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ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate whether the use of trometamol ketorolac for 30 consecutive days may change the blood count, the serum biochemistry profile, and the urinalysis of healthy dogs. Eleven small breed dogs (4.6-10kg), with ages ranging from 1 to 9 years were enrolled in the study. Dogs received 40μL of 0.4% trometamol ketorolac eye drops, every 12 h in both eyes for 30 consecutive days. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline, and following 15 and 30 days of the beginning of the treatment. Creatinine levels increased significantly at day 15 (1.21±0.1mg/dL) and 30 (1.22±0.1mg/dL) when compared with baseline (0.94±0.1mg/dL) (P0.05). From observations of our study, it can be concluded that the instillation of trometamol ketorolac for 30 consecutive days did not cause clinically relevant changes in the blood count, biochemistry profile and in the urinalysis of healthy dogs.

Abstract: Excessive sodium intake is a major global public health issue and the identification of dietary sources and temporal trends in its consumption are a key to effective sodium reduction policies. This study aims to update estimates of sodium intake and its dietary sources in Brazil according to the NOVA food classification system. Records of 7-day food purchases of households from the Brazilian Household Budgets Survey of 2002-2003, 2008-2009, and 2017-2018 were converted into nutrients using food composition tables and the mean availability was estimated per 2,000kcal/day. Mean daily sodium available for consumption in Brazilian households has increased from 3.9 to 4.7g per 2,000kcal, from 2002-2003 to 2017-2018, over twice the recommended levels of sodium intake. From 2002-2003 to 2017-2018, the processed culinary ingredients, including table salt, represented the largest dietary source of sodium, although their participation in dietary sodium was reduced by 17% (66.6% to 55%), while the percentage of dietary sodium from processed foods increased by 20.3% and from ultra-processed foods increased by 47.6% (11.3% to 13.6% and 17% to 25.1%, respectively). In conclusion, the total household sodium availability remains high and has increased over time in Brazil, yet the participation of different dietary sources of sodium have gradually changed.

Brazil reduced its current sodium chloride consumption from 12g to 5g in 2012, a 10% reduction in the amount of sodium in French bread, commonly consumed by the population. To measure the amount of total sodium and sodium chloride in breads, of the French type, produced and marketed in the east side of the city of São Paulo. Three French-style breads were collected from 9 bakeries easily accessible by the population and sodium and chloride determinations were performed in triplicate. For the measurement of total sodium, the technique of Flame Photometry (Quimis®) was used, using the analytical curve, constructed from different concentrations of sodium chloride (zero to 400 mg/50g) added to the standard mass of the French bread free of sodium chloride. (2005). The sample mean of total sodium with a 95% CI ranged from 300.28 to 334.24 mg and from 250.36 to 277.5 mg of sodium in sodium chloride/50g of bread. The average of a bakery showed high values: 466.78 (16.02) mg of total sodium and 351.20 (1.83) mg of sodium in sodium chloride/50g of bread. The average value of total sodium, 317.25(8.46) mg/50g, is below the currently expected maximum content of 324 mg. Two bakeries show significantly higher values (p<0.0001) than the 2.5% reduction target per year until 2014 (293 mg of sodium/50 mg of bread). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of nephrolithiasis is increasing worldwide. Despite advances in understanding the pathogenesis of lithiasis, few studies have demonstrated that specific clinical interventions reduce the recurrence of nephrolithiasis. The aim of this review is to analyze the current data and potential effects of iSGLT2 in lithogenesis and try to answer the question: Should we also "gliflozin" our patients with kidney stone disease?

Beef is a source of vitamins and nutrients for humans and in Brazil, there is a large production and demand for this product. From this, the objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of fresh beef, whole and ground, sold in the main butchers in the municipality of Castanhal - PA. Physicochemical analyses such as pH, Eber test for ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, filtration test, cooking test, and detection of sodium sulfite were performed. Forty-eight samples of meat, of 250 g each, were collected on alternate days, corresponding to 24 samples of whole cut and 24 samples of ground meat, performed in 3 repetitions. All samples were negative; 81.25% were positive for hydrogen sulfide; in the cooking test, 87.5% presented normal meat conditions and 12.5% presented suspect conditions; in infiltration, 39.58% of the samples were in medium conservation conditions and 60.41% were in suspect meat conditions; in the detection of sodium sulfite, 100% of the samples tested negative. In the pH results, the mean values ranged from 5.67-6.3 in the whole samples and 5.61-6.67 in the ground samples, showing a significant difference at the 5% significance level, in samples one, whole, and ground, by ANO-VA and Tukey's test. Based on the results found, it was observed that the quality of fresh beef is not marketed properly in the city's establishments, requiring more attention from inspection agencies and the consumer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is known as a flavor-enhancing compound and also the fifth basic taste (umami). About the safety of using MSG as a food additive, some studies show indications that there is no threat and others show the opposite. There is no consensus about the advantages and disadvantages of using MSG. Objective: To systematically review studies in the international literature on the knowledge of the pros and cons of using glutamate in food. Methods: Systematic review of studies published in journals indexed in ScienceDirect and PubMed databases. Articles published until 2020 were included. The aspects involving the advantages and disadvantages were discussed, as well as the health risks related to the MSG intake from diet. Results: The revised studies showed that MSG can reduce the amount of sodium in foods without modifying flavor. Although authorities indicate that MSG is safe for human consumption, some studies highlight that health risk is real. The use of MSG is still controversial because there are some misunderstandings in the applied amounts of MSG absorption and metabolism. Conclusion: MSG is widely applied in industrial and homemade food. The need for further studies is crucial, and aspects such as metabolism and amounts of MSG effectively consumed must be better evaluated.

