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This article aims to address important aspects of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) from the beginning of life, to understand that the atypical behavior of that child reflects a brain that works in a different way. There is a growing number of diagnoses worldwide, which may indicate that teachers may at some points have at least one student with ASD in their classroom. Regarding the method, a narrative review was carried out by searching for articles in different search engines, using keywords and terms pertinent to the topic. Despite the undefined etiology, there is evidence of inherited and de novo variants, which end up causing alterations in neurodevelopment and are reflected in atypical behaviours. The conclusion is that a broad knowledge of ASD is fundamental for the teacher to understand and support the child in the process of inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primates have complex life histories, wide geographic distributions, and ecological and reproductive variability, characteristics that may contribute to phenotypic variation. They can be divided into three major monophyletic groups: Strepsirrhini from Madagascar, continental Africa, and Asia; Catarrhini in Africa and Asia; and Platyrrhini in the Americas. Here, we aimed to describe the size dimorphism of the mandible in the main primate clades using standardized geometric morphometric data. We calculated the index of sexual dimorphism for 102 primate species (19 Strepsirrhini, 54 Catarrhini, and 29 Platyrrhini). Our results show that males are often larger than females, although the opposite also occurs with some frequency. The disparity of sexual dimorphism, the amount of variation, is higher in Platyrrhini, followed by Catarrhini, and then Strepsirrhini primates. The higher disparity in Platyrrhini is particularly due to the high disparity in Callitrichidae, which have high values for both female- and male-bias dimorphism, along with the high levels of male-biased sexual dimorphism in Atelidae and Cebidae. Catarrhini sexual dimorphism is frequently male-biased, while Strepsirrhini species tend to be more monomorphic. Our results suggest that the evolution of sexual dimorphism may be a consequence of adaptive and biogeographic processes throughout the diversification of the groups. We encourage future studies to analyze different adaptive hypotheses for the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in primates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cartoon Test is an instrument that analyzes the perception of children and adolescents about the meaning of bullying through scenes of interaction between peers in the school environment. This qualitative exploratory study is the second phase of validation of the instrument in Brazil. The aim is to verify whether the participants understand both the images and captions of the cartoons and to record the words used to describe the inappropriate behaviors. Eight focus groups were carried out, with 52 students, aged between eight and 14 years, from two cities in Rio Grande do Sul. The instruments used were: sociodemographic questionnaire, record sheet and Cartoon Test. Content analysis was performed. The results showed that the instrument was understood by all the participants and bullying was the word most used to describe the aggressive situations. A reduction in the number of cartoons administered to children is suggested, in order to avoid exhaustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Carry out a reflection on social behavior regarding the safety of the elderly about the risk of falls. Methods: This is a theoretical-reflective study, supported by the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl, correlated to social behavior regarding the safety of the elderly about the risk of falling. Results: It was observed that, for a better understanding of this context, there is an urgent need for a greater sensitivity of society regarding safe practices and prevention of falls during the aging process and its influence on the elderly. In addition, planning a better infrastructure capable of providing greater security and ease of mobility is essential to prevent falls and other injuries. Conclusion: It is considered that public authorities and society need to be proactive in this process, in order to guarantee security with the implementation of accessibility measures that respect the individualities of the elderly person, as well as the practice of constant surveillance. Society must assume its social role in the implementation of safe practices adopted and aimed at the elderly in preventing falls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to systematize the descriptive variables cited in the behavior-analytic literature about altruism. Searches were performed in databases and Brazilian journals specialized in Behavior Analysis. Descriptors related to Behavior Analysis were combined with the words altruism and altruistic, resulting in 19 articles. The analyses indicated that altruism was approached as a class of behaviors with varied topographies, from sympathetic to aggressive ones, occurring under the antecedent control of rules and self-rules, and of establishing operations such as empathy. As consequences that can maintain altruistic behavior, immediate consequences were identified (production of positive reinforcers, removal of aversive events), and also delayed positive reinforcing consequences, which would characterize altruism as a molar and self-controlled behavioral pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the non-compliance with preventive measures of contagion of the new coronavirus, Covid-19, by residents in the municipality of Tabatinga, in the interior of the state of Amazonas. The results show that, taking into account the different existing factors, the social and