24 results on '"TOTAL suspended solids"'
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2. TRATAMENTO DE EFLUENTES E PRODUÇÃO DE ÁGUA DE REÚSO PARA FINS AGRÍCOLAS.
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TORRES, D. M., NASCIMENTO, S. S., SOUZA, J. F., and FREIRE, J. O.
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SEWAGE disposal plants , *SEWAGE purification , *TOTAL suspended solids , *SEWAGE , *CORN - Abstract
Agriculture is the most water-consuming sector on the planet, about 70% of drinking water, which points to the need to find effective ways to reduce its use. The most suitable effluent for agricultural application is domestic sewage, due to its composition and nutritional values. Thus, this work aims to evaluate the effluent treatment and the production of reused water for agricultural purposes in the IFRN campus of São Paulo do Potengi / RN, Brazil. To assess the quality of sewage treatment, raw and treated sewage collections were carried out at one of the campus sewage treatment plants (ETEs) between July and December 2018. For this purpose, the physical properties were analyzed. and microbiological effects of the effluent using parameters such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, total suspended solids, COD, ammonia nitrogen, organic nitrogen, NTK, sodium, calcium, magnesium and thermotolerant coliforms, all according to APHA et al. (2017). Maize specimens (Zea mays) were irrigated with effluent treated at different dosages in the campus laboratory garden and favorable results were obtained for the use of effluent to irrigate this crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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3. QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA DO RIBEIRÃO SÃO BARTOLOMEU AVALIADA PELO ÍNDICE DE QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA EM PONTO DE CAPTAÇÃO PARA ABASTECIMENTO NO PERÍODO SECO.
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MUNIZ, G. L.
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TOTAL suspended solids , *WATER quality , *BIOCHEMICAL oxygen demand , *BODIES of water , *CHEMICAL oxygen demand , *DISSOLVED oxygen in water - Abstract
The quality of the water collected for supply plays a significant role in the selection of treatment technologies. This quality can be determined in a reduced way through the Water Quality Index (IQA). Through IQA, water bodies can be classified into classes or levels of quality. In this study, the IQA was determined at a place in the São Bartolomeu river, in the city of Viçosa-MG, specifically in the reservoir of water accumulation, located on the campus of the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), where has water collected by the Sewage and Water Autonomous Service (SAAE) to supply part of the urban area of the city and captation by the UFV to supply the campus. It was analyzed the physical, chemical and microbiological variables of the water: pH, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (SDT), total suspended solids (SST), sedimentable solids (SP), alkalinity, total coliforms and thermotolerant. Collects were undertaken during the dry period, from March to July 2016. The determination of the IQA allowed to classify the waters of the stretch, where occurs the capitation for supply, as of average quality, therefore, are appropriate for conventional treatment aiming for public supply. Among the studied variables only TDS and BOD not accorded to the standards established in resolution of CONAMA 357/2005 for rives class 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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4. Análise Física da Água de entrada no Sistema Agroindustrial de Curtume em Maringá- Paraná.
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Estevam, Marcelo, Willian da Silva, Adriano, and Fonseca da Silva, Frederico
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TOTAL suspended solids , *WATER quality , *ELECTRIC conductivity , *WATER use , *WATER quality monitoring , *ODORS , *BIOCHEMICAL oxygen demand - Abstract
Assessment of water quality is extreme importance for the health of animals, especially humans. The physical paraments (electrical conductivity, pH, turbidity, apparent color, taste, smell, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids), in water indicate the quality, including that used for human consumption. Therefore, a water inspection at the entrance and exit of an agroindustrial cutting system in the city of Maringa (Brazil), between the years 2014 and 2017, is important for a relaxation of water standards. The results were published and published based on the environmental legislation showed that the quality of the water used in the agroindustry, regarding the physical parameters, respects as current environmental regulations, not causing damage to the environment and demonstrating that the process used in the agroindustrial system is efficient from an environmental standpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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5. Dissolved Air Flotation for Fiber Removal from Clear Water
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Bruna Luiza Manago, Carlos Magno de Sousa Vidal, Jeanette Beber de Souza, Ludmila Carvalho Neves, and Kelly Geronazzo Martins
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fiber recovery ,paper industry ,total suspended solids ,Forestry ,SD1-669.5 - Abstract
ABSTRACT We investigated the use of dissolved air flotation (DAF) to treat clear water effluent from the paper industry in order to remove fibers. The dosage of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) was varied in the following concentrations: 0, 75, 100, 125, 150 and 175 mg/L; as well as bubble rise velocity of 18 and 9 cm/min for two types of paper wastewater: print and gloss. Data were statistically analyzed through factorial arrangement 6x2x2. The treatment of the print paper effluent showed better performance in removing the analyzed parameters with an optimal dosage of 100 mg/L PAC, whereas the gloss paper effluent treatment had satisfactory removal of analyzed parameters with an optimal dosage of 150 mg/L of PAC. This led to the observation that the high efficiency directly obtained with the DAF in conjunction with the use of PAC coagulant was an excellent primary treatment option for effluent resulting from the paper industry.
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- 2018
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6. MODELOS EMPÍRICOS PARA INFERÊNCIA DE COMPONENTES OPTICAMENTE ATIVOS EM AMBIENTES LÓTICOS E SEMILÊNTICOS DO RIO TIBAGI/PR, APLICADOS ÀS IMAGENS LANDSAT 8/OLI.
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De Castro, Paulo Henrique Marques, de Freitas Pereira, Adriana Castreghini, and Vizintim Barros, Mirian
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- 2018
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7. Estimating concentrations of chlorophyll-a and suspended sediments in a continental aquatic ecosystem using remote sensing
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Fernanda Helena Oliveira da Silva, Nicole Sarah Carvalho Ponte, Valéria Severo de Noronha, Fernando Bezerra Lopes, Julyanne Braga Cruz Amaral, and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Marketing ,Pharmacology ,Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management ,geography ,Chlorophyll a ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Strategy and Management ,Aquatic ecosystem ,Drainage basin ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Engenharia Agrícola ,Eutrophication. Limnology. Pluviometry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Remote sensing (archaeology) ,Reservoir water ,Drug Discovery ,Tributary ,Environmental science ,Eutrophication ,Remote sensing ,Total suspended solids - Abstract
Water is an important resource for life and as such, its monitoring is essential. The aim of this study therefore was to estimate concentrations of chlorophyll-a and total suspended solids (TSS) using orbital remote sensing data. The study area was the General Sampaio reservoir, located in the Curu River Basin, in the state of Ceará. The concentration of chlorophyll-a and sediments were mapped based on orbital images captured by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensor. The images were acquired on 14 September 2017 and 13 June 2018. The chlorophyll-a concentration was estimated using a model employing a ratio of the blue (450-510 nm) and green (530-590 nm) bands, and the TSS concentration was estimated from the red band (640-690 nm) of the OLI sensor. The chlorophyll-a concentration in September 2017 varied from 37.03 to 43.0 mg L-1, and in June 2018 it ranged from 42.9 to 62.2 mg L-1. The TSS concentration in September 2017 varied from 1.8 to 4.2 mg L-1, while in June 2018, a period that corresponded to the highest local rainfall, the variation was greater, between 2.1 and 17.73 mg L-1. The highest concentrations of suspended sediments were seen in the tributaries of the Curu River and the Salvação Stream. It was possible to estimate the concentrations of chlorophyll-a and TSS using orbital images. The reservoir water was classified as eutrophic throughout the study period.