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Copyright of Revista IRRIGA - Brazilian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Revista IRRIGA (Brazilian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista do Instituto de Laticínios Cândido Tostes is the property of Revista do Instituto de Laticinios Candido Tostes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Healthy food consumption is one of the determinants of nutritional status and relates to health at all stages of life. Thus, the monitoring of food consumption practices collaborates with the diagnosis of the food and nutritional situation. Objective: To evaluate the consumption of ultra-processed foods in adults registered in SISVAN in the municipality of Salvador-BA. Materials and Methods: Crosssectional and retrospective study, developed from data from an official information system of the Ministry of Health, available in the secondary database of the Food and Nutritional Surveillance System (SISVAN), where the study participants are adults with data registered in the SISVAN Web of the municipality of Salvador-BA, between the period of 2015 to 2019. Results: The consumption of ultra-processed foods in adults registered in SISVAN in the years 2015 to 2019, suffered a considerable drop, however, it was observed that the highest consumption of these foods, among adults were women, brown and had completed high school. The sweetened beverages were the most consumed food by adults registered in SISVAN. Conclusion: Interventions aimed at reducing the intake of this group of foods are necessary due to the high content of sugars, sodium and fats, which in excess can negatively influence the nutritional status and health of individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We carried out greenhouse experiment to evaluate the effect of silicon (Si) on growth and mineral nutrition of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) submitted to saline stress in a nutritive solution. The experiment comprised a completely randomized design in a 5x4 factorial scheme: five NaCl concentrations (0; 7.5; 15; 30 and 60 mmol L-1) and four SiO2 concentrations (0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 mmol L-1) with four replicates. At the end of 35 days, we measured stem diameter, leaves, stem, and roots dry matter, as well as the macronutrient, Na, Cl, and Si leaf accumulation in plants. In most cases, the increase in NaCl supply in a nutritive solution reduced the dry matter of roots, stem, and leaves. The SiO2 supply attenuated the effect on higher tested saline stress (30 and 60 mmol L-1 NaCl) on roots and stem dry matter. The application of 0.5 mmol L-1 of SiO2 reduced the deleterious effect of salinity on all macronutrients absorption in yellow passion fruit cultivated in a nutritive solution.

ABSTRACT The gelatin industry wastewater has nutrients in its composition, allowing its use in agriculture as an alternative to disposal and recycling of this residue. However, high application rates can cause the accumulation of elements such as sodium in the soil, and generate negative impacts on the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the application of rates up to 600 m3ha-1 of gelatin industry wastewater in soil columns, on soil chemical attributes in five depths. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in PVC tube columns (0.20 m diameter) filled with distroferric Red Nitosol soil, of very clayey texture. The treatments consisted of increasing rates of wastewater equivalent to 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 m3 ha-1, with a single application, at the soil surface and without incorporation. The application of the gelatin industry wastewater resulted no negative effects on soil chemical properties to a depth of 60 cm. The application of the levels of wastewater increased the concentration of sodium in the soil, but without causing problems with sodicity.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of replacing soybean meal (SM) with castor bean cake (DCC), detoxified using two alkaline products, on the feeding behavior and physiological parameters of Saanen and Anglo-Nubian goat breeds with an initial body weight of 16.22 ± 0.67 kg. The treatments consisted of three diets that were isoproteic and isoenergetic: the first with a standard formulation based on corn and SM, the second with DCC detoxified using calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 DCC), and the third with DCC detoxified using sodium hydroxide (NaOH DCC). A completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 (diets and breeds) factorial arrangement and four replicates per combination was used. A dietary effect on the intake of dry matter (DM) and NDFap (P = 0.02 and 0.01) was observed, with lower values for goats fed NaOH DCC than the other diets. The diets influenced feeding and rumination times (P = 0.04 and 0.03). An interaction (P = 0.04 and 0.01) between the breeds and the SM-based diet was found for time variables (other activity and idle time). Increased feeding and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) rumination efficiencies were observed for goats fed SM and Ca(OH)2 DCC (P = 0.03 and 0.01). Goats fed the NaOH DCC diet consumed large amounts of water, while Saanen goats urinated more times than did Anglo-Nubian goats. The diets had an effect on the heart rate and rectal temperature (P = 0.01 and 0.02), while the body surface temperature was influenced by the breed. Thus, Ca(OH)2 or NaOH DCC has a great potential to replace SM in the feeding of dairy goats. When used as diet for goats in the growth phase, NaOH DCC causes a reduction of DM and NDF intakes. Neither DCC negatively affected the physiological parameters of goats.

