da importância do pulso na sua atividade quanto ao entendimento do conceito em si. Os grupos com melhor capacitação técnica (guias de turismo e agentes ambientais) e os moradores locais e pescadores profissionais, nativos da região, apresentaram melhor compreensão destes dois aspectos do pulso de inundação. O estudo apontou ainda a importância de se desenvolver um turismo com maior identidade local, que incluam outros atrativos, como as festas tradicionais da rica cultura de Poconé e a diversidade de ecossistemas aquáticos e terrestres na época de cheia. Perception of the tourism social actors regarding the flood pulse of the Pantanal (MT, Brazil) ABSTRACT The Pantanal is the largest continuous floodplain on the planet. The periodic cycle of drought and flood, the so-called the flood pulse, is the controlling factor of the operation and maintenance of the Pantanal's biodiversity. These hydrobiological conditions, together with the scenic beauty, are great touristic attractions to the region. The objective of this work was to analyze how the different social actors of tourism perceive the pulse of flood and how it can influence the activity in the Pantanal of Poconé, one of the tourist centres of the Pantanal. The departing point of this research was the significant growth of activity in the last years and the scarcity of specific studies in the region. Seven main social groups were initially identified, which were later interviewed in a structured interview (37 recorded interviews in total). These were transcribed for the analysis of the results; the analytical tool Voyant tools was applied to count the main words mentioned by each social group. Results showed that the vast majority of the hostel owners are from traditional farmers who started to develop hotel services, catering mainly to foreign tourists. Conflicts between cattle ranchers and hostel owners were identified regarding the hunt of jaguars, in the form of losses to the herd against losses to the touristic activities based on "jaguar observation"; likewise, there are conflicts between the native population (professional fishermen and riverine), who seek to participate more directly in the tourism, and the business community in control of hostels and/or ranchers. The flood pulse exerts a strong influence on the tourist enjoyment of the Poconé Pantanal, but it was not clearly understood by the different social groups involved; the perception of the importance of the pulse is affected by the difficulty to understand the concept itself. The groups with better technical qualification (tourism guides and environmental agents) and the riverine and professional fishermen, natives of the region, showed a better understanding of these two aspects of the flood pulse. The study also revealed the importance of developing tourism with greater local identity, including other attractions, such as the traditional festivals of the rich culture of Poconé and the diversity of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems during the flood season. KEYWORDS: Fishing; Socioenvironmental; Wetland.

Fishing has been, and will probably continue to be, an important source of food and income for society. The authors of this study show that the total economic value of fishing has not always been recognized. The total economic value (TEV) in rivers may be divided into direct use value and non-use value/preservation value. TEV is the sum of all value of use and non-use, regardless of their origins. The authors show that there is a great difficult in setting the total economic value, due to low valorization of fishing for the sector as a whole. The lack of progress in this field results from a weak dialogue between scientists, the authorities and experts in environmental and ecologic economics. The full importance of fishing may be approached from the populations’ point of view and their livelihood which depends on various natural resources. The integration of studies on fishing needs to be promoted to encourage the sustainable use of all aquatic resources, more specifically, to bring into the open the real importance of the fishing sector to society

Esta contribuição enfatiza a necessidade de priorizar o reconhecimento social de uma cultura de desastres que promova a resiliência social face aos perigos.A tendência global tem sido de tornar a infraestrutura vital mais resiliente. Porem o comportamento é muito mais difícil de controlar e as comunidades pobres continuam vivendo em áreas inerentemente sujeitas a perigos e desastres. Este curto texto mostra a importância de entender a lógica que permeia o comportamento social e cultural das pessoas. A promoção de uma cultura de resiliência pode contribuir para prevenir vítimas e perdas desnecessárias. Para tanto, a cultura não deveria ser vista como um impedimento, mas como um conjunto de recursos. The present contribution argues for increasing prioritization of the social, recognition of culture, and promotion of a disaster culture that promotes social resilience in the face of hazards. The current global trend has been to make vital infrastructure more resilient. But behavior is more difficult to control and communities continue to inhabit and settle in inherently hazardous areas. This short text shows how relevant it is to understand the logics underlying people's behavior, social and cultural aspects. In fact, promoting a culture of resilience can help prevent unnecessary victims and loss. For this, culture should not be seen as a hindrance, but as a pool of resources. Esta contribución destaca la necesidad de priorizar el reconocimiento social deuna cultura de desastres que promueva la resiliencia social frente a los peligros.La tendencia global ha sido de desarrollar una infraestructura más resiliente. Entretanto el comportamiento es mucho más difícil de controlar y las comunidades pobres continúan viviendo en áreas permanentemente sujetas a peligros y desastres. Este breve texto muestra la importancia de entender la lógica que subyace el comportamiento social y cultural de las personas. La promoción de una cultura de resiliencia puede contribuir para prevenir victimas y pérdidas desnecesariamente. Para tanto, la cultura no debería ser vista como un impedimento, pero si como un conjunto de recursos.