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- 2020
8. Método de avaliação visual da qualidade da estrutura aplicado a Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico sob diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo.
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Giarola, Neyde Fabíola Balarezo, Tormena, Cássio Antonio, da Silva, Alvaro Pires, and Ball, Bruce
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SOIL quality , *OXISOLS , *SOIL management , *VISUAL texture recognition , *SOIL structure , *CROP growth , *TOTAL suspended solids , *TILLAGE - Abstract
The increasing demand for assessing soil structure for crop growth has motivated researchers to develop simple and reliable visual indicators to assess soil structure at the field. There are a few records in Brazil indicating the use of visual techniques for assessing soil physical quality. This paper tested the hypothesis that the Visual Soil Structure Quality Assessment methodology developed by BALL et al. (2007) is reliable for identifying the structural quality of tropical and subtropical soils under different soil management systems. Therefore, the overall objective of this paper was to visually identify the structural quality of an Oxisol under forest, croplivestock rotation and no-till system. The structure evaluation was based on appearance, strength and characteristics of structural units from soil blocks, and was defined by five visual scores from the classification quality. The method allows distinguishing soil quality of the different soil use and management systems from the evaluation of the layer sampled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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9. Qualidade da Água na Sub-Bacia do Rio do Campo-Campo Mourão-PR (Water Quality in the Upper Stream Bed of the Campo River in the Campo Mourão County-Paraná State, Brazil)
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Valquiria Brilhador Silva and Nelson Vicente Lovatto Gasparetto
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lcsh:GE1-350 ,Atmospheric Science ,education.field_of_study ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Population ,Water source ,Mineralogy ,Forestry ,Fecal coliform ,Geophysics ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,Computers in Earth Sciences ,education ,Qualidade da água, uso do solo, monitorameto da qualidade da água ,lcsh:GB3-5030 ,lcsh:Physical geography ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,Earth-Surface Processes ,General Environmental Science ,Total suspended solids - Abstract
Nesse trabalho foi avaliada a qualidade da agua no alto curso do rio do Campo no municipio de Campo Mourao-PR. O rio do Campo e o manancial responsavel pelo abastecimento de 80% da populacao daquele municipio. A qualidade da agua foi avaliada a partir da determinacao dos seguintes parâmetros fisico-quimicos: temperatura da agua, turbidez, oxigenio dissolvido (OD), potencial hidrogenionico (pH), teor de fosforo, coliformes termotolerantes (E. coli), e dos seguintes elementos quimicos cobre, zinco, chumbo, cadmio, arsenio, niquel, selenio, cromo, manganes e ferro. As amostras foram coletadas em 5 pontos ao longo do rio e monitoradas durante 14 meses, abrangendo tanto a area rural quanto a area urbana. Foram efetuadas 7 campanhas de coletas com periodicidade bimestrais entre os meses de junho de 2012 a julho de 2013. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com aqueles da Resolucao no357/2005 do CONAMA. Os parâmetros que apresentaram concentracoes superiores a aquelas estabelecidas pela resolucao foi o ferro e da bacteria E.coli. As amostras coletadas durante os periodos de chuva apresentaram aumento nas concentracoes de varios parâmetros analisados, especialmente de E. coli, sst, de turbidez, de fosforo, de ferro, de manganes, de cobre e de chumbo. Esses resultados evidenciam a influencia da precipitacao e do escoamento superficial na qualidade da agua, isto e, devido ao aporte de sedimentos para o corpo hidrico. Entretanto, os valores de Demanda Bioquimica de Oxigenio e de Oxigenio Dissolvido se mantiveram dentro do valor maximo permitido (VMP) estipulados pela Resolucao no 357/2005 do CONNAMA em todas as campanhas. A B S T R A C T The river Campo is the water source that has been supplying 80% of the municipality population in Campo Mourao County, Parana State, Brazil. In the current research, we monitored the water quality from the high course of the rive. The records collected from the physico-chemical parameters of the water were the temperature, turbidity , dissolved oxygen (OD), pH, phosphorus, thermo-tolerant faecal coliform ( E. coli ), copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, selenium, chrome, manganese and irono In each of seven bi-month trips in the rural and urban area monitored for 14 months from June, 2012 to July, 2013 we collected samples always at five places along the river course. The results were compared with those from the Act number 357/2005 released by the CONAMA. The parameters with concentrations higher than established by the CONAMA Act were iron and the faecal coliform E. coli . Samples from the rainy period had increases in concentration of parameters as the E. coli , total suspended solids (tss), water turbidity, phosphorus, iron, manganese, copper and lead. These results highlight the influence of the rainfall and the water by runoff on the water quality because of the supply of soil sediments into the hydro-course. In all the trips, however, the BOD and the DO were within the highest values allowed in the 357/2005 CONAMA Act. Keywords : Water quality. Soil use. Water monitoring.
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- 2016
10. Desenvolvimento e Implementação de Métodos Analíticos para Quantificação de Parâmetros Físico-Químicos em Diferentes Tipos de Águas: Subterrâneas, Superficiais e Residuais
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Teigao, Joana Margarida Maia, Ribeiro, Ana Cristina Faria, and Magalhães, Pedro
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Sólidos Suspensos Totais ,Carência Bioquímica de Oxigénio ,Total Dissolved Solids ,Sólidos Dissolvidos Totais ,Chemical Oxygen Demand ,Carência Química de Oxigénio ,Biochemical oxygen demand ,Total Suspended Solids - Published
- 2018
11. UASB reactor in residual wastewater treatment - dairy industry
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Martins, Ramiro, Leitão, Anabela, and Maria, Juliana
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Dairy effluent ,Biochemical oxygen demand ,UASB reactor ,Total suspended solids - Abstract
The discharge of wastewater into water bodies is still quite common in developing countries, such as the case of Angola. The application of the UASB reactor - Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket process is presented as a viable alternative to be used, given the characteristics of the domestic / industrial wastewater to be treated and local economic needs. Thus, this study was developed with an anaerobic treatment technology using an UASB reactor, analysing its effectiveness in relation to the removal of organic matter and solids, evaluating the application of different volumetric organic loads under conditions similar to the real ones, in a laboratory pilot plant. The UASB reactor shaping a “Y” was constructed with PVC and a useful volume of 12 litres; it was designed to operate at steady state at a temperature around 35ºC. The most promising results showed COD removal efficiencies of approximately 76%, BOD 79% and TSS 88%. Apresentação financiada pela FCT e FEDER ao abrigo do Programa PT2020 (Projeto UID/EQU/50020/2013). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2016
12. Quantification of complete cycle water treatment plant sludge production: a critical assessment
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Thadeu Hiroshi Ferraz, Victor Takazi Katayama, Dione Mari Morita, and Caroline Palacio Montes
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produção de lodo ,drinking water ,Environmental engineering ,water treatment ,lcsh:TD1-1066 ,lcsh:Environmental engineering ,resíduos ,residuals ,sludge production ,abastecimento público ,Environmental science ,Degree of certainty ,lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,lcsh:TA170-171 ,Estimation methods ,Waste Management and Disposal ,tratamento de água ,Total suspended solids - Abstract
RESUMO Grande parte do lodo gerado em estações de tratamento de água (ETAs) no Brasil ainda é disposta em rios ou em aterros sanitários. Contudo, principalmente em grandes centros urbanos, legislações ambientais restritivas e custos logísticos crescentes têm levantado interesse em usos benéficos para esse resíduo. Para uma avaliação dos possíveis usos, além do conhecimento das características qualitativas do lodo, operadores e projetistas de ETAs devem ser capazes de prever, com algum grau de confiabilidade, sua massa e volume. Os objetivos deste trabalho são: comparar o desempenho de dois dos principais métodos quantitativos de estimativa de produção de lodo - o método de fórmulas empíricas e o de balanço de massa; investigar a prática disseminada de se estimar a concentração de sólidos em suspensão totais na água bruta por meio de modelos de regressão linear com a turbidez como variável independente e delinear condições para a aplicação dessa correlação. ABSTRACT Most of the water treatment plant (WTP) residuals generated in Brazil are still discharged into water bodies, or disposed in landfills. However, especially in large urban areas, ever-stringent environmental legislation and rising logistical costs have put focus into beneficial uses for those residuals. To evaluate the possible beneficial uses, beyond the knowledge of qualitative characteristics of the residuals, operators and designers should be able to predict, with some degree of certainty, its mass and volume. The objectives of this work are: to compare the performance of two of the main quantitative estimation methods for residuals production - the empirical formulas and the mass balance; to investigate the widespread practice of estimating the concentration of total suspended solids using turbidity as a surrogate; and to identify the conditions under which such procedure is acceptable.