Sodium is an element essential to man and essential to all kinds of animal life, however must be used carefully, as it can cause serious human health problems. The objective of this work was toanalyse the sodium intake of an adult population resident in the city of Fortaleza-CE. This work is part of a larger study of transverse type, entitled "Pro198Leu Polymorphism in the gene of the enzyme Glutathione peroxidase 1 and its relationship with nutritional status on the sodium in an adult population resident in the municipality of Fortaleza, Ceará". The sampling was probabilistic convenience not type. The study population was made up of 126 individuals of both genders, aged between 20 and 50 years. The survey results indicate a significant energy consumption and sodium among the participants, indicating the possibility of developing non-communicable chronic diseases should stay the same eating habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT We evaluate the application of treated sanitary wastewater (TSW) to provide potassium for crops and reduce demand for fresh water and mineral nutrients. The field experiment was arranged in randomized block design with four replications and five treatments: 50, 100, 150 and 200% of potassium requirements and a control with conventional fertilizer. The TSW was applied to maize (November 2012 to February 2013), cotton (June to November 2013) and bean (April to June 2014). After bean, soil chemical properties were evaluated until 0.8 m depth. Fertigation with TSW to potassium fertilization provided about 50% of water, nitrogen and phosphorus to the bean. The soil nutrient availability and soil organic matter did not increase, whereas sodium had linear increased with TSW levels in investigated soil depth. Soil pH showed same behavior that sodium, with the highest pH level of 6.5 in 0-0.2 m soil layer. Soil nutrients and organic matter did not increase with TSW doses up to 0.8 m depth. Soil pH and sodium had linear increasing with TSW doses, respectively up to 0.6 and 0.8 m soil depth. Fertigation with potassium recommendation also provided a high content of sodium, threatening the balance of soil-plant system with continuous use. The sodium should be the first reference to permanent wastewater reuse in agriculture.

Objective: To investigate the performance of food consumption markers of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (Sisvan) in assessing the overall dietary quality., Methods: The study was carried out based on the reproduction of responses to markers in 24-hour recall data from 46,164 individuals aged ≥ 10 years, from the 2017-2018 Household Budget Survey (POF). Seven Sisvan markers were evaluated, and two scores were calculated for each participant, based on the sum of the number of healthy food markers (beans, fruits, and vegetables, ranging from 0 to 3) and unhealthy (hamburgers/sausages, sweetened beverages, instant noodles/salt snacks/crackers, stuffed cookies/sweets/candies, ranging from 0 to 4) consumed. Linear regression analyses were used to assess the association between scores and diet quality indicators (ultra-processed foods, dietary diversity, and levels of saturated and trans fat, added sugar, sodium, potassium, and fiber in the diet)., Results: The score of healthy eating markers increased significantly with increasing dietary diversity and potassium and fiber contents in the diet, while the opposite trend was observed for the densities of added sugar, sodium, saturated and trans fat (p < 0.001). The score of unhealthy eating markers increased significantly with the increase in the consumption of ultra-processed foods and densities of added sugar, saturated and trans fat levels in the diet, while an inverse trend was observed for potassium and fiber (p < 0.001). The joint analysis of the combination of the two marker scores showed that individuals with better performance (3 in the healthy food score, and 0 in the unhealthy food score) have a lower number of inadequacies in nutrient consumption., Conclusion: Sisvan food consumption markers, quickly and easily applied and already incorporated into the Brazilian public health system, have good potential to reflect the overall dietary quality.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of salinity on the absorption and utilization of nutrients by cassava. For the study, cassava was submitted to four saline concentrations: 0, 20, 40, and 60mM NaCl. Results showed that the absorption of all nutrients, except nitrogen (N), was reduced by salinity, with highest reduction for potassium (K). However, all nutrients were maintained at concentrations which did not indicate mineral deficiency problem. The abnormal concentration of calcium in the tuberous roots may have been one of the factors that contributed to the lower growth of this organ and of the plant as a whole. Transports of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and sulfur from root to the aerial part was higher under salinity treatment. Efficiency in the use of all the nutrients, mainly N, was reduced due to salinity. Given that: (i) the absorption of K was the most impaired, (ii) there was abnormal accumulation of Ca in tuberous roots, and (iii) the efficiency in the use of N was the most affected, it is suggested to prioritize studies on these three issues, as a way to better understand the aspects related to the tolerance/sensitivity of cassava plants to salinity.

