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Ant diversity in tropical montane rainforests is globally understudied. This is true for Cusuco National Park (CNP), a cloud forest ecosystem in northwestern Honduras that supports geographically isolated and threatened habitats. The current study presents the first comprehensive ant species checklist for CNP, which is also the first ant checklist for Honduras in over a century. Species records from several projects are also combined and presented. Sampling occurred along an elevational range (mainly between 1170 and 2030 m a.s.l.), with methodologies and intensities varying among projects and dates. Overall, 162 ant species belonging to nine subfamilies and 60 genera are reported from the CNP. Five species are recorded for the first time in Honduras (Pheidole natalie Longino, 2019; Strumigenys cf. calamita; Solenopsis invicta Buren, 1972; Solenopsis texana/carolinensis; Pseudomyrmex pallens Mayr, 1870). For the first time, male individuals are reported in Pheidole balatro Longino, 2019. For each species, we provide information on observed habitat preference, elevational range, and sampling technique. Species accumulation curves are provided for each sample technique, representing sampling intensity and community sample coverage. We also provide a key to the ant genera of Honduras to aid future taxonomic efforts in the country. Our research demonstrates that CNP harbours a surprisingly rich diversity of ant species, despite its small area, similar to many other taxa in the park. The information provided here represents baseline information for future work on ants in CNP and other Honduran cloud forests and will help guide research in these otherwise poorly explored yet highly threatened ecosystems.

Editorial número 55 de la revista Relaciones Internacionales "Las transformaciones de la Paz Liberal en los albores del siglo XXI".

Lucian’s Hermotimus, despite its first appearances of being a merely skeptical, even sophistical discrediting of philosophy, is better read as a powerful protreptic defense of the endeavor, whose key ancient intertext is Plato's Republic. To make this case, the paper involves three parts. In part i, we examine the metaphilosophical framing of the Hermotimus’s exchange between the eponymous hero, aged about 60 (§48) and Lucian’s favored interlocutor, Lycinus. We show that Lucian accepts that philosophy is intended to be an elevated way of life cultivating wisdom and virtue, at the same time as he is concerned at how readily this pursuit can devolve into a hybristic, sectarian endeavor, in which pupils identify uncritically with instructors who do not match their words with their deeds. In part ii., we address the central elenchus and the action of the Hermotimus, the patient work by Lycinus to undermine Hermotimus’ dogmatic self-conceit, by refuting the different solutions he offers to the paradox involved in his having chosen a particular philosophical orientation, Stoicism, as a novice without philosophical training. Part iii. excavates the positive vision of philosophy that the action of the dialogue shows, highlighting the five key places in Hermotimus wherein Lycinus offers us entirely unironic visions of what philosophy at it best could be, in contrast to what it has become in Hermotimus or his teachers: or, as Lycinus heralds it, a kind of Ariadne’s thread out of the maze of Hermotimus’ paradox (§68).

The current study examined if multi-tiered offerings of a sports broadcast (three levels aimed at new sports fans, traditional sports fans, and hardcore sports fans) would increase a viewer’s intention to watch sports. Results reveal one’s level of sports fandom may increase if broadcasters implemented a feasible multi-tiered model of streaming sports based on three fandom levels, and viewers, even hardcore fans, like the idea of an introductory broadcast that explains in more detail the sport they are watching—perhaps because it could help them fulfill their willingness to consume more sports through fantasy and betting.

Resumen Este artículo examina la historia de la natación sincronizada en Ontario, con un enfoque específico en Peterborough, entre las décadas de 1920 y 1950. Dos factores explican el auge y la consolidación de la "sincro" como deporte femenino en ese período. El primer factor está relacionado con los cambios anteriores en el deporte femenino en el período de entreguerras, junto con el auge de la cultura de la belleza hegemónica moderna. A medida que la sincro luchaba por el reconocimiento oficial, los entrenadores y nadadores asimilaron los estándares de belleza femenina para generar popularidad para su deporte. El segundo factor está relacionado con el enfoque nacionalista en el desarrollo del deporte en las décadas de 1940 y 1950. La inversión financiera e ideológica en el deporte, dando importancia a la salud y la condición física nacional, permitió que la sincro creciera y prosperara. Como lo ejemplifica el club de Peterborough, estos dos factores permitieron que las mujeres canadienses tuvieran un papel formativo en el desarrollo nacional e internacional de la sincronizada como un deporte para producir cuerpos sanos y bellos. Abstract This article examines the history of synchronized swimming in Ontario, with a specific focus on Peterborough, between the 1920s and the 1950s. Two factors explain the rise and consolidation of “synchro” as a women’s sport in the period. The first factor relates to earlier changes in women’s sport in the interwar period, alongside the rise of modern hegemonic beauty culture. As synchro struggled for official recognition, coaches and swimmers embraced feminine beauty constructs to generate popularity for their sport. The second factor relates to the nationalistic approach to sport development in the 1940s and 1950s. Financial and ideological investment in sport as important for national health and physical fitness allowed synchro to grow and flourish. As exemplified by the Peterborough club, these two factors allowed Canadian women to play a formative role in the national and international development of synchro as a sport to produce fit and beautiful bodies.