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- 2015
13. Gráfico de controle da média móvel exponencialmente ponderada: aplicação na operação e monitoramento de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto
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Eduardo Eyng, Marcio Antonio Vilas Boas, and Fábio Orssatto
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Biochemical oxygen demand ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Exponentially weighted moving average ,Environmental engineering ,tratamento de esgoto ,Exponentially Weighted Moving Average ,process control ,lcsh:TD1-1066 ,lcsh:Environmental engineering ,Média Móvel Exponencialmente Ponderada ,controle de processo ,Environmental science ,Sewage treatment ,EWMA chart ,lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,lcsh:TA170-171 ,sewage treatment ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Total suspended solids - Abstract
RESUMO Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto através de cartas de controle de qualidade estatística da média móvel exponencialmente ponderada (MMEP). A estação de tratamento de esgoto estudada localiza-se no Município de Cascavel, Paraná, Os parâmetros avaliados foram o potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), sólidos sedimentáveis (SSed), sólidos suspensos totais (SST), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e a demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO). As cartas MMEP acusaram que estação de tratamento de esgoto apresentou bom desempenho estatístico para o pH, sólidos suspensos totais, DQO e DBO e falhas para os sólidos sedimentáveis. As cartas de controle MMEP se apresentam como uma boa alternativa no monitoramento de estações de tratamento de esgoto. ABSTRACT This work was intended to assess the performance of a sewage treatment plant through letters of statistical quality control of exponentially weighted moving average. The sewage treatment plant is located in the municipality studied of Cascavel, Paraná, the parameters measured were the hydrogenionic potential (pH), settleable solids (SetS), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The EWMA letters accused that sewage treatment station has good statistical performance for the pH, total suspended solids, COD and BOD and failures for settleable solids. The EWMA control letters are presented as a good alternative in monitoring of sewage treatment plants.
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- 2015
14. Controle dos níveis de bioflocos no cultivo de camarões e suas implicações com a qualidade de água e o desempenho dos animais
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Gaona, Carlos Augusto Prata, Wasielesky Junior, Wilson Francisco Britto, and Poersch, Luis Henrique da Silva
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total suspended solids ,multi-trophic system ,sistema multitróficos ,bioflocos ,biofloc ,remoção de sólidos ,solids removal ,sólidos suspensos totais ,oxygen consumption ,Litopenaeus vannamei ,consumo de oxigênio - Abstract
Tese A Aquicultura tem produzido organismos aquáticos aumentando a densidade de estocagem, reduzindo a ocupação de áreas e o uso de água. A produção de camarões marinhos com a tecnologia de bioflocos (BFT) permite a prática de redução do uso de água, estimulando a produtividade natural que melhora a qualidade de água e adiciona alimento a espécie alvo. No entanto, a manutenção da água ao longo do ciclo gera aumento na quantidade de sólidos suspensos totais (SST), que podem interagir com parâmetros físicos e químicos, ocasionando mudanças na qualidade de água. Uma série de estudos foram executados buscando o aperfeiçoamento do manejo de sólidos suspensos para melhorar a qualidade de água e otimizar a produção de camarões marinhos, sendo três na Estação Marinha de Aquacultura (IO-FURG, Brasil) e um no Waddell Mariculture Center (WMC, EUA). Os capítulos da tese, referentes aos experimentos com camarões Litopenaeus vannamei em sistema BFT, tiveram como objetivo: (1) efeito de dois diferentes fluxos de bombeamentos de água durante o processo de remoção de sólidos suspensos por sedimentação; (2) analisar durante a formação de bioflocos, o efeito de diferentes níveis de sólidos suspensos na qualidade de água e performance dos camarões; (3) avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de sólidos suspensos sobre o consumo de oxigênio e o desempenho zootécnico dos camarões; (4) avaliar o cultivo de camarões marinhos, integrando tilápias para o tratamento biológico de SST, bem como, o uso de ostras como biofiltradores e a possibilidade de integrar uma espécie de peixe carnívora ao sistema BFT. Todos os experimentos foram realizados em estufas. No Capítulo 1, um experimento de 17 semanas foi executado. Um controle sem remoção de sólidos foi comparado com dois tratamentos com diferentesfluxos de bombeamento: fluxo alto (HF) – 3945 L h-1e fluxo baixo (LF) – 1750 L h-1para remoção de sólidos. Melhores índices de desempenho zootécnico de L. vannamei foram alcançados com a remoção de sólidos. O tratamento com menor fluxo de água no clarificador facilitou a sedimentação. No Capítulo 2, três faixas de SST foram comparados durante 42 dias delineadas em três tratamentos: faixa baixa (TL) 100 – 300 mgL-1, faixa média (TM)300 – 600mgL-1(TM) e faixa alta (TH) 600 – 1000mgL-1. Os parâmetros de qualidade de água na menor faixa (TL) resultaram em melhor performance deL. vannamei. No Capítulo 3, os camarões foram mantidos em cinco níveis de SST: 250, 500, 1000, 2000 e 4000 mgL-1. Foi executado teste para medir o consumo específico de oxigênio (CEO) dos camarões após 24 e 42 dias do início do experimento. A performance foi semelhante nas cinco concentrações de SST. Análises de CEO e dos dados de desempenho sugerem uma adaptação de L. vannamei em baixas concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido. No Capítulo 4, dois sistemas multitróficos integrados foram montados com água recirculando em quatro circuitos fechados compostos por tanques separados para camarões, tilápias, tanques de sedimentação e red drumassociados às ostras. O estudo demonstrou que a aplicação do cultivo de camarões marinhos com a tecnologia de bioflocos em sistema multitrófico integrado resulta na redução de sólidos causada por organismos consumidores de subprodutos dos camarões. Como conclusão, as pesquisas mostraram que o controle de SST pode ser realizado por clarificação, podendo aumentar a eficiência do processo de sedimentação com o ajuste do fluxo mantido no clarificador ou por tratamento biológico com utilização de organismos consumidores de resíduos da produção de camarões. O manejo das concentrações de SST durante o cultivo de L. vannamei em sistema BFT gera benefício na qualidade de água e melhora os índices de desempenho zootécnico. Aquaculture has produced aquatic organisms increasing stocking density, reducing the occupied areas and the use of water. The marine shrimp production with biofloc technology (BFT) allow the practice of water reducing, stimulating the natural productivity that improves the water quality and add food to the target species. However, the retention of water over cycle generates large amounts of total suspended solids (TSS) that can interact with physical and chemical parameters, leading to changes in water quality. A series of studies were performedsearching for improving of the suspended solids management to improve water quality and optimize the marine shrimp production, being three at the Marine Station of Aquaculture (IO-FURG, Brazil) and one in Waddell Mariculture Center (WMC, USA). The chapters, relating to experiments with L. vannamei in BFT system, aimed to: (1) effect of two different water flow during the suspended solids removal process by settling; (2) analyzeduring biofloc formation, the effect of different suspended solids levels on water quality and L. vannameiperformance; (3) evaluate the effect of different TSS concentrations on the oxygen consumption and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei and (4) evaluate the marine shrimp culture, integrating tilapia for the TSS biological treatment, as well as the use of oysters as biofilters and the possibility of integrating a carnivorous fish species in the BFT system. All experiments were conducted in greenhouses. In Chapter 1, a 17- week trial was carried out. A control with no solids removal andtwotreatments with different flows (3945L h-1–HF) and (1750L h-1–LF) for removalwere compared from the seventh week. Best performance indices of L. vannameiwere achieved with the suspended solids removal. The lower water flow (LF) maintained in the clarifier facilitated the settling, allowing the flow adjustment. In Chapter 2, a 42-day trial was conducted with treatmentsofthree ranges ofTSS: 100 – 300 mgL-1(TL), 300 – 600 (TM) and 600 – 1000 (TH). The water quality parameters in the lower range (TL) resulted in better performance of L. vannamei. In Chapter 3,L. vannamei was kept during 42 days infive TSS concentrations were used: 250, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg L-1. It was carried out test to measure the specific oxygen consumption rate (OCR). The performance was similar in the five concentrations. OCR analysis and performance of L. vannamei suggest an adaptation of shrimp at low dissolved oxygen concentrations. In Chapter 4, two integrated multi-trophic systemswere mounted with recirculating water in four closed circuits composed of separate tanks for shrimp, tilapia, settling tanks and red drum associated with oysters. After 8 weeks, the study showed that application of BFT marine shrimp systemin integrated multi-trophic system, result in reduction of solids by consumers of shrimp sub-products. In conclusion, the TSS control can be performed by clarifying, and can increase the settling process efficiency with flow adjustmentin the clarifier or by biological treatment with the use of consumers of shrimp waste. The management of TSS concentrations during the L. vannameiculture in BFT system generates benefits in water quality and improve the growth performance indices.
- Published
- 2015
15. Support Vector Machines on the prediction of a WWTP performance
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Ribeiro, Daniel José Silva, Belo, Orlando, and Universidade do Minho
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Wastewater Treatment Plants ,Estações de Tratamento de Águas Residuais ,Biochemical oxygen demand ,Prediction of WWTPs performance ,628.1:681.3 ,Support Vector Regression ,Sequential Minimal Optimization ,681.3:628.1 ,Regression ,628.1 [681.3] ,Regressão ,Carência bioquímica de oxigénio ,681.3 [628.1] ,Support Vector Machines ,Data Mining ,Previsão de comportamento de ETARs ,Sólidos suspensos totais ,Total suspended solids - Abstract
Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Informática, O Data Mining é um processo de exploração de grandes quantidades de dados, com um potencial enorme para ajudar as empresas na extração de conhecimento que está oculto nos mais diversos sistemas de dados. Esta tecnologia é utilizada pelas empresas nos mais variados domínios, com o intuito de as ajudar em atividades de tomada de decisões. Entre os diversos campos de aplicações encontramos o domínio da Biologia e do Ambiente, em particular, as questões relacionadas com as Estações de Tratamento de Águas Residuais (ETAR). As ETAR são infraestruturas essenciais para manter o equilíbrio do meio-ambiente, sendo caracterizadas por terem várias fases de tratamento, nas quais são removidas impurezas como sólidos, matéria orgânica e nutrientes. Todo este processo dinâmico e complexo deve ser processado de forma eficiente, permitindo que o efluente final que nelas é tratado tenha a melhor qualidade possível. A previsão da qualidade da água tratada, com base nos vários fluxos que dão entrada nas ETAR, permite medir a eficácia do tratamento e, assim, obter alguma informação útil para um melhor controle de toda a infraestrutura. A ETAR em estudo neste trabalho de dissertação, localiza-se no Norte de Portugal e serve uma população de cerca de 45 mil habitantes. Os dados fornecidos para alimentação dos processos de interação levados a cabo são referentes a tratamentos realizados nessa ETAR durante o período de um ano. Este estudo pretendeu explorar técnicas de Data Mining preditivas, nomeadamente modelos de regressão, por forma a prever com eficácia os valores dos parâmetros de qualidade da ETAR. As medidas de qualidade do tratamento analisadas neste estudo, basearam-se nos parâmetros de previsão Carência Bioquímica de Oxigénio (CBO) e Sólidos Suspensos Totais (SST). Por sua vez, as técnicas de regressão adotadas neste trabalho são baseadas em Support Vector Machines, mais concretamente nos algoritmos Support Vector Regression e numas das suas variantes: Sequential Minimal Optimization. Este conjunto de técnicas tem sido aplicadas com sucesso em diferentes áreas, inclusive em alguns trabalhos relacionados com as ETAR. Pretendeu-se assim, à custa da utilização destas técnicas de previsão, definir um modelo comportamental para a ETAR em questão, por forma a analisar a sua capacidade preditiva neste tipo de sistemas complexos. Neste problema, as fases de análise e preparação dos dados mostraram-se determinantes na obtenção dos resultados alcançados. Analisaram-se ainda as diversas tarefas de modelação desenvolvidas neste estudo. Os modelos desenvolvidos demonstraram uma boa capacidade preditiva, especialmente na previsão do parâmetro do efluente final CBO. As técnicas de previsão utilizadas, para além da capacidade de modelação preditiva não linear, permitem ainda uma análise aos atributos mais influentes à qualidade dos parâmetros de previsão., Data mining is a process of exploration of large data sets with a huge potential to assist companies in the extraction of knowledge that is hidden in their data systems. Companies in various fields use this technology, in order to assist them in decision-making. Among the various fields are included the Biology and Environment domains, in particular, issues related to the Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP). WWTP are essential infrastructures to maintain the environmental balance. Treatment plants are characterized by having several treatment stages in which is done the removal of solids, organic matter and nutrients. All of this dynamic and complex process must be handled efficiently to ensure a good quality effluent. The prediction of the treated wastewater quality, based on the measured inflow parameters, allow the treatment performance evaluation and yet to obtain some useful information for a better control of the entire infrastructure. The data used in this study were collected from a WWTP located in northern Portugal that serves a population of about 45,000 inhabitants, whose data was provided regarding the treatments performed in this WWTP during one year. This study aimed to explore data mining techniques for prediction, namely regression models, in order to successfully predict the concentrations of the quality parameters like Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS), which are actually the selected outflow parameters to be predicted in this work. The regression techniques used herein are based on Support Vector Machines (SVM), more particularly Support Vector Regression and in one of its variants: Sequential Minimal Optimization. This set of techniques has been successfully applied in different areas, including some WWTP related work, thus we intended to explore the SVM and analyze their predictive ability in this type of complex systems. The stages of data preparation and data analysis were shown to be crucial to obtain the results achieved. Several regression models for both predictive parameters were analyzed and compared, where the results show that accurate estimates can be achieved especially on the concentrations of BOD. The SVM, beyond the capability of non-linear predictive modeling, yet allow the analysis of the features that are most related to the quality of the prediction parameters.