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista IRRIGA - Brazilian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Revista IRRIGA (Brazilian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective was to analyze the effects of a physical exercise program on blood markers, functional autonomy and level of depression. A total of 112 subjects with metabolic diseases controlled by hypocholesterolemia and hypoglycemics distributed in two groups participated in the study; group composed of 54 members with mean age of 62.11 years and control group (CG) with 58 individuals with a mean age of 63.03 years. It was observed that urea, creatine and potassium variables did not present an interesting difference between the two moments of the study, while TGP and sodium obtained reductions in mean values of 2.46 mg / dl and 10 mg / dl with a great effect of μp2 0.153, μp2 0.43 and significance p <0.047 and p <0.039 when comparing the two moments between the exercise / control groups. The quality of the force between the pre and post moments between the exercise / control groups showed an increase of 2.53 kgf of small effect of μp2,23 for the exercise group, while the control reduced. There were also differences between pre and post-training in the functional autonomy indicators of the CG groups. The GE reduced the levels of depression compared to the CG. It was concluded that physical training performed for 16 weeks was effective in reducing sodium levels, the TGP variable, increased strength levels of the upper limbs, as well as improving functional capacity and reducing depression levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nowadays, the seeking for a healthier lifestyle is patent. As a result, people in general tend to search for food which combine health and convenience, such as cereal bars. Due to the increasing consumption of this industrialized food, it is essential that consumers read the nutrition facts written in its package labels in order to be aware of what he/she is really ingesting. Besides the knowledge that it is industrialized food which is sold in the types conventional, light and diet, it is important that consumers read the labels as a significant tool for health promotion as these kinds of food may contain sweeteners with sodium in its constitution. As the systemic arterial hypertension is currently the more prevalent pathology in Brazil, the mineral chosen in the present study, was Sodium. Objective: following objective: contrasting the amount of sodium in cereal bars concerning the types conventional, light and diet, based on their labels. Materials and Methods: The method used among the descriptive ones was the observational, and the collection of data is cross-sectional. It was analysed 19 cereal bar brands, totalizing 125 flavors. Results: Statistically speaking, there was not difference regarding the amount of sodium among the cereal bars analysed. Conclusion: However, it is important to note that persons with hypertension may also have diabetes, thus consuming diet food. Therefore, they have to read the labels of such products so that they may have the effective glycemic and blood pressure control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: To evaluate the supply of protein and sodium from protein dishes chosen at lunch time in a food service. Methodology: a descriptive observational study was carried out with diners at a restaurant of a food service in São Paulo-SP. The lunch meal from this unit offers daily two protein dishes and their quantity in grams was obtained by averaging the choices of dishes. The amount of protein, its caloric value and the amount of sodium provided by the dishes were calculated. The results were compared with the values recommended by the worker's food program. Results: Natural dish average was 1.12 portions and processed food was 1.51. The average portion chosen of the protein dish was 295.53 g, ranging from 146.00 to 462.70 g. The protein quantity in grams ranged between 37.51 g and 111.23 g and the sodium amount, between 803.68 mg and 2188.10 mg. Conclusion: During the days of analysis, the portioning of the protein dishes exceeded the recommendations. The average amount of protein and sodium from the lunch meal choices exceeds the maximum value recommended by the worker´s food program, indicating that the free demand can be a risk factor for healthy choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity influences all germination stages and may adversely affect the seedlings establishment in the field. This study aimed at assessing the effects of salt stress on the physiological potential of melon (Cucumis melo L.) seeds. Germination and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) enzymes were assessed at the osmotic potentials of 0.0 MPa, -0.1 MPa, -0.2 MPa, -0.3 MPa, -0.4 MPa and -0.5 MPa. The enzymatic activity was assessed after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of imbibition. Seed germination was zero at -0.5 MPa and 91 % and 85 % at -0.1 MPa and -0.2 MPa, respectively. In general, the activity of SOD, CAT and POX enzymes increased with the salt-induced stress, in the different times of imbibition, and these increases were more evident at -0.4 MPa and -0.5 MPa. The salt stress induced by NaCl diminishes the germination rate of melon seeds, particularly from the osmotic potential of -0.2 MPa. There is a significant increase in the activity of SOD, CAT and POX enzymes, mainly after 48 h of exposure.

ABSTRACT The most abundant and critical elements in residues from well drilling and prospecting are barium and sodium. Ecotoxicological tests have been used to evaluate the toxicity caused by toxic substances present in the soil. The objective of the present study was to verify the effect of the application of drilling residue from oil wells on Oligochaeta activity. After incubation of the soil with residue doses – BaSO4 and NaCl – three ecotoxicological tests were performed in which the species Eisenia andrei was used as a bioindicator. The avoidance behavior test showed that there was a negative effect of the application of the residue at a dose of 234 t ha-1 on Oligochaeta activity. However, the application of BaSO4 alone did not show damage to the earthworms, unlike what was observed for NaCl application. These results indicate that sodium was the element that most restricted the activity of these organisms.