El presente trabajo se interesa en constatar los procesos de desterritorialización y reterritorialización de los agenciamientos humanos-no humanos en Patagonia-Aysén. Por lo mismo, importará concentrarnos en la co-producción que implica el enjambre superficial de sus asociaciones y desde donde aflorarán, entre otros, los cuerpos del puma, la vaca y sujetos que acá llamaremos fronterizo y ambiental. Sus valores y sentidos, como nos interesa mostrar, no poseen ninguna trascedencia y solo hay jerarquizaciones o juegos de fuerza entre ellos. Finalmente, nos interesa dar cuenta del rol del capital en estos procesos de producción en la medida que potencia su plusvalía desde la economía del deseo y la política de las imágenes para desde allí construir un territorio donde “sujetos dominados” consumirán los nuevos estados desde donde han sido producidos.

Durante bastante tiempo distintas corrientes de teoría social y política han reconocido que la materialidad es importante. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de estas corrientes la materialidad se refiere principalmente a las estructuras y producciones sociales. En otras ocasiones, se interpreta como la encarnación en objetos concretos de significados socialmente construidos. Karl Marx decía allá por el siglo XIX que “el punto de vista del antiguo materialismo es la sociedad ‘civil’; el del nuevo materialismo, la sociedad ‘humana’ o la humanidad socializada” (1985:35). Pero, tratando de traer hacia nuestro presente esa imagen desde una perspectiva crítica, nos cuestionamos si será posible abrir la reflexión materialista en el siglo XXI hacia sociedades posthumanas, es decir, sociedades comprendidas como ensamblajes colectivos de relaciones entre humanos y no humanos. En esa línea, Bruno Latour se preguntaba si acaso no era “lo social” (aquello que comúnmente es considerado como lo dado o el presupuesto de base en los análisis sociales) lo que precisamente había que problematizar y explicar para “reensamblar” (2008).

As empirical research into access to justice burgeons around the world, contemporary work offers opportunities for integration and synthesis, generating insights that can inform both policy priorities and practical decisions about program design and implementation. Access to justice is historically a problem-focused research field, but an important strand of contemporary access to justice research focuses on solutions, or a deeper understanding “what works.” This paper offers a three-part framework for thinking about how research about “what works” in one jurisdiction can inform understanding of what might work in others. We propose a common core of research questions; a framework for conceptualizing the objects of study (in the example here, programs); and a framework for conceptualizing the contexts in which those programs might operate. A medida que la investigación empírica sobre el acceso a la justicia crece en todo el mundo, el trabajo contemporáneo ofrece oportunidades para la integración y la síntesis, generando ideas que pueden informar tanto las prioridades políticas como las decisiones prácticas sobre el diseño y la implementación de programas. El acceso a la justicia es históricamente un campo de investigación centrado en los problemas, pero una importante vertiente de la investigación contemporánea sobre el acceso a la justicia se centra en las soluciones, o en una comprensión más profunda de “lo que funciona”. Este documento ofrece un marco de tres partes para pensar en cómo la investigación sobre “lo que funciona” en una jurisdicción puede informar sobre lo que podría funcionar en otras. Proponemos un núcleo común de preguntas de investigación; un marco para conceptualizar los objetos de estudio (en el ejemplo que nos ocupa, los programas); y un marco para conceptualizar los contextos en los que podrían funcionar esos programas. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1357

How voluntary associations promote social interaction across difference and contribute to building diverse communities are questions of relevance in Italy and beyond. To be successful, associations must earn and maintain reputations as groups worth joining. To do so can be challenging, given that they bring together people with different life experiences and languages. To thrive, groups must remain flexible and adaptive. This article addresses an under-considered type of voluntary association that contributes to building relationships and shared sense of community across cultural boundaries: the multicultural social club. The report is based upon early findings from an on-going ethnographic study in Puglia concerning the aspirations, activities, and life-cycles of multicultural clubs. It describes how members of one organization – The Philosopher’s Table – launched themselves on a path of reflection and reinvigoration during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their objectives were to discover ways better to serve existing members, assist the community, and increase membership. Among the club’s noteworthy characteristics is that it includes locally-born Italians and expatriates in nearly equal number. Expatriates rarely receive attention in discussions of diverse communities in Italy. Findings from this project help address that knowledge gap, contribute to current interest in conviviality in multicultural settings, and extend understandings of the dynamics and life-cycles of social leisure groups that are diverse by design.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the relationship between birth weight and the autonomic nervous system in adulthood through a systematic review. Data source: This is a systematic review of publications without limitation of year and language. We included studies involving the autonomic nervous system and birth weight in adults. Manuscripts were selected based on electronic searches of Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science Cochrane Library and Scopus databases, using “Autonomic Nervous System” OR “Heart Rate” OR “Heart Rate Variability” AND “Birth Weight” as a search strategy. This review is registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews — PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020165622). Data synthesis: We found 894 articles; 215 were excluded for duplicity. Of the remaining 679 studies, 11 remained. Two were excluded because they did not specifically treat the autonomic nervous system or birth weight. There were nine publications, two cohort and seven cross-sectional studies. The main findings were that extreme, very low, low or high birth weight may have some impact on the autonomic nervous system in adult life. Conclusions: Birth weight outside the normality rate may have a negative influence on the autonomic nervous system, causing autonomic dysfunction and increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in adult life. Thus, the importance of the follow-up of health professionals from pregnancy to gestation and throughout life, with preventive care being emphasized.