- Published
- 2013
16. Effects of intensive fish-farming and domestic wastewater on the periphytic algal community in a tropical coastal lagoon (Juara, Brazil) - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v35i3.17094
- Author
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Valéria de Oliveira Fernandes and Stéfano Zorzal de Almeida
- Subjects
Bacillariophyceae ,2.05.00.00-9 ,Ecology ,Alkalinity ,lcsh:QR1-502 ,artificial substrate ,Biology ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,lcsh:Microbiology ,late successional stage ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nutrient ,Agronomy ,Wastewater ,Nitrate ,chemistry ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,nutrients ,Species evenness ,Dominance (ecology) ,Species richness ,phycoperiphyton ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Total suspended solids - Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the effects of the intensive fish-farming and the domestic wastewater on the structure of the phycoperiphyton community. Three experimental supports containing artificial substrate were assembled in two sampling sites: IF – region with intensive fish-farming and DW – near the domestic wastewater discharge. Samplings were carried out after the 21st, 26th and 31st day of colonization. The abiotic variables evaluated were: transparency, electrical conductivity, pH, turbidity, total suspended solids, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, water temperature and nutrients. Phycoperiphyton was examined with regard to density, richness, abundance, dominance, diversity and eveness. Nutrients (total nitrogen, nitrate, ammonia nitrogen, orthophosphate and silicate) were different among the sampling sites. Although the total density, richness, diversity and evenness of phycoperiphyton were not affected by the different impacts, the density by class had differences between the sampling sites, with Bacillariophyceae presenting higher density at IF and Cyanophyceae and Coscinodiscophyceae at DW. Four taxa have been associated with the impact by domestic wastewater, and four, to the intensive fish-farming. The density by class of phycoperiphyton was the best attribute to evaluate the effects of human activity.
- Published
- 2013
17. Variação sazonal dos grupos funcionais fitoplanctônicos em braços de um reservatório tropical de usos múltiplos no estado de São Paulo (Brasil)
- Author
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Davi Gasparini Fernandes Cunha and Maria do Carmo Calijuri
- Subjects
Hydrology ,comunidade fitoplanctônica ,Ecology ,phytoplankton community ,Plant Science ,Plankton ,Seasonality ,medicine.disease ,water resources ,sistemas lênticos ,recursos hídricos ,Sorocaba River watershed ,eutrofização ,eutrophication ,Phytoplankton ,bacia do rio Sorocaba ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Dominance (ecology) ,Water quality ,Turbidity ,Eutrophication ,lentic systems ,Total suspended solids - Abstract
A análise dos grupos funcionais fitoplanctônicos em sistemas aquáticos pode oferecer subsídios à conciliação dos usos múltiplos. Essa pesquisa investigou a variação sazonal desses grupos no reservatório de Itupararanga (SP). Quatro braços foram amostrados para determinação de temperatura da água, pH, Radiação Solar Fotossinteticamente Ativa Subaquática (RSFA), turbidez, fósforo total, nitrato e sólidos suspensos totais (SST), além da contagem e identificação do fitoplâncton e análise de dados meteorológicos. O estudo, realizado em agosto e outubro de 2009 e fevereiro de 2010, sugeriu variação sazonal dos grupos fitoplanctônicos (p*1.000 µE m-2 s-1). Em face à significativa variabilidade ambiental dos braços do reservatório, pela influência dos rios tributários, e à predominância de grupos fitoplanctônicos característicos de ambientes eutróficos, recomenda-se seu contínuo monitoramento para evitar prejuízos aos usos do sistema aquático, sobretudo para abastecimento e recreação. The assessment of phytoplankton functional groups may help water resource management, considering the multiple uses of this resource type. This research investigated the seasonal variation of these groups in the Itupararanga Reservoir (SP, Brazil). Four arms of the reservoir were sampled to determine the water temperature, pH, underwater Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), turbidity, total phosphorus, nitrate and total suspended solids (TSS), besides qualitative and quantitative aspects of the phytoplankton community and meteorological data. The study was carried out in August and October 2009, and in February 2010, and suggested there is seasonal variation of phytoplankton groups (p*1000 µE m-2 s-1) were relevant in the summer. Considering the environmental variability of the arms of the reservoir (derived from the influence of tributaries), and the dominance of phytoplankton groups typical of eutrophic environments, we recommend continuous monitoring of this area so that different water uses can continue, particularly for supply and recreation.