Objectives: To study the effect of two intravenous maintenance fluids on plasma sodium (Na), and acid‐base balance in pediatric intensive care patients during the first 24 h of hospitalization. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled study was performed, which allocated 233 patients to groups: (A) NaCl 0.9% or (B) NaCl 0.45%. Patients were aged 1 day to 18 years, had normal electrolyte concentrations, and suffered an acute insult (medical/surgical). Main outcome measured: change in plasma sodium. Parametric tests: t‐tests, Anova, X2 statistical significance level was set at α = 0.05. Results: Group A (n = 130): serum Na increased by 2.91 (± 3.9) mmol/L at 24 h (p

Para manter o organismo humano funcionando de modo adequado, estima-se que o consumo de sódio deve estar em torno de 200-500 mg por dia. Porém, se consumido em excesso, o sódio causa um aumento da pressão arterial, elevando o risco de ocorrência de doenças cardiovasculares. Vários países, seguindo orientações estabelecidas pela WHO, têm tomado iniciativas no sentido de diminuir o consumo de alimentos que contenham elevada concentração de sódio. No Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde firmou o Termo de Compromisso no 004/2011 com entidades representantes da indústria alimentícia, visando estabelecer metas nacionais para redução do teor de sódio em diversos produtos, inclusive pães do tipo bisnaguinha. Devido à falta de estudos que determinem a concentração de sódio em pães tipo bisnaguinha, esse elemento foi quantificado em quatro marcas (A, B, C e D) deste tipo de pão, através da fotometria de chama. As concentrações de sódio encontradas em mg 100g-1 de produto, foram as seguintes: A - 302,90; B – 419,60; C – 430,80; D – 308,22. As concentrações de sódio de todas as marcas apresentaram-se abaixo do declarado nos rótulos dos produtos e de acordo com o estabelecido no Termo de Compromisso firmado para o ano de 2014 (430 mg 100g-1 de produto). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For the human body to work properly, it is estimated that 200-500 mg of sodium should be consumed per day. However, if consumed in excess, sodium causes an increase in blood pressure, which in turn increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Following guidelines established by the WHO, initiatives have been taken by several countries to reduce the consumption of foods containing high sodium concentrations. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health signed the Term of Commitment 004/2011 with entities representatives of the food industry to establish national targets for reducing the sodium content (mg/100 g) in various products, including bisnaguinha, a type of bread. Owing to the lack of studies about quantifying the concentration of sodium in bisnaguinha, this element was quantified in four brands (A, B, C, and D) of bisnaguinha by flame photometry. The concentrations of sodium found in mg/100 g of the product were as follows: A, 302.90; B, 419.60; C, 430.80; D, 308.22. The concentrations of sodium in all brands were below those declared on the product labels and in accordance with the Terms of Compromise established for the year 2014 (430 mg/100 g of the product).

Objetivo: Analisar o monitoramento do teor de sódio em alimentos industrializados coordenado pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária e comparar os resultados com as metas de redução de sódio dos acordos voluntários assinados entre o governo brasileiro e representantes das indústrias de alimentos. Método: Utilizaram-se os dados dos quatro informes técnicos sobre o teor de sódio em alimentos processados publicados pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, entre 2010 e 2014. Os informes técnicos foram caracterizados segundo ano de coleta dos dados, Estado, método de análise e número de amostras coletadas por categoria de alimento. Foram descritos os teores de sódio das categorias monitoradas pelo menos duas vezes e comparados com as metas voluntárias estabelecidas. Resultados e Discussão: Do total de categorias de alimentos monitoradas, apenas 39,6% foram avaliadas ao menos duas vezes. Entre as 34 categorias incluídas nos acordos voluntários, 53% foram monitoradas pelo menos uma vez. Mesmo antes do prazo, sete categorias de alimentos possuíam valor médio de teor de sódio abaixo das metas. Verificou-se falta de padronização e pequena abrangência do monitoramento do teor de sódio em alimentos e, consequentemente, dos acordos voluntários. Conclusão: Constataram-se fragilidades no monitoramento do teor de sódio em alimentos industrializados no Brasil, que poderão comprometer a efetividade dessa estratégia regulatória na saúde. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Objective: To analyze the monitoring of sodium content in processed foods conducted by the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA) and to compare the results with the goals of sodium reduction of the voluntary agreements signed between the Brazilian government and representatives of the food industry. Methods: We used data from 4 technical reports (TR) on sodium content in processed foods by ANVISA published between 2010 and 2014. We characterized the TR according to the year of data collection, state, method of analysis, and number of samples collected by food category. We described the sodium content of the categories that were monitored at least twice and compared the results with the voluntary goals. Results and Discussion: Of the monitored categories of food, only 39.6% were assessed at least twice. Among the 34 categories included in voluntary agreements, 53% were monitored at least once. Even before the voluntary agreement, 7 food categories had mean sodium content below the targets. We observed that there was a lack of standardization and that the scope of the monitoring of sodium content in foods, and consequently of the voluntary agreements, was limited. Conclusions: Several weaknesses in the monitoring of sodium content in foods in Brazil were detected, which could compromise the effectiveness of the regulatory strategy on health.