ABSTRACT: Acute liver injury (ALI) is an important medical problem that requires effective therapy. Astaxanthin (AST) is a carotenoid, and the beneficial effects of astaxanthin, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour activities, have been identified. The present study was designed to elucidate the protective effects of astaxanthin against ALI and their underlying mechanisms. RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with dimethyl sulfoxide combined with different doses of astaxanthin for 12 h. Mice were fed with or without astaxanthin for up to 7 days. LPS was administered to induce inflammation. We assessed histopathology, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis .The results indicated that astaxanthin attenuated LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and cell apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that astaxanthin down regulated the nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) signalling pathways, inhibiting the LPS-induced inflammatory response, oxidative stress and cell apoptosis, and alleviating LPS-induced ALI in mice.

Objectives. To identify the factors contributing to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy in Grenada. Methods. A phenomenological study was conducted using semi-structured interviews at vaccination and pop-up testing clinics during a spike in COVID-19 cases on the island. Interview questions were developed using the health belief model related to perceived threat of COVID-19, perceived benefits of and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination, and cues to action. Data were analyzed using a deductive approach to identify themes, categories, and subcategories. Results. Twenty-five interviews were transcribed and coded. In all, 68% of participants were unvaccinated, 12% were partially vaccinated, and 20% were fully vaccinated. Data analysis revealed two main themes: facilitators and barriers. Factors more likely to encourage vaccination (facilitators) included trust in medical advice and vaccine efficacy, social responsibility, and vaccine mandates for travel, employment, and social activities. Factors hindering vaccination (barriers) included: perceived low threat of COVID-19; preference for natural remedies; concerns about contraindications because of underlying health conditions; fear; mistrust of vaccines and related messaging; vaccine accessibility; and the many different information sources. Conclusions. Overcoming vaccine hesitancy is key to combating the detrimental effects of COVID-19 in Grenada. Public health interventions and policies that address barriers and capitalize on facilitators can increase vaccine uptake.

Introduction: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are common adverse drug reactions (ADR) experienced by children undergoing treatment for cancer. New paediatric ADR Assessment Causality and Avoidability tools (LCAT and LAAT) of Liverpool are suitable for categorizing factors related to ADR prevention and improving patient care. Still, no studies to date have compared the utility and results of its application for CINV in countries with different levels of development. Objective: To investigate the utility of the Liverpool Adverse Drug Reaction Causality and Avoidability Assessment Tools (LCAT and LAAT) in assessing CINV in children. Method: Prospective observational study of CINV assessment in children aged 4 to 16 years from Alder Hey Children’s Hospital (Liverpool, UK) and “Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira” (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Children (helped by the parents) completed a symptom diary during chemotherapy and for 24 hours after treatment. Information regarding underlying diagnosis, past medical history, and medications administered was collected from the patient record. Case reports were prepared, and the temporal relationship between nausea and vomiting and exposure to chemotherapy, including any strategy to prevent CINV, was recorded. The causality and avoidability were assessed with LCAT and LAAT, respectively. Results: There were 26 reports of CINV in 36 chemotherapy cycles. The causality assessment was ‘definite’ for 24 cases. Twenty ADRs were deemed ‘definitely avoidable’ and four ‘not avoidable’. Selection of inappropriate therapeutic options and non-administration of antiemetic were the most common factors observed in the hospitals studied. Conclusion: The LCAT and LAAT were helpful for assessing CINV in children in two different hospitals.

A declaração dos Principais Itens para Relatar Revisões Sistemáticas e Meta-análises (PRISMA), publicada em 2009, foi desenvolvida para ajudar revisores sistemáticos a relatar de forma transparente por que a revisão foi feita, os métodos empregados e o que os autores encontraram. Na última década, os avanços na metodologia e terminologia de revisões sistemáticas exigiram a atualização da diretriz. A declaração PRISMA 2020 substitui a declaração de 2009 e inclui novas orientações para relato que refletem os avanços nos métodos para identificar, selecionar, avaliar e sintetizar estudos. A estrutura e apresentação dos itens foram modificadas para facilitar a implementação. Neste artigo, apresentamos a lista de checagem PRISMA 2020 de 27 itens, uma lista de checagem expandida que detalha as recomendações para relato para cada item, a lista de checagem PRISMA 2020 para resumos e os fluxogramas revisados para novas revisões e para atualização de revisões.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the patterns of overall mortality and mortality from external causes and the temporal evolution in the municipalities of the Paraopeba River Basin, before the socio-environmental disaster of the Brumadinho dam and, additionally, to investigate the correlation between mortality and socioeconomic deprivation in these municipalities. Methods: Global Burden of Disease Study mortality estimates for 26 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were analyzed. Rates of overall mortality and mortality from external causes were estimated in the triennia (T) T1 (2000 to 2002), T2 (2009 to 2011), and T3 (2016 to 2018). Pearson’s correlation coefficient measured the association between mortality rates and socioeconomic deprivation, according to the Brazilian Deprivation Index (IBP). Results: There was a decrease in overall mortality in the Paraopeba River Basin from 717.7/100 thousand to 572.6/100 thousand inhabitants, and in most municipalities between T1-T3. Mortality from external causes increased from 73.3/100 thousand to 82.1/100 thousand, and it was higher in these municipalities compared with the mean for Brazil and Minas Gerais. Deaths from suicide and interpersonal violence increased from 29.6/100 thousand to 43.2/100 thousand in most of the 26 municipalities. Death rates due to unintentional injuries decreased during the period, and those due to transport injuries, increased. There was a positive correlation between socioeconomic deprivation and the percent change in mortality rates. Conclusion: Despite the strong presence of mining activity in the region, such did not reflect in the improvement of the sanitary situation. Death rates due to external causes increased in the period, associated with inequalities, which must be considered in the planning for the recovery of the disaster areas.

