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The present article explores the early steps taken toward the international legitimization of King Joao IV of Portugal by means of books and printed leaflets, outlining the context in which each work was published and the main arguments made by each author. Such writings were fundamental to publicizing the official version of the restoration movement abroad, which was until then only known of in Portugal. Dedicated to this task were the "republics", formed by men from a wide variety of social backgrounds and professions whose primary concern was to promote the things of the res publica. During the campaign, the republics were challenged by Castilian Juan Caramuel Lobkowitz, who wrote a response to the Kingdom of Portugal's manifesto, prompting a further response from various Portuguese authors. The result was to spark a controversy that involved various European countries and lasted for years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the Certificate of Proficiency in Portuguese Language for Foreigners (Celpe-Bras) examination is presented and its constituent parts are discussed. From a communicative perspective, the tasks in the examination prioritize actions which are relevant to interaction in real-life situations. Regarding the teaching and learning of Portuguese as a Foreign Language, these tasks can be applied as potential teaching material. Taking into consideration the impact of an examination in different social spheres, Celpe-Bras has also collaborated to redirect the teaching activity through reflection on classroom practice. We expect that this discussion will contribute to further in-depth consideration of teaching Portuguese as a Foreign Language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La Passion de Jeanne d'Arc (1928), directed by C. T. Dreyer, marks a breakthrough with cinema depictions of religious subjects. Setting aside conventional narratives, closed and declamatory, and concentrating on the interaction between semi-isolated images, appealing to multiples senses, the film transfers to the observer the task of animating and conferring global meaning to them. Though, in the twilight of silent cinema, Dreyer's film is celebrated by its formal characteristics. Through this article, we propose to explore the representation of devotional practices on cinema through an analysis of Dreyer's film, combining visual and fil studies approaches and establishing connections between its images and other media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze the problems faced by live-line electricians (ELV) of electrical power distribution networks with regard to aspects related to work in the task of pruning vegetation. To this end, an adapted version of the Ergonomic Analysis of Work (EAW) was applied. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the ELV team, and the speeches were treated according to content analysis and discussed from the perspective of Activity Ergonomics and Psychodynamics of Work. The difficulties faced by the ELV team are not only related to the physiological aspects resulting from the efforts made in the face of high demand but are also mainly related to the technical and organizational devices of the work. However, it was possible to identify aspects linked to the dimension of pleasure associated with issues of craft, of work well done and apparently invisible to society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, I argue that, in order to understand the directions of work, we must analyse how technological advancements impact the different tasks that constitute the different jobs. Therefore, I present the task-based model and discuss its theoretical considerations in the light of empirical findings about the advancements of Artificial Intelligence in the private sector. Based on that, I conclude that further advances in the studies on the future of work depend on investigations that elucidate how firms and governments try to guide technological advancement: just to encourage automation or also to promote successful integrations between humans and machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the investigation of these two figures of classical rhetoric in Merleau-Ponty’s work we intend to verify how he incorporates them into his philosophy. To accomplish this task the article compares passages from all periods of his work. When the philosopher uses these figures, he makes us think about the relations of painting, cinema and literature with philosophy. By working through these questions, the article aims not only to conduct a deep question about how Merleau-Ponty works with traditional issues, but also about the scope of ontology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general objective in this study was describe the managerial reality of Technology-Based Companies (TBCs). Thus, this study aimed to diagnose and describe how the administrative area of these companies is structured in order to ascertain the peculiarities of these companies. In order to achieve this objective, a data survey was done through interviews with a sample of TBCs' entrepreneurs in the city of Santa Maria, when the profile of these entrepreneurs and these companies was raised. It was asked about the management tools used by the TBCs and raised the administrative needs that these companies have. Regarding the research results, it was possible to notice that TBCs already adopt a wide range of administrative tools. It was found that the main difficulties pointed out by the companies in the sample is concentrated on how to manage tasks, processes and time, how to manage people and how to deal with low budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazilian Graduate Programs (PPGs, in Portuguese) are submitted to the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - CAPES evaluation's every four years. The Graduate Programs data for this evaluation are fed annually into the Capes' Sucupira Platform. At the Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, despite the existence of Graduate General Regulations, each Graduate Program has its Internal Regulation, which quite often results in communication lapses among the PPGs in regard to the fulfillment of internal tasks, and consequently, in a lack of standardization of processes and procedures. This study aims to investigate how the information to feed the Sucupira