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Copyright of Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira is the property of Colegio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal - CBPA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The vinasse, generated from alcohol distillation, is an organic matter and nutrients rich residue widely used for fertigation in sugarcane plantings. However, if such effluent is applied in excessively high doses, it can unbalance the soil sorption complex, causing serious risks to the environment if disposed indiscriminately on soil. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of vinasse (0; 59; 119; 237e 474 m3 ha-1) and different incubation times (30 and 60 days) in the soil chemical proprieties. During the study, characterization of soil chemical attributes based on electrical conductivity of soil saturation extract (CEes), pH and exchangeable cations (K+ and Na+) levels. At the end of the study, it was concluded that the incubation time of vinasse in the soil affected the variables was studied. The contents of K+ and Na+ in the soil were significantly influenced by the application of vinasse increasing doses, however pH and CEes were little affected independent of the utilized doses. Application of water depths caused greater leaching of K+ in the soil than Na+ , which can cause sodicity of soil due to the application of high doses of vinasse. = A vinhaça é um resíduo proveniente do processo de destilação do álcool, rico em matéria orgânica e nutrientes e, por isso, é muito utilizado para fertirrigação nos próprios canaviais. Entretanto, se aplicado em doses excessivamente altas pode desequilibrar o complexo sortivo do solo e, se descartado indiscriminadamente no solo, pode trazer sérios riscos ao ambiente. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de doses crescentes de vinhaça (0; 59; 119; 237 e 474 m3 ha-1) e diferentes tempos de incubação (30 e 60 dias) nos atributos químicos de um Neossolo Regolítico distrófico. Durante o estudo, foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação do solo (CEes), pH e teores de K+ e Na+ trocáveis do solo. Ao final do estudo, foi possível concluir que os tempos de incubação de vinhaça no solo só afetaram significativamente as variáveis estudadas quando foi utilizada a maior dose de tal resíduo. Os teores de K+ e Na+ presentes no solo foram influenciados significativamente em decorrência da aplicação das doses crescentes de vinhaça, entretanto o pH e a CEes foram pouco afetados independente das doses utilizadas deste resíduo. A aplicação das lâminas de lixiviação provocou maior lixiviação de K+ do que Na+ do solo, fato que pode ocasionar a sodicidade do solo em função da aplicação de altas doses de vinhaça.

Copyright of Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira is the property of Colegio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal - CBPA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a relação entre a condutividade elétrica e os teores de Na+ na lâmina de água e na solução de solos com diferentes níveis de sais, sob o cultivo de arroz irrigado. Foram selecionados solos para o cultivo de arroz com percentagens de sódio trocável de 5,6%; 9,0%; 21,2% e 32,7%. Previamente à entrada de água nas parcelas, foram instalados coletores de solução do solo nas profundidades de 5, 10, 20 e 40cm. Após o alagamento, foram realizadas coletas semanais, até 91 dias após o início da irrigação, da solução do solo e da lâmina de água, para a análise da condutividade elétrica e dos teores de Na+ e K+. Os valores dos atributos da lâmina de água correlacionaram-se positiva e significativamente aos valores da solução do solo, em cada profundidade. A melhor correlação média foi obtida para a condutividade elétrica, portanto, sua estimação na solução do solo pode ser obtida a partir da análise da lâmina de água, com o uso de condutivímetros portáteis.This study aimed to investigate the relationship between electrical conductivity and Na+, and K+ in the water table and in the solution of soils with different levels of salinity under flooded rice. For rice cultivation, soils with exchangeable sodium percentages of 5.6% 9.0% 21.2% and 32.7% were selected. Prior to flooding, soil solution collectors were installed at depths of 5, 10, 20 and 40cm. After flooding, soil solution and water layer samples were collected weekly until 91 days after onset of irrigation, for the analysis of electrical conductivity and Na+. The content of these attributes in the water table were related to the values at each depth, and there was a significant positive association for all attributes at all depths. The highest average correlation was obtained for the electrical conductivity, so its estimation in the soil solution can be obtained easily through the water table, using a portable conductivity meter.