Resumo Fundamento A avaliação do Escore de Cálcio Coronariano (ECC) pode ser realizada por tomografia computadorizada sem contraste para prever eventos cardiovasculares, mas tem menor valor na estratificação de risco em pacientes sintomáticos. Objetivo Identificar e validar preditores de obstrução coronariana significativa (OCS) em pacientes sintomáticos sem calcificação da artéria coronária. Métodos Um total de 4258 participantes foram rastreados dos estudos CORE64 e CORE 320, nos quais foram avaliados pacientes encaminhados para angiografia invasiva, e do Quanta Registry que incluiu pacientes encaminhados para angiotomografia. Modelos de regressão logística avaliaram associações entre fatores de risco cardiovascular, ECC e OCS. Um nível de significância de 5% foi usado nas análises. Resultados Dos 509 participantes do estudo CORE, 117 (23%) apresentaram um ECC igual a zero; 13 (11%) pacientes sem cálcio coronariano apresentaram OCS. A ausência de cálcio coronariano correlacionou-se com idade mais jovem, sexo feminino, índice de massa corporal mais baixo, ausência de diabetes, e ausência de dislipidemia. O fato de ser fumante atual aumentou em 3,5 vezes a probabilidade de OCS e outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares não apresentaram associação significativa. Considerando os achados clínicos, um algoritmo para estratificar os pacientes com ECC igual a zero foi proposto, e tiveram desempenho limitado na coorte de validação (AUC 58; IC95% 43, 72). Conclusão Um perfil de risco cardiovascular mais baixo está associado a um ECC igual a zero em pacientes de alto risco. Tabagismo é o preditor mais forte de OCS em pacientes com ausência de cálcio coronariano.

Cada vez más se reconoce que las mejoras en la salud y el bienestar no se han registrado por igual en las poblaciones de la Región de las Américas. En este artículo se analizan 32 políticas, estrategias y planes nacionales del sector de la salud en diez áreas diferentes de la equidad en la salud para comprender, desde una perspectiva, cómo se está abordando el tema de la equidad en la Región. Se encontraron variaciones significativas en la sustancia y estructura de la manera en que los planes de salud manejan el problema. Casi todos los países incluyen explícitamente la equidad en la salud como un objetivo claro y la mayoría de los países abordan los determinantes sociales de la salud. Los procesos participativos documentados seguidos en la formulación de estos planes abarcan desde inexistentes hasta extensos y bien concebidos. Muchos planes incluyen políticas sólidas centradas en la equidad, como las destinadas a mejorar la accesibilidad física de la atención de salud y aumentar el acceso asequible a los medicamentos, pero ningún país incluye todos los aspectos examinados. Los países consideran a las poblaciones marginadas en sus planes, aunque solo una cuarta parte incluye específicamente a los afrodescendientes y más de la mitad no abordan a los pueblos indígenas, incluso algunos con grandes poblaciones indígenas. Cuatro incluyen atención a los migrantes. A pesar de que incluyen objetivos sobre la equidad en la salud y datos sobre las inequidades como parámetros de referencia, menos de la mitad de los países se fijan objetivos con plazos específicos para reducir las desigualdades absolutas o relativas en el ámbito de la salud. Rara vez se encuentran en los planes mecanismos claros de rendición de cuentas, como la educación, la presentación de informes o mecanismos para hacer respetar los derechos. El compromiso casi unánime entre los países de la Región de las Américas con la equidad en la salud ofrece una oportunidad importante. Aprender de los planes más sólidos centrados en la equidad podría proporcionar una hoja de ruta para los esfuerzos tendientes a traducir las metas amplias en objetivos con plazos definidos y, finalmente, aumentar la equidad.

Building upon Wayne Modest’s work on the representation of Caribbean and enslaved people in the British Museum, this article examines the representation of Caribbean plantations in several British establishments, the Museum of London Docklands, the National Maritime Museum, the Mshed Museum, the Georgian House, and the International Slavery Museum. Drawing on Black feminist works on race, geography and identity, I argue that these museums create a homogenised vision of the Caribbean, which results in a homogenised depiction of enslaved peoples. Specifically, resistance to slavery is presented as a largely masculine endeavour and taking place only in terms of military conflict. Indeed, representations of enslaved women are largely absent in many of these museums. Only the International Slavery Museum achieves a complex rendering of the Caribbean by pushing against the limitations of abolitionist produced representations of the Caribbean and incorporating models and a multifaceted range of testimonies, including that of enslaved women.

Existing scholarship on “tropicality” emphasizes how Europeans and US-Americans constructed the tropics discursively and visually in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Scientists, investors, and travelers denigrated tropical spaces to legitimize imperialism, labeling them backwards, racially degenerative, disease-ridden, and unconducive to civilization without white European intervention These works unwittingly reproduce a central assumption of the very imperialists they critique: namely, that North Atlantic elites controlled knowledge production. They thus marginalize the important theorizing and conceptualizing that transpired in tropical spaces. Following independence, Latin American national elites agonized over how to integrate their tropical territories, many of which remained isolated, and make them legible for economic modernization. This article uses Mexico as a case study for Latin American representations about the tropics given its diverse temperate and tropical geography, its key role in the global commercial economy, and its robust intellectual production. I argue that the ways in which Mexican intellectuals—public officials, geographers, philosophers, and others—thought about their low-lying tropical lands molded nation-building projects and contributed to the global production of environmental knowledge at a time when notions of tropical peril and degeneracy were giving way to the promise of tropical bonanza. By tracing the changes and continuities of Mexicans’ tropical discourses in a global context, I underscore the underappreciated environmental and geographic thought of influential Mexicans—from Matías Romero and Francisco Bulnes to José Vasconcelos—who rarely appear in environmental historiography. A focus on these different imaginaries regarding the significance, purpose, and place of Mexico’s tropical lands also reveals the extent to which material interventions in the tropics and discursive representations of the tropics have co-constituted each other.