cultural behavior rooted in the people who live and transit here, fruit of the local culture, may be responsible for the lack of respect for the rules and determinations of the authorities. In addition, the free movement of people between the border cities of Santa Rosa (Peru) and Leticia (Colombia) coupled with an inefficient inspection contribute to the worsening of the problem. As a result, the social isolation measures proposed by federal, state and municipal decrees have had low effectiveness in the city of Tabatinga - AM, since the population maintained the habit of moving freely through the city even at prohibited times and places, causing agglomerations and contributing to the increase in the number of Covid-19 cases in the city. Therefore, the understanding about the social behavior of citizens living in the city of Tabatinga becomes important so that the public power can take effective measures that effectively contribute to retaining the number of infected people, avoiding overcrowding in the public health network, in particular. the beds of the Intensive Care Units - ICUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study assesses correlations among hierarchical conceptions of group relationships and students' social position. The concept of social dominance orientation (SDO) deals with the acceptance of domination and hierarchy between groups. The research had 663 students from Uberlandia-MG, with a mean of 16 years of age who completed a questionnaire with an adaptation of the Social Dominance Orientation Scale and questions relative to mothers' schooling, sex and family income. Results from cluster analysis suggest three patterns: adolescents who support egalitarian relationships between groups; the opposite pattern, which approves of a society with dominant and dominated groups; and a contradictory position, which favors egalitarian aspects but denies that groups are equal. Discussion is centered on the sex and schooling factors and their association with SDO, and on the interpretation of the contradictory profile that defends restricted equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The calling activity of anurans is influenced by local environmental (e.g. temperature, rainfall, humidity and photoperiod) and social factors (calling activity). This study investigated the influence of air temperature, humidity, rainfall and speed water flow on acoustically active individuals' abundance and frequency of notes per minute of Hylodes nasus, as well as these biotic variables influence each other in Atlantic Rain Forest. Direct observations were carried out with two monthly expeditions from March 2007 to February 2008, in the interval from 7:00 to 17:00. Calling activity was positively associated with air temperature and monthly rainfall, negatively associated with humidity and speed water flow, and without influence with accumulated rainfall (24 hrs). The acoustically active individuals' abundance was positively influenced with frequency of notes per minute. The results may contribute to improve understanding of variables that influence anuran population structure with rheophilic habit and the role of each analyzed variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: understand the experiences of nurses resulting from exposure to moral harassment at their workplace. Method: qualitative research in which nine interviews were conducted with nurses of a private hospital in the city of São Paulo. The adopted theoretical framework was based on the social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz. Results: the main results found refer to the physical and psychic consequences that affect both the personal and the professional performance of nurses, which involves the fear these professionals feel to face the situation experienced. Conclusion: by understanding the experience of the professionals in face of the consequences of moral harassment, it was possible to evidence that they are subjected to degrading situations, in order to protect themselves and keep the stability of their day. As a reflex, they suffer the consequences as victims of moral harassment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, there are few tools to assess social behavior among adolescents. Therefore, this study aimed to build and seek validity evidence of Social Conduct Scale for Adolescents. We developed the instrument based on diagnostic criteria and interviews with experts and adolescents. Then, we looked for evidence of convergent validity and internal structure. The sample consisted of 1,093 participants, of which 54% were female. The Factorial Scale of Emotional Adjustment/Neuroticism and Social Skills Inventory were used to the search for evidence of convergent validity. As a result, three factors were extracted: "antisocial behavior", "prosocial behavior", and "challenge-oppositionalism" (with explained variances of 14.82%, 5.38% and 2.81% respectively). Differences in three factors were found in relation to gender and type of schooling. There was a significant interaction between age and gender, and positive correlation between the factors "antisocial behavior" and "challenge-oppositionalism". We conclude that the ESCA is valid and appropriate for use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the impact of a psychomotor intervention as a strategy to promote social and emotional skills in 35 school children between the ages of 6 and 11 years old. It was used the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Social Skills Rating Scale (SSRS-k6). According to the evaluation of the teachers and children, the results are indicative of significant improvements in the behavioural and hyperactivity problems, as well as, the level of prosocial behaviour by evaluating teachers and parents (p<0.05). Through the teacher's evaluation there were also some significant improvements in social skills, internalizing behaviour