Platform is collected at each PPG at UFSCar and to describe the main difficulties. For this purpose, qualitative research has been developed using exploratory methods such as bibliographical research and research-action. As a result, the research brings the mapping and analysis of the Sucupira Platform data gathering, a contribution to a critical process to UFSCar and Brazilian's Graduate Programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We may fundamentally declare that Jacobi's critique of philosophy derives from his withdrawal from the sensitive towards the constitution of increasingly abstract and demonstrable truths. In this way, philosophy has only managed to generate disputes about what it is, without being able to demonstrate what philosophical position realized its task and what finally lead to the loss of confidence in the enterprise, or in other words, lead to skepticism. It treats here, without disregarding the influence of Thomas Reid's common sense philosophy, and to some extent also on Hume's influence, as Jacobi seeks to get out of this impasse from the way he understands the notion of belief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines passages of works by Saint Augustine, Nietzsche and Walter Benjamin based on certain themes proposed by Jacques Derrida, with an emphasis on the issue of translation and writing as an inscription of the self. The problem (the Benjaminian Aufgabe, that is, a necessary and impossible task) is how to translate the untranslatable, namely, the life, the necessity and the impossibility of this translation, narrated from the philosophy of these four authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the video game industry to function and expand, it needs to create productive and creative methods that aim to predict and prescribe the actions and behaviors of its players. In this sense, it develops ways to centralize the player as the key criterion that guides all decisions that lead the construction of a gameworld. In 2009. however. Minecraft appears as a radical break in the history of the industry, reversing in all aspects the notion that the player is the center of the gameworld. The aim of this paper is to understand this inversion. which we will call decentralization of the player. We defend that its emergence exposes the need to epistemologically rethink the connection between game and player. We take this task as the objective of this work, approaching it in three stages: first, defining the phenomenon of decentralization as a kind of weaving that connects player and game. Secondly, deepening the material dimension of the experience of acting in a game world. Finally, radicalizing the notion of decentralization, identifying it as a potential force in any game. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the of Study and Task Design Cycle (STDC) as a research method aimed at the study and design of mathematical tasks to guide, above all, the work of the teacher in the classroom. Based on the combination of theoretical tools from the perspective of Task Design and Didactic Suitability Criteria, the STDC results in a powerful and interesting tool to guide working with mathematical tasks and has been configured as a privileged space for studies and discussions around didactic and mathematical knowledge; acquisition of experiences and knowledges and reflections for changes in pedagogical practice. This article is based on the intention of disseminating the results of the research developed with the STDC, in order to foster discussions on the issue in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our ability to save is greater for more familiar stimuli than for less familiar. However, the specific processes affected by familiarity are still less known. We investigate the familiarity effect on the retrieval of visual representations in a recognition task, using the retroactive cue paradigm. A visual interference task (DVN-Dynamic Visual Noise) was used as visual nature indicator of recovered representations. The familiarity, defined as to the repeated exposure to the same stimuli set, was manipulated between two groups of participants. For one group (Group with Repeated Stimuli) the experimental tests contained stimuli drawn from the same set of 8 Chinese characters. For the other group (Group with Unpublished Stimuli) the tests were formed by unpublished stimuli, drawn from a set of 483 Chinese characters. DVN was presented in the interval between the retroactive tip and the test stimulus in half the tests. The performance of both groups improves on the task recognition throughout the experimental session, but more sharply at the group that worked with Repeated Stimuli. The retrieval effect remains unchanged throughout the session and independs of familiarity, however the more familiar representation is more susceptible to DVN, suggesting the repeated exposure to the same stimuli allowed the generation of visual representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article was elaborated for four hands, with two well defined tasks for each collaborator. The first is the result of a doctoral thesis on the transla- tions of biblical texts. The second, which focuses more on the various Targumim and their relationship to the New Testament, is the result of the "The Targum and the New Testament" Research Project. The main objective of this article is to show the relationship between the Aramaic Paraphrases of the Hebrew Text and the New Testament. Linked to this objective the article intends to show how these translations are the result of a long process of accommodation, revision and censorship, and finally of writing a tradition that has formed throughout history. To accomplish this will be covered the following steps. The first three parts of the article will be devoted to the presentation of the Targumim in its general aspects. The fourth part is dedicated to showing some parallels between the Targumim and some texts of New Testament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 19 to 23 November 2019, there took place the 24th General Assembly of Caritas Brazil took place in Teresina - PI, having as theme: "Well Living: Hope, Resistance and Prophecy" and as motto: "Rise up, raise your head, because it is near your deliverance" (Lk 21:28). The reflection that follows, made in the opening panel of the assembly, situates Caritas in the current societal