The second version of Diogo do Couto’s O Soldado Prático is one of the best-known works of Portuguese prose from the late 16th century. Yet one of the most distinctive aspects of the text—its many references to memorable sayings and deeds from Greco-Roman antiquity—has received little detailed scholarly study. Despite considerable interest in the historical sources of Couto’s Décadas da Ásia, no systematic attempt has been made to determine Couto’s classical literary sources for O Soldado Prático. This article examines the most frequently cited texts that Couto used as sources for stories and quotations from classical antiquity. It demonstrates that Couto translated or paraphrased many of these anecdotes from two sets of works: Spanish translations of Plutarch and the moralizing works of the Spanish bishop Antonio de Guevara. This survey of sources concludes by assessing both the breadth and the limits of Couto’s classical knowledge.

There is growing recognition that health and well-being improvements have not been shared across populations in the Americas. This article analyzes 32 national health sector policies, strategies, and plans across 10 different areas of health equity to understand, from one perspective, how equity is being addressed in the region. It finds significant variation in the substance and structure of how the health plans handle the issue. Nearly all countries explicitly include health equity as a clear goal, and most address the social determinants of health. Participatory processes documented in the development of these plans range from none to extensive and robust. Substantive equity-focused policies, such as those to improve physical accessibility of health care and increase affordable access to medicines, are included in many plans, though no country includes all aspects examined. Countries identify marginalized populations in their plans, though only a quarter specifically identify Afro-descendants and more than half do not address Indigenous people, including countries with large Indigenous populations. Four include attention to migrants. Despite health equity goals and data on baseline inequities, fewer than half of countries include time-bound targets on reducing absolute or relative health inequalities. Clear accountability mechanisms such as education, reporting, or rights-enforcement mechanisms in plans are rare. The nearly unanimous commitment across countries of the Americas to equity in health provides an important opportunity. Learning from the most robust equity-focused plans could provide a road map for efforts to translate broad goals into time-bound targets and eventually to increasing equity.

ABSTRACT Objective To verify the association of changes on physical activity levels during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak of individuals with normal weight and overweight/obesity, and the influence of sex in this relationship. Methods This cross-sectional study (survey research) was conducted in Brazil between May 5 and May 17, 2020. Participants (n=1,828 / 1,062 women >18 years) were invited through social media to answer a structured questionnaire via Google Forms. The online assessment included self-reported responses to questions on physical activity, overall health, weight, and height. Binary logistic regression analyzed the relationship between overweight/obesity (body mass index ≥25kg/m2), the impact of COVID-19 on physical activity level, and the influence of sex. Results Compared to normal weight people, those with overweight/obesity practice less moderate to vigorous physical activity (p

Com a endemia do vírus Sars-CoV-2, muitos indivíduos acometidos de doenças hepáticas preexistentes como cirrose hepática e as hepatopatias crônicas se tornaram expostos à descompensação do quadro pela virulência da exposição e à suscetibilidade individual pela infecção do novo coronavírus. A citotoxicidade direta do vírus Sars-CoV-2 ocorre pela sua replicação nas células hepáticas, dada pela ligação do agente às células-alvo pela expressão da enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 (ECA2), que é a principal mediadora da replicação viral nos pacientes infectados pela Covid-19. Como consequência, as citocinas pró-inflamatórias aumentam e podem provocar hipóxia e isquemia sistêmica. Em associação à linfopenia e à diminuição dos níveis de células T-CD4+, os pacientes podem evoluir para descompensação ou piora do quadro infeccioso, com a insuficiência hepática crônica agudizada desde a primeira semana e, assim, diminuição de sobrevida. Os pacientes pré-diagnosticados com cirrose e infectados pelo vírus da Covid-19 possuem maior acometimento hepático e pior prognóstico e, portanto, merecem acompanhamento especial, sendo cuidadosamente avaliados a fim de possibilitar a redução das lesões hepáticas causadas pela infecção.

A propósito de la incertidumbre jurídica que un decreto reciente del Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo (MINVU) trata de solucionar, el presente artículo analiza la aplicación de un instrumento normativo en un caso de planificación urbana local. Se propone que esa aplicación se entiende mejor con un enfoque en el uso estratégico de la normativa. Los instrumentos normativos no se aplican de forma mecánica sino de forma selectiva y con orientación a cumplir objetivos de forma creativa. Se revisa un estudio de caso de forma interpretativa y basada en entrevistas y revisión de documentos, es el caso conflictivo de la aprobación de una modificación integral al Plan Regulador Comunal de la municipalidad de Ñuñoa frente a una significativa insatisfacción ciudadana. El análisis demuestra la importancia de la representación de la planificación como la mera aplicación de sus instrumentos normativos y la potencia de un enfoque en la aplicación de los instrumentos normativos para entender la gobernanza, demostrando el cumplimiento selectivo y creativo de la Ordenanza General de Urbanismo y Construcción. Se insiste que cualquier movilización por crear instrumentos normativos más justos debe ser complementada por un esfuerzo de analizar la aplicación de esos instrumentos.