- Published
- 2011
18. Operation of trickling filters post-UASB reactors without the secondary sedimentation stage
- Author
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Carlos Augusto de Lemos Chernicharo, Paulo Gustavo Sertório de Almeida, and Sílvia Corrêa Oliveira
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Sedimentation (water treatment) ,Trickling filter ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Environmental engineering ,trickling filter ,reator UASB ,post-treatment ,domestic wastewater ,pós-tratamento ,chemistry ,operation without secondary settlers ,filtro biológico percolador ,Environmental science ,esgoto doméstico ,operação sem decantadores secundários ,Organic matter ,Sewage treatment ,UASB reactor ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Effluent ,Wastewater quality indicators ,Total suspended solids - Abstract
A pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar filtros biológicos percoladores (FBP) pós-reatores UASB operando sem a etapa de decantação secundária, em termos da remoção da demanda bioquímica e química de oxigênio (DBO e DQO) e sólidos suspensos totais (SST). O aparato experimental consistia em um reator UASB que alimentava quatro FBP em paralelo, preenchidos com diferentes materiais suporte. O reator UASB operou em regime hidráulico permanente, e três condições operacionais foram impostas aos FBP durante o período experimental. Em geral, os sistemas UASB/FBP foram capazes de promover o atendimento aos padrões de lançamento. Em condições de baixas cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV), o uso de materiais de enchimento de maior área superficial específica não proporcionou ganhos expressivos em termos de desempenho. Contudo, o uso de meio suporte baseado em espumas de poliuretano propiciou melhoria significativa na qualidade do efluente final. O uso de sistemas UASB/FBP sem decantadores secundários parece ser uma promissora alternativa para a simplificação operacional da tecnologia, e uma importante estratégia para o tratamento de efluentes domésticos em países em desenvolvimento. No entanto, o sucesso do emprego desta tecnologia fica condicionado ao correto gerenciamento do lodo anaeróbio do reator UASB, a fim de que sejam evitadas sobrecargas nos FBP. The research aimed at evaluating the operation of trickling filters (TF) post-UASB reactors without the secondary sedimentation stage, in terms of biochemical and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) removal. The experimental apparatus consisted of one UASB reactor followed by four TF in parallel, each one filled with a different packing media. The UASB reactor was operated at a permanent hydraulic regime, while three operational conditions were imposed to the TF during the experimental period. In general, the UASB/TF systems were able to comply with the discharge standards. At low organic loading rates (OLR), no improvements in terms of organic matter removal, with the use of higher surface area packing media were observed. However, the use of a sponge-based packing media provided significant improvements on final effluent quality. The use of UASB/TF systems without secondary sedimentation can constitute an attractive alternative in terms of operational simplification of this technology, and an important strategy for domestic wastewater treatment in developing countries. However, the success of this technology is strictly connected to the correct anaerobic sludge management of the UASB reactor, in order to avoid overloads on the TF.
- Published
- 2011
19. Evaluation of the water quality and auto-purification from the meio stream, Leme (SP)
- Author
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Diego de Souza Sardinha, Fabiano Tomazini da Conceição, Alexandre Di Miceli da Silveira, Marcelo De Julio, Antonio Donizetti Gonçalves de Souza, Julio Cesar de Souza Inácio Gonçalves, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Fac COC, Univ Fed Mato Grosso, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), and Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
- Subjects
anthropogenic influences ,Sampling (statistics) ,Qualidade da água ,modelagem matemática de autodepuração ,auto-purification mathematical modeling ,influências antropogênicas ,Total dissolved solids ,environmental management ,Water quality ,Wastewater ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental science ,gerenciamento ambiental ,Sewage treatment ,Turbidity ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Total suspended solids - Abstract
Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T18:39:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:51:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T14:17:25Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T14:17:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-01 Este trabalho utilizou relações hidroquímicas para avaliar possíveis entradas antropogênicas nas águas superficiais do Ribeirão do Meio (SP). Realizaram-se três coletas de água durante os meses de fevereiro, abril e julho de 2005 em cinco pontos de coleta analisando: vazão, temperatura, turbidez, pH, condutividade, oxigênio dissolvido, sólidos totais dissolvidos, sólidos totais em suspensão, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, PO43- e NO3-. As características da água próximo à nascente até a cidade de Leme permitem concluir que há pouca interferência na sua qualidade, porém, a falta de tratamento para o esgoto doméstico da cidade de Leme piora a sua qualidade. Para se modelar à autodepuração utilizou-se o modelo QUAL 2K, que identificou as zonas de autodepuração e indicou a necessidade de tratamento de esgotos em nível secundário, com eficiência de 76%. This investigation utilized hydrochemical relations to evaluate possible anthropogenic inputs at Meio Stream, São Paulo State. Realized three sampling of water during the months of February, April and July/2005, in five sampling points analyzing: discharge, temperature, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen ( DO), TDS (total dissolved solids), TSS (total suspended solids), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Na(+), K(+), HCO(3)(-), Cl(-), SO(4)(2-), PO(4)(3-) and NO(3)(-). The characteristics of water close to spring until Leme city allow concluding that there is a small interference in its quality, however the absence of treatment of domestic wastewater at Leme city reduced its quality. It was applied the QUAL 2K modeling to evaluate the Meio Stream auto-purification identified the auto-purification zones and indicated the necessity of secondary wastewater treatment, with 76% of efficiency. UNESP, IGCE, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil UNESP Sorocaba, RDIDP, São Paulo, Brazil Fac COC, RTI, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Mato Grosso, RDIDP, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil Univ São Paulo, EESC, São Paulo, Brazil UNESP, IGCE, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil UNESP Sorocaba, RDIDP, São Paulo, Brazil
- Published
- 2008
20. Tratamento de esgoto sanitário utilizando reatores anaeróbios operados em bateladas sequenciais (escala piloto)
- Author
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Marcelo Zaiat, Eugenio Foresti, Arnaldo Sarti, Isabel Kimiko Sakamoto, Maria Bernadete Amâncio Varesche, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), and Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
- Subjects
Anaerobic respiration ,business.industry ,Anaerobic treatment ,Domestic sewage ,Microorganism ,Batch reactor ,Environmental engineering ,Biomass ,Sewage ,Biology ,Pulp and paper industry ,reator anaeróbio operado em batelada seqüencial ,Archaea ,PCR/DGGE ,Esgoto sanitário ,REATORES ANAERÓBIOS ,business ,suporte inerte ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Anaerobic exercise ,Bacteria (microorganisms) ,Total suspended solids - Abstract
Avaliou-se o desempenho de dois reatores anaeróbios operados em bateladas seqüenciais (1,2 m³) diferenciados pelo tipo de imobilização de biomassa, na forma de suporte inerte e de biomassa granular no tratamento de esgoto sanitário do Campus da USP de São Carlos. O monitoramento ao longo de 70 dias de operação revelou similaridade no comportamento das configurações ensaiadas, que apresentaram eficiências médias de remoção de DQO e sólidos suspensos ao redor de 60% e 75%, respectivamente. Por meio de técnicas de biologia molecular constatou-se diferenças na comunidade bacteriana nos reatores no 35º e 70º dias de operação, indicando que a imobilização de biomassa selecionou populações bacterianas diferentemente. Em relação ao domínio Archaea houve maior similaridade, provavelmente, pelo fato desses microrganismos utilizarem substratos específicos ao final do processo anaeróbio. The performances of two anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (1.2 m³) containing biomass immobilized in inert support and as granular sludge in the treatment of domestic sewage from the Campus of São Carlos-University of São Paulo were evaluated. The experimental phase lasted seventy days. During this period, the reactors presented quite similar performances in respect to COD and total suspended solids removal, achieving average efficiencies of approximately 60% and 75%, respectively. The analysis using molecular biology techniques on biomass samples taken at 35th and 70th showed differences in the bacterial community in the reactors indicating that the type of biomass immobilization selected the populations differently. A higher similarity was found for the Archaea domain probably because these microorganisms utilize specific substrates formed at the end of the anaerobic process.