context, based on the cries of both the poor and the earth, confronts it with the mission of building the Well-Living in a process of hope, resistance and prophecy, and concludes by pointing out some fundamental questions or challenges in the exercise of its mission in the current historical context - a kind of "minimum agenda" that indicates necessary and urgent paths and/or tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Appendix to the transcendental dialectic, the positive use of the ideas of reason (immanent use, regulator, hypothetical) is presented. Ideas, operating as imaginary foci, aim to guide understanding in the completion of knowledge from the field of possible experience. However, the very attainment of this task involves an unavoidable transcendental illusion, which lies at the root of most of the exegetical difficulties encountered in the Appendix given that it consists precisely in taking the mere imaginary foci for real foci, and thus intended to be the ideas concepts of transcendent objects. In this work, we try to present an analysis of the positive use of ideas capable of eliminating some of the difficulties generally encountered with respect to their objective validity. Briefly, it is sought to show that ideas represent only objects in idea, which are only capable of a relative, not absolute, position in existence, a position that is capable of guaranteeing them an indeterminate objective validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his essay "The task of the translator", Benjamin aims to show that the translation is not a simple sequel product of the original text, but "exposes" the latter to the reader. Denying the communicative function of the literary text, he also denies an intermediate function of its translation, which does not open an access channel to the original text, since both are parts of a major totality, converging in "pure language". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on a professional development process framed by an exploratory curricular perspective which values an orientation towards practice and the collective reflection among the participants. Its goal is to analyze the changes that teachers refer to have felt in their perspectives about teaching as well as how they regard the work carried out. The theoretical framework is based in a conception of professional practice that assumes the central role of the concepts of task and communication and a perspective about the design of professional development frameworks based on the exploratory approach. The participants are 19 teachers from grades 1 to 6. The study is based on a researcher's journal, an open response questionnaire and interviews. The results show that the participants came to enhance exploratory learning and whole class discussions and to assume a high expectation regarding the students' abilities. Concerning the work carried out, the participants highlight the connection with their practice and the moments of sharing experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aimed to identify the role of women in the development of Citizenship Territories of Jalapão. The methodology is qualitative and divided into two parts: the first aimed at identifying the role of women through existing literature, the second part was performed through semistructured interviews directed at various players in each county that make up the territory. Overall, both the literature and interviews show that the role of Jalapão women in the course of recent years has been redesigned. Before they were involved primarily with typical household tasks but now they have begun to play a more active role in boosting the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of writing in our society is undeniable, despite the immense distance that exists between the academic writing and writing as social practice. In the light of contributions from the Philosophy of Language and research in Language Acquisition, we outlined the purpose of this article, understanding language as a complex and dynamic system of interacting elements both biological and social. From this perspective, we take the view that language learning follows associative and cognitive general laws relating to use of frequency effects. Thus, we present a task approach as a way to develop writing proficiency, which must meet the requirements of frequent activity and communicative purposes. With this type of driving, learners are taken to enable cognitive processes to select and adapt strategically, both information already stored from their experiences and those available in the texts that make up a task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work had as objective to test the effects of different general instructions on rule following. Eighteen college students were exposed to a modified match-to-sample task and divided in three groups, which differed in the presentation of preliminary instructions (complete, without passages about materials or without passages about consequences). Subjects of each group were divided in two experimental conditions, in which accurate and inaccurate instructions were presented. Results showed that absence of sections about materials in the instructions complicates the learning task while absence of sections about consequences decreases the variety of responses. Notwithstanding, all subjects that performed the task correctly followed both accurate and inaccurate instructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to verify whether the activation of critical items in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm of producing false memories could also occur in the word stem completion task. The finding that the level of processing did not seem to have any effect on the word stem completion task supported the conclusion that the stem completion task was in fact an implicit memory test. The impact of a previous recall in a following memory task was also evaluated. The results indicated that the previous recall inhibited the effect of the processing level in the recognition task. In the word stem completion task the increase of stems completed with associates was only relevant when words were encoded superficially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semantic relations among equivalent stimuli were evaluated by lexical decision tasks and a semantic differential. Two training structures, known as \"one-to-many\" and \"many-to-one\", were employed in order to generate three classes of equivalent stimuli involving five sets of stimuli: A, B, C, D and E. Stimuli for set B were pictures of faces expressing emotions whereas stimuli for sets A, C, D and E were abstract pictures. For one group of participants, the One-to-many Group, the directly trained relations were AB, BC, CD and CE; for the other experimental group, the Many-to-one Group, the directly trained relations were DC, EC, CB and BA. Two pictures were then presented in sequence as \"prime\" and \"target\" in trials in which participants responded whether they recognized or not the target. Responses were faster when prime and target belonged to the same equivalent class, reproducing the semantic priming effect. Abstract pictures were then evaluated through the semantic differential. Evaluations by the One-to-many Group were similar to the evaluations of the faces made by a control group, but those made by the Many-to-one Group were not. The data suggest that the transfer of meaning among equivalent stimuli may depend on the relations which are established by the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manual preference of 5-month-old infants was evaluated in tasks of reaching static targets positioned on the midline, at the left and right, regarding egocentric coordinates. Frequency analysis of using the hands pointed out to diversified direction and magnitude of manual preference among infants. It was observed that they predominantly made ipsilateral reaches toward targets laterally positioned. Frequency of using the right and left hands was similar for targets located at the midline. The results suggest that in this stage of development manual preference is shifted by the spatial position of the objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research assessed the reliability, factorial validity and measurement invariance (by gender) of the Portuguese version of TEOSQ -Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (Fonseca & Biddle, 2001). Data were collected from 1010 physical education students with a mean age of 15.42 (SD=1.91). Factorial and invariance measurements were tested via confirmatory factorial analysis. Results supported internal consistency for the two proposed subscales (task and ego). Based on modification indices and theoretical justification the TEOSQp was reduced to 12 items with better goodness-of-fit indices for the oblique model. The results of gender invariance did not provide full empirical support to the multi-group equivalence assumption, being suggested that TEOSQp does not measure in the same way goal orientations for boys (orthogonal model) and girls (oblique model). In light of these results, conceptual, empirical and practical issues were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent interest on executive functions in children has led to the development of tasks specifically designed to measure it. Stroop tasks adapted for children are an example. The Animal Stroop task devised by Wright, Waterman, Prescott, and Murdoch-Eaton (2003) solves limitations of previous Stroop paradigms for children and provides a sensitive measure of inhibitory control during childhood. We present results in this task from Portuguese children and adults grouped by age: 5/6-, 7/8-, 10/12-year olds and young adults. A significant improvement in accuracy and reduction in reaction times was observed with increasing age in all conditions, more markedly so in the incongruent condition. Lower accuracy and increased reaction times in the incongruent condition relative to the control one revealed that 5/6- and 7/8-year-old children have less inhibitory control than do 10/12-year olds and young adults. These results allow us to characterize the developmental pattern of the Stroop effect in this task, and show that it is a useful tool for the measurement of inhibitory control in young children (less than 10 years of age). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prospective mathematics teachers often have learned mathematics through situations quite different from current curriculum recommendations. Such is the case of Fábio, who, at the beginning of his practicum, proposes mostly exercises and uses work at the blackboard. Assuming that didactic knowledge is reformulated from practice, this article analyzes the influence of a teacher education setting based on ICT (e-mail and forum) in developing aspects of such knowledge -- tasks proposed and ways of using technological materials. The qualitative and interpretative case study of this prospective teacher is based in interviews and in the analysis of the documentation generated in the teacher education setting. The results show that ICT enabled sharing and discussing classroom experiences and joint work with other prospective teachers, supervisor and mentor. Besides exercises, this prospective teacher begun proposing students tasks more open and challenging as well as the exploration of technological materials. His reflections regarding the tasks and the ways to use the technological materials in his classes contributed to enlarge his didactic knowledge and to regard his own practice as learning setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to raise the several registers related to death, which, in Ópera dos mortos by Autran Dourado, show the being-towards-death as studied by Martin Heidegger in Being and time. Rosalina, the main character, is confined to a two-story house without any contact with other people, except for Quiquina, a dumb servant. Rosalina lives in a permanent reverence to her ancestors in order to maintain the disdain and hate that her father felt in relation to the inhabitants of the small town where they used to live. Rosalina's refusal to break the family's values brings nothingness and desolation to her life. When Rosalina, repeats behavior models, refusing to make herself original, death reaches her. Life is summarized as being-towards-death and consists of an exhausting task facing many unexpected risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents (a) the criteria and elaboration steps for a research instrument in the orthographic priming paradigm; and (b) word and pseudo-word lists, elaborated based on those criteria, may be used as instruments for lexical decision, word completion or nomination tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]