The Republic of Panama has the second most unequally distributed wealth in Central America, has recently entered the list of countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and has one of the largest testing rate per inhabitant in the region and consequently the highest incidence rate of COVID-19, making it an ideal location to discuss potential scenarios for assessing epidemic preparedness, and to outline research opportunities in the Region of the Americas. We address two timely important questions: What are the unique risks of COVID-19 in Panama that could help other countries in the Region be better prepared? And what kind of scientific knowledge can Panama contribute to the regional and global study of COVID-19? This paper provides suggestions about how the research community could support local health authorities plan for different scenarios and decrease public anxiety. It also presents basic scientific opportunities about emerging pandemic pathogens towards promoting global health from the perspective of a middle income country.

As Células de Energia Microbiológicas (CEMs) são uma tecnologia promissora na geração de bioeletricidade a partir de biomassa usando bactérias, ou seja, convertendo resíduos em produtos energéticos. Este estudo usou uma câmara de CEM simples e amostras de efluente de uma estação de tratamento de efluentes municipal para converter energia. De forma a verificar a eficiência da CEM, cinco câmaras simples foram utilizadas, cada uma com sua própria conformidade de material anódico. As câmaras consistiram de quatro Discos de Carbono (DC) com composições variáveis de carbono e uma Escova de Fibra de Carbono (EFC). As densidades de potência máxima de EFC, DC1 e DC2 mostraram uma tendência decrescente, sendo esta 24mW/m3, 20mW/m3, 8mW/m3, respectivamente. A análise da comunidade microbiológica foi realizada para comparar a composição microbiológica encontrada em cada câmara e identificar uma possível relação na geração de bioeletricidade. Os resultados através da Clonagem Shotgun e DGGE mostraram que os microrganismos na câmara EFC foram os que variaram mais. Uma vez que ambos os grupos Geobacter e Chlorobium foram identificados como os mais predominantes, uma análise por q-PCR foi conduzida. A porcentagem entre os grupos foi de 80, 92 e 95% para Chlorobium e 55, 25 e 10% para Geobacter nas câmaras EFC, DC1 e DC2, respectivamente. A relação simbiótica de Chlorobium e Geobacter pode ser a chave para se aumentar a quantidade de eletricidade produzida biologicamente com este tipo de efluente.

O Brasil tem uma dívida antiga com comunidades indígenas deslocadas em decorrência da construção de hidrelétricas, que fornecem energia para as cidades, fábricas e terras agrícolas do país. Um caso importante é a comunidade atingida pela Hidrelétrica de Itaparica, construída entre as décadas de 1970 e 1980, no trecho submédio do rio São Francisco, no Nordeste semiárido. O reservatório deslocou, além de dezenas de milhares de lavradores, os Tuxá, um povo indígena que vivia há séculos na área alagada pela usina. Para os Tuxá, esse deslocamento tem sido particularmente danoso, porque, desde os anos 1980, o governo tem renegado a promessa de garantir uma terra compensatória para o grupo. O bem-estar material e a identidade cultural dos Tuxá estão enraizados na sua terra, mas o grupo já está há mais de três décadas sem terra, o que representa um período de mais de uma geração humana. Este artigo conta a história do deslocamento do povo Tuxá e sua luta pela terra, no esforço de dar visibilidade a este caso ainda não resolvido de injustiça socioambiental.

This article explores the interaction between DH techniques and traditional practices of scholarship and reading in the ongoing Prismatic Jane Eyre project. First, it describes the challenges of creating digital maps of the global distribution of translations of Charlotte Brontë’s 'Jane Eyre' through space and time, and the new perspectives on translation, and fresh avenues for archival scholarship, that emerged from this process. It then shows how digital investigation of the type-token ratio can enter into productive dialogue with human close reading, generating a nuanced understanding of the workings of translation across several languages.

Although Heinrich Schenker certainly changed his mind about many topics, he never waivered in his belief that 1) current ways to explain modulation were fundamentally flawed; and 2) that modulation is best learned by improvising preludes and fantasies. To explain these points, Part I reconsiders Schenker’s critique of Max Reger’s Beiträge zur Modulationslehre (1903) and Salomon Jadassohn’s Die Kunst zu Modulieren und zu Präludieren (1890) and describes three types of modulation endorsed by Schenker in his Harmonielehre (1906): 1) [diatonic] reinterpretation; 2) chromaticism; and 3) enharmonicism. Part II then shows how Schenker not only dispensed with the traditional concepts of relative, close, and distant keys, but he eventually proposed that modulations arise at the foreground for contrapuntal, even motivic reasons. Finally, Part III uses Schenker’s claims about modulating and preludizing to analyze Beethoven’s “Two Preludes” in C major, Op. 39, both of which modulate “through all twelve major keys.”

Abstract It is often assumed that checks and balances are effective in curbing corruption, in part because checks and balances are so often assumed to be synonymous with the separation of powers. We argue that checks and balances are only one of several potential manifestations of the separation of powers. We suggest that the apparent correlation between checks and balances and control of corruption is driven by a variety of conditions antecedent to both. Using examples from Western democracies, we demonstrate that the concept of checks and balances is by itself an empty vessel, made effective only by “hard” factors such as the balance of political forces and “soft” factors such as the adherence of elites to particular behavioral norms. This does not mean that checks and balances cannot be useful, but rather that our assumptions about their precise utility may be misinformed: the relationship between checks and balances and curbing corruption is at best indirect.