O paradigma da bioeconomia pode ser descrito como o conjunto das atividades econômicas que captam o valor latente em processos biológicos e nos biorecursos renováveis, para produzir melhores condições de saúde, além de crescimento e desenvolvimento sustentáveis. Este artigo faz uma revisão crítica do impacto da bioeconomia emergente sobre o desenvolvimento rural. São descritas algumas das consequências do desenvolvimento rural bioeconômico, na esfera agroalimentar e da inovação regional baseada em uma definição específica -e, de nosso ponto de vista, fraca -de Modernização Ecológica. A questão central, então, é: quais são as bases conceituais, a força impulsora, as expressões empíricas e as implicações do desenvolvimento bioeconômico? Argumenta-se que, embora a bioeconomia faça duras cobranças em relação à sustentabilidade, também deixa lacunas, apresenta al-guns efeitos secundários negativos, tanto ambientais como sociais, e corre o risco de ser uma economia parcial. Sustentamos, ainda, que a trajetória do desenvolvimento ecoeconômico pode constituir uma boa alternativa para localidades particularmente vulneráveis que queiram aumentar sua resiliência. The bio-economic paradigm can be described as those economic activities which capture the latent value in biological processes and renewable bioresources to produce improved health and sustainable growth and development. This article is a critical review of the impact of the emerging bio-economy in rural development. It describes some of its consequences in the sphere of agri-food and regional innovation based on a specific -and in our opinion weak - definition of Ecological Modernization. The central question then is: what are the conceptual roots, driving forces, empirical expressions and implications of bio-economic development? We argue that although the bio-economy makes severe sustainability claims, it also shows some missing links, has some negative environmental and social side-effects and runs the risk of a one-sided economy. We plead that the alternative trajectory of eco-economic development can be a serious alternative for especially vulnerable places, who want to increase their resilience.

Between 2005 and 2009, the EU-financed project ForLive set out to analyse promising local forest management initiatives in the Amazon Basin in four countries: Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. Researchers aimed to identify locally viable practices that benefit livelihoods and ecological stabilisation of landscapes, as well as to define ways to promote these practices as a basis for sound rural development. This book presents lessons learnt from more than 100 studies by researchersfrom Latin America, from practitioners and from local families themselves. The findings suggest that the focus of current development strategies designed to support smallholders in adopting management and organization, which are usually externally defined systems made from expert-driven policy and research, mayrequire a review of fundamental assumptions and methods. Most of these initiatives widely ignored the immense potential of Amazonian smallholders—settlers, traditional communities and indigenous groups—to contribute to sound rural development with their own ideas and knowledge. Strong evidence was found that the socio-productive systems of Amazonian smallholders could serve as a reference for new methods that support a more equitable and environmentallysustainable development of the region.

Between 2005 and 2009, the EU-financed project ForLive set out to analyse promising local forest management initiatives in the Amazon Basin in four countries: Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. Researchers aimed to identify locally viable practices that benefit livelihoods and ecological stabilisation of landscapes, as well as to define ways to promote these practices as a basis for sound rural development. This book presents lessons learnt from more than 100 studies by researchersfrom Latin America, from practitioners and from local families themselves. The findings suggest that the focus of current development strategies designed to support smallholders in adopting management and organization, which are usually externally defined systems made from expert-driven policy and research, mayrequire a review of fundamental assumptions and methods. Most of these initiatives widely ignored the immense potential of Amazonian smallholders—settlers, traditional communities and indigenous groups—to contribute to sound rural development with their own ideas and knowledge. Strong evidence was found that the socio-productive systems of Amazonian smallholders could serve as a reference for new methods that support a more equitable and environmentallysustainable development of the region.