Objective: To evaluate the sodium and fat contents added to preparations of commercial restaurants in Goiânia-GO, Brazil. Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study. It included ‘pay-per-weight’ restaurants with a medium standard menu and having as daily preparations white rice, beans and grilled chicken. Among the establishments with these characteristics, three agreed to participate. The production process of the above-mentioned preparations was accompanied for three non-consecutive days in each establishment. For quantification of sodium and fat added into the preparations, oil and salt were weighed, as well as the finished preparation; the weight of the standard portion and the yield of the preparation expressed in number of portions prepared were settled. From these data, the per capita amount of salt and oil added to cook one portion of each kind of preparation was calculated by dividing the total quantity of salt and oil by the number of prepared portions. Results: The levels of salt (3.0, 2.7, and 4.1 g – restaurant A, B and C, respectively) and oil (17.0, 11.3, and 11.2 g – restaurant A, B and C, respectively) added in the three preparations are superior to the recommendations. Conclusion: The sodium and fat contents in the analyzed restaurants are higher than it is recommended by the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population. It is essential that commercial restaurants become partners of public policies on health promotion, adopting good nutritional practices, by reducing the sodium and fat contents, to offer healthy meals daily.

The carbonated soft drinks intake has changed the children eating habits. This factor may be directly associated with arterial hypertension due the high consumption of sodium present in foods and drinks industrialized. This study was to compare sodium levels between two different types of carbonated soft drinks, carbonated sugar drinks and diet drinks to define what type of drink has the lowest sodium content and alerting healthcare professionals about the presence of sodium in industrialized beverages. The study included labels of carbonated soft drinks n = 33 – sugar drinks (n = 21) or diet drinks (n = 12) – of five different flavors.All carbonated soft drinks evaluated have sodium in its composition. However, the sodium presence in carbonated sugar drinks was significantly lower when compared with carbonated diet drinks (69.05 ± 16.55 vs. 145.30 ± 47.36mg Na/l, respectively).Studies to identify children's eating habits related with increased consumption of foods and drinks manufactured are needed to identify, reduce and prevent high blood pressure.

A utilização do efluente de esgoto tratado para poupar os corpos d'água utilizados para irrigação tem sido de grande interesse na agricultura, e o uso não regulamentado desta prática pode acarretar mudanças no comportamento físico-químico do solo. Sua prática tem sido de grande interesse em vista da redução da quantidade de água retirada dos mananciais, preservando-os. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, a avaliação dos atributos físico-químicos de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo após aplicação de água de reúso. O experimento foi realizado em uma condição de casa de vegetação onde foram cultivados dois ciclos da alface-crespa (Lactuca sativa, L) com dois tratamentos, com três repetições cada: testemunhas (água de abastecimento proveniente de poço) e reúso (proveniente de esgoto local). Os resultados mostraram que não ocorreram aumentos em alguns atributos químicos de fertilidade, como ferro, magnésio, zinco, boro, potássio, nitrato, sódio e cálcio; decréscimo nos valores de matéria orgânica e manganês, além de diminuição da condutividade hidráulica e aumento na condutividade elétrica do solo. Observou-se, ainda, redução do pH no solo, além do aumento da RAS e PST. Desta forma, concluiu-se que a utilização de água de reúso para fins agronômicos deve ser de forma racional, monitorando-se, principalmente, a elevação do teor de sais no solo.The use of treated sewage effluent to save the ponds used for irrigation has been of great interest in agriculture, and the unregulated use of this practice can cause changes in physical and chemical behavior of the soil. This practice has been of great interest in view of reducing the quantity of water withdrawal from the springs and its preservation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the physical and chemical attributes of a Red-yellow Dystrophic Latosol after the implementation of water reuse. The experiment was conducted in a condition of greenhouse where were grown two rounds of curly lettuce (Lactuca sativa, L. ) with two treatments with three repetitions each: witness (provisioning water) and reuse. The results did not show increases in some chemical attributes of fertility as iron, magnesium, zinc, boron, potassium, nitrate, sodium and calcium; decrease in organic matter and manganese, besides increase of hydraulic conductivity and the electrical conductivity of the soil. It was also observed a reduction of the soil pH, besides the increase of SAR and ESP. Thus it must be concluded the application of water reuse for agricultural purposes should be in a rational way, and the elevation of salts in the soil must be monitored.