In Santarém, as in several Portuguese historic urban centres, population decline and aging have compromised social cohesion and economic vitality, and parts of the Historic Centre have visibly deteriorated, resulting in risks to the public of crumbling façades. Sustainable development in urban areas must involve a reorientation of spatial planning policies to integrate older areas into wider urban and regional development frameworks, considering them as part of the wider territory. This paper proposes that the operationalisation of the recommendations of the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach can provide robust evidence, co-produced with local communities, supporting sustainable urban planning policies, and that such an approach is wholly consistent with EU and national planning and conservation legislation. Through focusing on the values, meanings and significance of place, the processes shaping the HUL of an empirical test neighbourhood, the Mouraria in Santarém, are brought into focus.

Objective: The causes of high rates of psychological distress among health professionals and students are largely unknown. Health professionals respond to those who are in distress with empathy (feeling what others feel) or compassion (caring about what others feel). This study aims to investigate whether empathy and compassion are distinct traits and how both traits are associated with negative affect (burnout, depression, anxiety and anger symptoms) in undergraduate students and professionals in medicine, psychology and nursing. Methods: A sample of 464 students and professionals filled out an online protocol with a sociodemographic data questionnaire and self-report questionnaires covering the variables of interest. Results: The findings indicate that empathy is associated with higher negative affect, while compassion is associate with lower negative affect, which suggests that they are different traits. Conclusion: Our findings provide new evidence that the well-being of health professionals might be affected differently depending on socioemotional traits relevant to emotional connection.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify independent risk factors, complications and early hospital readmission following total knee arthroplasty. Methods: Using the ACS-NSQIP database, we identified patients who underwent primary TKA from 2012-2015. The primary outcome was early hospital readmission. Patient demographics, preoperative comorbidities, laboratory data, operative characteristics, and postoperative complications were compared between readmitted and non-readmitted patients. Logistic regression identified independent risk factors for 30-day readmission. Results: 137,209 patients underwent TKA; 3.4% were readmitted within 30 days. Advanced age, male sex, black ethnicity, morbid obesity, presence of preoperative comorbidities, high ASA classification, and increased operative time were independently related risk factors. Asian and no reported race were negative risk factors. Postoperative complications: acute myocardial infarction, acute renal failure, stroke, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis show positive associations. Conclusions: Advanced age, male sex, black ethnicity, morbid obesity, presence of comorbidities, high ASA classification and long operative time are independent risk factors for postoperative complications and early hospital readmission following total knee arthroplasty. Level of Evidence III, Case control study.

Historians have tended to ignore the South American experience of cycling. The continent’s diverse history of sports has been effaced by a popular and academic focus on soccer. The global history of cycling has therefore omitted South America from its analysis, perpetuating mistaken assumptions about the continent’s absence from technological and social innovation. This article analyses the sources located across the continent to demonstrate that cyclists raced, toured, and did acrobatics, often watched by thousands of spectators, attracting the attention of chroniclers and the media. The physical sensations of travelling through the environment on a pedal-powered machine were new and unexpected. With its focus on cycling as sport, recreation and mode of transport, this article inserts South America into the early global history of cycling.

Abstract: Introduction: This study aims to analyze the perceptions of the involved actors about the “Mais Médicos” Program (PMM) and the academic supervision process, its strengths and weaknesses aiming to improve Primary Heath Care practices. Method: Qualitative study carried out through 05 in-depth interviews with PMM supervising doctors, and 24 interviews with unit managers, 12 Primary Heath Care coordinators, and 07 Secondary Health Care doctors. Results: Three thematic axes emerged from de analysis: benefits of the program for the municipalities and for the population; the challenges of the supervisory process and the difficulties of the fragmented health system. Conclusions: The actors’ perception of the “Mais Médicos” Program are positive, especially because it brought doctors to municipalities with vulnerable areas, where doctors did not go to and where they did not stay. Supervision is an important support for continuing in-service training; however, it requires a better articulation with the different levels of the health system management. The precariousness of the service network limits the performance of both doctors and supervisors, demonstrating that it is necessary to invest in a solid and effective care network. Moreover, it was once again evident that the population will face a shortage of doctors due to changes in health policies. It is necessary to build more comprehensive policies, that will not only result in sporadic provision of medical care. There is a need for continuous actions, better integrated to the healthcare networks, aiming at an efficient and effective healthcare system.

This essay reviews the following works: Democracia em risco? 22 ensaios sobre o Brasil hoje. By Sérgio Abranches and twenty-three others. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2018. Pp. 328. R$69.90 paperback. ISBN: 9788535932027. Presidencialismo de coalizão: Raízes e evolução do modelo político brasileiro. By Sérgio Abranches. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2018. Pp. 434. R$69.90 paperback. ISBN: 9788535931556. Brazil Apart: 1964–2019. By Perry Anderson. London: Verso, 2019. Pp. 224. $21.56 hardcover. ISBN: 9781788737944. Dinheiro, eleições e poder: As engrenagens do sistema político brasileiro. By Bruno Carazza. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2018. Pp. 324. R$69.90 paperback. ISBN: 9788535931259. Valsa brasileira: Do boom ao caos econômico. By Laura Carvalho. São Paulo: Todavia, 2018. Pp. 192. R$49.90 paperback. ISBN: 9788593828621. Coalitional Presidentialism in Comparative Perspective: Minority Presidents in Multiparty Systems. By Paul Chaisty, Nic Cheeseman, and Timothy J. Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press. US$85.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780198817208. O lulismo em crise: Um quebra-cabeça do período Dilma (2011–2016). By André Singer. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2018. Pp. 392. R$54.90 paperback. ISBN: 9788535931150. A batalha dos poderes: Da transição democrática ao mal-estar constitucional. By Oscar Vilhena Vieira. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2018. Pp. 233. R$49.90 paperback. ISBN: 9788535931815.