- Published
- 2006
21. Performance of two-stage up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors treating swine wastewater
- Author
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Roberto Alves de Oliveira, Adriana M. de Santana, and Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
- Subjects
anaerobic digestion ,Suspended solids ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Environmental engineering ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,reator UASB ,Anaerobic digestion ,Wastewater ,Biogas ,Environmental science ,Sewage treatment ,UASB reactor ,swine waste ,digestão anaeróbia ,Effluent ,resíduo de suínos ,Total suspended solids - Abstract
Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:50:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-69162005000300029.pdf: 279854 bytes, checksum: 4153e2fb6fa2b47e793c2d67e54faed1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:50:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-69162005000300029.pdf: 279854 bytes, checksum: 4153e2fb6fa2b47e793c2d67e54faed1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:40:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-69162005000300029.pdf: 279854 bytes, checksum: 4153e2fb6fa2b47e793c2d67e54faed1 (MD5) S0100-69162005000300029.pdf.txt: 46304 bytes, checksum: 4c60544bcfca496e8d074b6a6d44c46a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:10:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-69162005000300029.pdf: 279854 bytes, checksum: 4153e2fb6fa2b47e793c2d67e54faed1 (MD5) S0100-69162005000300029.pdf.txt: 46304 bytes, checksum: 4c60544bcfca496e8d074b6a6d44c46a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:10:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-69162005000300029.pdf: 279854 bytes, checksum: 4153e2fb6fa2b47e793c2d67e54faed1 (MD5) S0100-69162005000300029.pdf.txt: 46304 bytes, checksum: 4c60544bcfca496e8d074b6a6d44c46a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Avaliou-se o desempenho de dois reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB) em escala-piloto com volumes de 908 L e 188 L, instalados em série, alimentados com águas residuárias de suinocultura com concentrações médias de sólidos suspensos totais (SST) variando de 2.216 mg L-1 a 7.131 mg L-1 e submetidos a tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 62,3 e 31,1 h, no primeiro reator, e de 12,9 e 6,5 h, no segundo reator. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQOtotal variaram de 74,0% a 89,6% no Reator 1 e de 34,3% a 45,1% no Reator 2, resultando em valores médios de 86,6% a 93,1% para o sistema de tratamento em dois estágios com carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) na faixa de 3,40 a 14,44 kg DQOtotal m-3 reator d-1 no Reator 1. As concentrações de metano no biogás foram acima de 75% para o Reator 1 e de 80% para o Reator 2. Os valores médios de pH variaram na faixa de 6,9 a 8,2 para o efluente do Reator 1 e de 7,0 a 8,3 para o efluente do Reator 2. Os ácidos voláteis totais mantiveram-se estáveis com concentrações médias abaixo de 200 mg L-1. Esses resultados indicaram que as condições de carga orgânica, em termos de DQO e SSV, impostas ao sistema de tratamento anaeróbio em dois estágios, não foram limitantes para que houvesse o desenvolvimento de lodo com microbiota adaptada e com alta atividade, propiciando altas eficiências médias de remoção de matéria orgânica (86,6 a 93,1% para DQOtotal e 85,6 a 88,2% para SSV) e taxas de produção de metano de 0,156 a 0,289 m³ CH4 kg-1 de DQO removida. The objective of this work was monitoring the performance of two up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors (UASB) in a pilot-scale testing with volumes of 908 L and 188 L, installed in series, loaded with swine wastewater with total suspended solids (TSS) ranging from 2216 to 7131 mg L-1, submitted to an hydraulic detention time (HDT) of 62.3 and 31.1 h, in the first reactor, and 12.9 and 6.5 h, in the second reactor. The mean total COD removal efficiency varied from 74.0 to 89.6% in reactor 1, and from 34.3 to 45.1% in reactor 2, resulting average values ranging from 86.6 to 93.1% for the two-stage treatment system under organic volumetric load (OVL) of 3.40 to 14.44 kg CODtotal m-3 reactor d-1 in the reactor 1. The methane concentration in biogas values was over 75% in reactor 1 and 80% in reactor 2. Average pH values in the effluents ranged from 6.9 to 8.2 in reactor 1 and 7.0 to 8.3 for reactor 2. The amount of total volatile acids remained steady showing mean concentrations bellow 200 mg L-1. According to these results the organic loading conditions, concerning to the COD and VSS imposed to the two-stage anaerobic treatment system were not limiting to the sludge blanket development of extremely active and adapted micro biota providing high mean values of organic matter removal, from 86.6 to 93.1 % to the CODtotal and 85.6 to 88.2% to VSS, and the rate of volumetric methane production from 0.156 to 0.289 m³ CH4 kg-1 COD removed. UNESP UNESP Departamento de Engenharia Rural UNESP UNESP Departamento de Engenharia Rural
- Published
- 2005
22. Impactos ambientais do lançamento de efluentes da carcinicultura em águas interiores
- Author
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Morsyleide de Freitas Rosa, Lúcia de Fátima Pereira Araújo, Maria Cléa Brito de Figueirêdo, Raimundo Bemvindo Gomes, Walt Disney Paulino, and Lúcia de Fátima Sabóia de Morais
- Subjects
Phosphorus ,Environmental engineering ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Total dissolved solids ,Saline water ,Jaguaribe River ,Shrimp farming ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nitrate ,chemistry ,Carcinicultura ,Environmental science ,impacto de efluentes ,Turbidity ,impact of effluents ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Effluent ,rio Jaguaribe ,Total suspended solids - Abstract
A bacia do Baixo Jaguaribe-CE depara-se com a instalação progressiva de fazendas de camarão às margens do rio Jaguaribe onde não há interferência de água salina. Esse trabalho tem como principal objetivo avaliar as características físicas, químicas e bacteriológicas dos efluentes contínuos e da despesca de fazendas de camarão, refletindo sobre os possíveis impactos do lançamento desses efluentes e formas de atenuação desses impactos. Foram analisadas amostras da água de captação e dos efluentes de dois viveiros de duas diferentes fazendas. Os parâmetros analisados para os efluentes contínuos foram: pH, turbidez, nitrato, amônia total, condutividade elétrica, DBO5, fósforo total, fósforo solúvel, alcalinidade total, sólidos totais, sólidos totais dissolvidos, sólidos suspensos, coliformes termotolerantes e clorofila a. Para os efluentes da despesca foram acrescentados OD e a fração de sólidos sedimentáveis. Os resultados mostraram que, embora os efluentes contínuos se apresentem dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação, na despesca os valores obtidos para pH, amônia total, sólidos suspensos e sedimentáveis estão acima dos valores permitidos contribuindo para a deterioração progressiva da qualidade da água dos corpos hídricos da região. The Baixo Jaguaribe waterbasin has faced the installation of a growing number of shrimp farms along the Jaguaribe River, where there is no saline water interference. This work aims to show the chemical, physical-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of the inland shrimp farms continuous and harvest effluents, located in the Baixo Jaguaribe region, Ceará State, to discuss the possible impacts of these effluents in the water bodies and to suggest mitigating measures. It was analyzed water samples from the Jaguaribe river and the effluents of 2 tanks belonging to 2 different shrimp farms, during 1 production cycle. The parameters analyzed were: pH, turbidity, nitrate, total ammonia, electric conductivity, BOD5, total phosphorus, soluble phosphorus, total alkalinity, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, coliform organisms and chlorophylla. The harvest effluents, its was also analyzed DO and the fraction of sedimented solids. The results showed that although the continuous effluents complied with the legislation standards, in the harvest the values obtained from pH, total ammonia , suspended and settleable solids were higher than those allowed by the legislation. The total load resulting from the great volume drained by the shrimp farms contributes to a progressive deterioration of the water bodies quality in the region.