problems and academic skills (p<0.05). The results appear to support the potential of psychomotor intervention as a strategy in the promotion of social and emotional skills among child population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complexity and constructivism in economics. This paper attempts to show and summarize the concept of rules, order and complexity introduced around the mid-twentieth century by Friedrich August von Hayek. It also attempts to create a current parallel between those concepts and the field of complexity economics. At the time of his writings, the author sought to present arguments against the Cartesian rationality. Nowadays, the concepts presented by him could also serve as arguments against the way of thought used in mainstream microeconomics. A debate can now be seen between the mainstream microeconomics and the authors of the complexity theory applied to the economy, which can be understood as explanations guided by generic assumptions versus natural explanations guided in a computational approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article concerns a study of the difficulties that adolescents present at the level of their social skills and the possible intervention strategies developed by nurses, in order to mitigate adverse effects on the mental health of young people. The objectives were to identify and understand the factors that contribute to the difficulties / constraints of high school students related to social competences, namely self-control and assertiveness. This study had a qualitative approach and was descriptive research. We performed semi-structured interviews with a convenience sample of 25 students from the 12th grade at a high school in Coimbra. We carried out a qualitative analysis of the data following the perspective of Bardin (2009). The main factors identified by students as hindering social interaction that emerged from the analysis were lack of knowledge in dealing with day-to-day situations in social interaction, inability to manage emotions and fear of negative evaluation by others. We conclude that the identification of these factors in the target population will allow nurses to have deeper knowledge about the social deficits of adolescents and to direct skills training programmes to the specific difficulties of the target group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Bipolar disorder is associated to persistent functional impairments. Although many researches have shown that bipolar individuals might have cognitive deficits, a small number of studies evaluated the role of problems of social cognitive Theory of Mind processing (regarding the capacity to infer mental states) in the emergence of bipolar disorder's symptoms and its possible social poor outcomes. The objective of the present manuscript is to review systematically and critically the literature on Theory of Mind processing in bipolar disorder. Method: A search in the electronic database Medline was conducted in order to find articles published in English, German, Spanish or Portuguese during the past 20 years, using the search phrase "Bipolar Disorder"[Mesh] AND "Theory of Mind". Clinical studies have been searched, which involved bipolar individuals and that used one or more cognitive tasks developed to evaluate Theory of Mind abilities. Case reports and letters were excluded. The initial search retrieved 5 articles, out of them 4 were selected. Other 4 were also selected after reading the above mentioned articles. Discussion: the selected articles evaluated populations of adult and pediatric bipolar individuals, including those in euthymia, mania and depression. The majority of the chosen manuscripts suggest that Theory of Mind processing problems might exist in bipolar individuals and that such problems might lie behind the symptoms and the functional deficits of bipolar disorder. Conclusion: Additional research on the theme here discussed may shed light on the role of social cognitive problems in the emergence of bipolar disorder symptoms, as well as help developing preventive and therapeutic strategies for it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exposure to violence is a known risk factor for antisocial behavior. The objective of the study was to investigate the association between exposure to violence and development of two psychopathological profiles of antisocial behavior in adolescents from the outskirts of Sao Paulo. The design of the investigation was a cohort study with a sample composed by 93 adolescents (11-18 years) diagnosed with mental health problems at baseline in 2002 were reassessed in 2007. The investigated clinical outcome was the antisocial behavior at clinical or borderline level scores on the externalizing problem scale of the Child Behavior-Checklist. The risk factors were the exposure to urban and intrafamilial violence, according to the Questionnaire of Traumatic Events. The intrafamilial violence was the only relevant factor which predicted continuation of antisocial behavior at follow-up, while two factors related to urban violence (having a friend who was raped and/or injured with a knife) were associated with the onset of antisocial behavior. It was concluded that the family environment and a violent community are important influences to consider in the continuation and development of violent behavior among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author studies the tendencies of the Brazilian electorate social behavior based on their positioning about homossexualism, abortion, feminism and social hierarchy aspects and she analyses their relationship with socioeconomic, demographic and political variables. The author finds conservative trends in the social behavior, that do not seem to influence their electoral choices. The data come from the 2002 Brazilian Electoral Study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]