Abstract The Australian species Austroporus doctus (Blackburn) is reported from New Zealand for the first time. Adults are illustrated and diagnosed, and late-instar larvae are fully described and illustrated. In addition, a summary of prior larval descriptions of Phalacridae is provided. This represents the first description of the morphology and habitat of the larvae within the genus Austroporus Gimmel and the Olibroporus-group of genera. Austroporus doctus is native to eastern Australia, where adults are distinguished from similar species by characters of the male genitalia and by a suite of external morphological features. There are no native members of Phalacridae known from New Zealand, but A. doctus represents the second introduced and established species there. A key is given to differentiate adult and larval A. doctus from the other introduced New Zealand species, Phalacrus uniformis (Blackburn).

Casos históricos de excitação e fracassos na luta contra uma lição fundamental: uma campanha anticorrupção (ou que chamarei de estourar a política) altera alterações duradouras no nível de equilíbrio da legislação, ainda mais se essas políticas não forem inseridas em um amplo esforço de responsabilização. Este artigo oferece suporte a uma série de exemplos de luta contra corrupção que foram bem-sucedidos, na tentativa de desenvolver uma abordagem de responsabilidade que possa ser amplamente aplicada em diferentes contextos e setores. O artigo também aplica uma abordagem iterativa e estratégica, utilizando uma estrutura básica de equação da responsabilidade para orientar os agentes de anticorrupção. O intuito é eliminar progressivamente os obstáculos para atingir uma responsabilidade efetiva. Palavras-chave: Corrupção; Responsabilização; Transparência; Monitoramento; Punição

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the reporting and conduct characteristics of systematic reviews (SRs) published in dentistry by Brazilian corresponding authors and compare reporting characteristics of Brazilian SRs with the rest of the world. METHODS: A search in PubMed was performed to identify SRs published in dentistry in 2017 assessing different aspects of oral heath irrespective of the design of included studies. From this dataset, a subgroup analysis was performed considering only SRs published by Brazilian corresponding authors. Study screening was performed by two researchers independently, while for data extraction, one of three reviewers extracted details related to reporting and conduct of SRs. The completeness of reporting of 24 characteristics, included in the PRISMA Statement of the SRs classified as treatment/therapeutic, was evaluated comparing Brazilian SR to SRs from all other countries. RESULTS: We included 117 SRs with Brazilian corresponding authors. The majority focused on dental treatments (39.3%), with oral surgery (n=19, 16.2%) as the most commonly published. Included SRs presented varying reporting/conduct characteristics. Items such as use of reporting guidelines and screening method used were well reported. However, most SRs did not assess the risk of publication bias and did not use the GRADE assessment. Four (of 24) reporting characteristics of Brazilian SRs compared to SRs from the rest of world were reported statistically significantly more frequently: mention of a SR protocol, trial registry searched, screening method reported, and assessment of risk of bias/quality of studies. CONCLUSION: Reporting and conduct characteristics of Brazilian SRs are highly variable.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of genomic information on the genetic evaluation of hip height in Brahman cattle using different matrices built from genomic and pedigree data. Hip height measurements from 1,695 animals, genotyped with high-density SNP chip or imputed from 50 K high-density SNP chip, were used. The numerator relationship matrix (NRM) was compared with the H matrix, which incorporated the NRM and genomic relationship (G) matrix simultaneously. The genotypes were used to estimate three versions of G: observed allele frequency (HGOF), average minor allele frequency (HGMF), and frequency of 0.5 for all markers (HG50). For matrix comparisons, animal data were either used in full or divided into calibration (80% older animals) and validation (20% younger animals) datasets. The accuracy values for the NRM, HGOF, and HG50 were 0.776, 0.813, and 0.594, respectively. The NRM and HGOF showed similar minor variances for diagonal and off-diagonal elements, as well as for estimated breeding values. The use of genomic information resulted in relationship estimates similar to those obtained based on pedigree; however, HGOF is the best option for estimating the genomic relationship matrix and results in a higher prediction accuracy. The ranking of the top 20% animals was very similar for all matrices, but the ranking within them varies depending on the method used.

This essay reviews the following works: Native Wills from the Colonial Americas: Dead Giveaways in a New World. Edited by Mark Christensen and Jonathan Truitt. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2016. Pp. vii + 276. $55.00 cloth. ISBN: 9781607814160. Strange Lands and Different Peoples: Spaniards and Indians in Colonial Guatemala. By W. George Lovell, Christopher H. Lutz, with Wendy Kramer and William R. Swezey. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013. Pp. ix + 339. $34.95 cloth. ISBN: 9780806143903. Indians and the Political Economy of Colonial Central America, 1670–1810. By Robert W. Patch. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013. Pp. ix + 284. $36.95 cloth. ISBN: 9780806144009. The Mixtecs of Oaxaca: Ancient Times to the Present. By Ronald Spores and Andrew K. Balkansky. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013. Pp. xvi + 328. $45.00 cloth. ISBN: 9780806143811. Emotions and Daily Life in Colonial Mexico. Edited by Javier Villa-Flores and Sonya Lipsett-Rivera. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2014. Pp. ix + 257. $29.95 paper. ISBN: 9780826354624.