- Published
- 2005
23. Mass balnce in upflow anaerobic sludge ber reactors (UASB) treating swine wastewater
- Author
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Eugenio Foresti, Roberto Alves de Oliveira, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), and Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
- Subjects
tratamento anaeróbio ,anaerobic digestion ,Chemistry ,Swine wastewater ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Environmental engineering ,anaerobic treatment ,swine waste ,Pulp and paper industry ,digestão anaeróbia ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Total suspended solids ,resíduos de suinocultura - Abstract
Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:50:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-69162004000300035.pdf: 192837 bytes, checksum: 7ffb70f964c1f5dc194ddfd4a605b94d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:50:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-69162004000300035.pdf: 192837 bytes, checksum: 7ffb70f964c1f5dc194ddfd4a605b94d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:40:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-69162004000300035.pdf: 192837 bytes, checksum: 7ffb70f964c1f5dc194ddfd4a605b94d (MD5) S0100-69162004000300035.pdf.txt: 51737 bytes, checksum: 3f743da1d441ef6c43d00e50b55a99fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:10:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-69162004000300035.pdf: 192837 bytes, checksum: 7ffb70f964c1f5dc194ddfd4a605b94d (MD5) S0100-69162004000300035.pdf.txt: 51737 bytes, checksum: 3f743da1d441ef6c43d00e50b55a99fb (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:10:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-69162004000300035.pdf: 192837 bytes, checksum: 7ffb70f964c1f5dc194ddfd4a605b94d (MD5) S0100-69162004000300035.pdf.txt: 51737 bytes, checksum: 3f743da1d441ef6c43d00e50b55a99fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-01 Foi obtido o balanço de massa, a partir dos valores médios das determinações de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e produção de metano (CH4), em dois reatores UASB de bancada com volume de 10,5 L tratando águas residuárias de suinocultura, submetidos a condições operacionais distintas no que diz respeito às concentrações de sólidos suspensos totais do afluente (SST de 500; 1.000; 1.500 e 2.000 mg L-1), tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH de 30; 20; 12 e 8 h), taxas de carregamento orgânico volumétrico (TCOV de 0,8 a 8,0 kg DQO total (m³ d)-1) e temperatura (ambiente e controlada a 25º e 30ºC). Verificou-se que a DQO total removida convertida em CH4 variou de 28 a 51% e a relação DQO-CH4 por DQO dissolvida removida de 0,94 a 2,07; indicando alta participação da remoção física dos sólidos do afluente, de 49 a 72%, na remoção de DQO total nos reatores, a qual variou de 75 a 92%. A concentração de SST do afluente, a temperatura, o TDH e a TCOV influenciaram nesse desempenho dos reatores UASB. The mass balance was acquired out in order to determinate the mean values of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and methane (CH4) production from two UASB reactors treating swine wastewater subjected to distinct operational conditions in respect to concentrations of total suspended solids of the affluent (TSS of 500; 1,000; 1,500 and 2,000 mg L-1), hydraulic detention time (HDT of 30; 20; 12 and 8 h), volumetric organic loading rates (VOLR of 0.8 to 8.0 kg COD (m³ d)-1) and temperature (ambient, 25 ºC and 30 ºC). It was verified that values of total COD removed and converted in CH4 varied from 28 to 51% and the ratio values of COD-CH4 by removed and dissolved COD varied from 0.94 to 2.07; indicating a high participation of physical removal (49 to 72%) of the affluent solids in the process. The TSS concentrations, temperature, HDT and VOLR influenced the UASB reactors performance. UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias Agrárias e Veterinárias Depto. de Engenharia Rural USP Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias Agrárias e Veterinárias Depto. de Engenharia Rural
- Published
- 2004
24. Water quality index for agricultural and urban watershed use
- Author
-
Luís Gonzaga de Toledo and G. Nicolella
- Subjects
Pollution ,Watershed ,Agriculture (General) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,factorial analyses ,water resources ,análise fatorial ,S1-972 ,recursos hídricos ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nitrate ,IQA ,monitoramento ,pollution ,Turbidity ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,Total suspended solids ,media_common ,Hydrology ,WQI ,rios ,Sampling (statistics) ,poluição ,lcsh:S1-972 ,rivers ,Water resources ,monitoring ,chemistry ,Environmental science ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Water quality ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
A avaliação da qualidade da água em microbacias sob diferentes usos pode ser feita pelo uso de técnicas estatísticas multivariadas. Em Guaíra (SP), foi realizado o monitoramento da qualidade da água em uma microbacia de uso agrícola e urbano com 9600 ha, no período de jun/95 a jun/96. Coletaram-se amostras de água a cada 21 dias em 5 pontos, sendo determinadas 10 variáveis (fósforo total e dissolvido, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, amônia, nitrato, condutividade elétrica, turbidez, sólidos totais em suspensão e clorofila). Calculou-se um índice de qualidade de água (IQA) através do uso da técnica de análise fatorial e do método de Bartlett. Os resultados obtidos indicaram uma diferença entre os valores de IQA para as três estações a montante da cidade de Guaira e as duas estações a jusante, com valores médios de --1,757 e 2,35, respectivamente. Pela análise fatorial, oxigênio dissolvido, fósforo total, amônia e condutividade elétrica foram as variáveis que mais contribuíram na determinação do IQA. Os três primeiros fatores explicaram 71% da variância dos dados. O primeiro fator explicou 47% da variância dos dados e foi utilizado na construção do IQA. A influência climática foi pouco significativa no IQA, apresentando uma pequena deterioração na qualidade da água durante o período chuvoso. Discute-se a aplicação da técnica de análise fatorial como forma de avaliar as alterações na qualidade da água e na seleção de melhores indicadores de impacto ambiental em microbacias. An assessment of water quality in a watershed of 9600 ha in Guaíra, SP - Brazil, submitted to different occupations (rural and urban), was carried out during the period Jun/95 to Jun/96, using multivariate statistical techniques. Water samples were collected every 21 days at five sampling sites to evaluate ten water quality parameters (total and dissolved P, pH, dissolved O2, NH4, nitrate, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total suspended solids, and chlorophyll). A water quality index (WQI) was determined by the factorial analysis and the Bartlett method. The results point out a significant difference of WQI between the three upstream and the two downstream (in relation to Guaíra) sampling sites (mean values of - 1.76 and 2.35 respectively). The factorial analysis indicated that dissolved O2, total P, NH4, and electric conductivity were the most important parameters in determining the value of the WQI. The first three factors explained 71% of the variance of the data, whereas the first factor alone explained 47%. The influence of climate parameters was of little significance for the WQI, causing a minor water quality deterioration during the rainy season. The paper discusses the applicability of the factorial analysis as a means of assessing water quality alterations, as well as for the selection of appropriate indicators for the assessment of environmental impact in watersheds.
- Published
- 2002
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