The castor bean cake is a residue from the biodiesel production, which has a great potential as organic fertilizer, but it also presents sodium contents in its constitution, as a result of the use of NaOH, as a catalyst for the transesterification reaction, to produce biodiesel. This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of castor bean cake resulting from biodiesel produced directly from seeds as an organic fertilizer in the cultivation of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.). The cake was washed with water, in the 1:4 (m/v) ratio, in order to reduce sodium contents. Plant height, fresh and dry shoot weight, and total shoot and root nutrients contents were evaluated, in addition to residual elements after cultivation. The study was carried out in the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, in Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The Al Guarani cultivar, grown in a greenhouse, for 70 days, in an Inseptisol substrate from Chapada do Apodi, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, was evaluated in a randomized blocks design, in a 6x2 factorial scheme (six cake doses: 0 Mg ha-1, 5 Mg ha-1, 10 Mg ha-1, 20 Mg ha-1, 40 Mg ha-1, and 80 Mg ha-1; and two cake states: in natura and treated), with three replications. The sodium contents present in the cake are not harmful to castor bean plants at short term. In general, the highest dose of in natura or treated castor bean cake, equivalent to 80 Mg ha-1, promoted the highest nutrients release into the soil.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la posibilidad de elaborar normas preliminares DRIS, a partir de un bajo número de muestras foliares provenientes de caña de azúcar cultivada en una unidad homogénea de suelos, como alternativa de diagnóstico del equilibrio nutricional en este cultivo. La investigación fue desarrollada en el área de influencia del Central Azucarero Portuguesa, estado Portuguesa, Venezuela. Entre mayo y julio de 2004, se colectaron y analizaron los contenidos de nitrógeno, fósforo, calcio, magnesio, boro, cobre, hierro, manganeso, zinc y sodio de muestras foliares provenientes de 32 áreas de producción de caña de azúcar, con registros históricos de altos rendimientos en tallos, cultivadas en suelos de la serie Agua Blanca (Aquic Haplustoll). Se verificó la normalidad del banco de datos, lo que dio confiabilidad a las normas preliminares DRIS elaboradas, que presentaron diferencias y coincidencias con sus similares encontradas para la caña de azúcar en la literatura. Se reportó la participación del sodio como norma de diagnóstico. Es posible elaborar bancos de datos normales y normas preliminares DRIS para el diagnóstico nutricional de cultivos de caña de azúcar, a partir de un bajo numero de muestras.The objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of developing preliminary DRIS norms from a low number of leaf samples of sugarcane grown on a homogeneous soil series, as an alternative to diagnose the nutritional equilibrium of the crop. The research was carried out in Central Azucarero Portuguesa sugarcane mill, Portuguesa state, Venezuela. From May to July 2004, composite leaf samples from 32 different sugarcane-producing areas were collected and analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, boron, copper, iron, manganese, zinc and sodium. All the sampled areas were from the Agua Blanca series (Aquic Haplustoll) and had a high historical record of stalk productivity. A normal data bank was obtained, which provided confidence for the development of preliminary DRIS norms. These norms showed coincidences and differences with previously reported ones in the literature. The content of sodium as a diagnostic norm was reported. A low number of leaf samples are sufficient to develop norm data banks and preliminary DRIS norms for nutritional diagnosis of sugarcane.

FUNDAMENTO: As troponinas cardíacas são marcadores altamente sensíveis e específicos de lesão miocárdica. Esses marcadores foram detectados na insuficiência cardíaca (IC) e estão associadas com mau prognóstico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação da troponina T (cTnT) e suas faixas de valores com o prognóstico na IC descompensada. MÉTODOS: Estudaram-se 70 pacientes com piora da IC crônica que necessitaram de hospitalização. Na admissão, o modelo de Cox foi utilizado para avaliar as variáveis capazes de predizer o desfecho composto por morte ou re-hospitalização em razão de piora da IC durante um ano. RESULTADOS: Durante o seguimento, ocorreram 44 mortes, 36 re-hospitalizações por IC e 56 desfechos compostos. Na análise multivariada, os preditores de eventos clínicos foram: cTnT (cTnT > 0,100 ng/ml; hazard ratio (HR) 3,95 intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%: 1,64-9,49, p = 0,002), diâmetro diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo (DDVE >70 mm; HR 1,92, IC95%: 1,06-3,47, p = 0,031) e sódio sérico (Na 0,020 e < 0,100 ng/ml, n = 36) e cTnT-alto (cTnT > 0,100 ng/ml, n = 12). As probabilidades de sobrevida e sobrevida livre de eventos foram: 54,2%, 31,5%, 16,7% (p = 0,020), e 36,4%, 11,5%, 8,3% (p = 0,005), respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A elevação da cTnT está associada com mau prognóstico na IC descompensada, e o grau dessa elevação pode facilitar a estratificação de risco.FUNDAMENTO: Las troponinas cardíacas son marcadores altamente sensibles y específicos de lesión miocárdica. Se las detectaron en la insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) y están asociadas con mal pronóstico. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la relación de la troponina T (cTnT) y sus franjas de valores con el pronóstico en la IC descompensada. MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron a 70 pacientes con empeoramiento de la IC crónica que necesitaron hospitalización. Al ingreso, se empleó el modelo de Cox para evaluar las variables capaces de predecir el desenlace conformado por muerte o rehospitalización en razón de empeoramiento de la IC durante un año. RESULTADOS: Durante el seguimiento, ocurrieron 44 muertes, 36 rehospitalizaciones por IC y 56 desenlaces compuestos. En el análisis multivariado, los predictores de eventos clínicos fueron: cTnT (cTnT > 0,100 ng/ml; hazard ratio (HR) 3,95 intervalo de confianza (IC) 95%: 1,64-9,49, p = 0,002), diámetro diastólico final del ventrículo izquierdo (DDVI >70 mm; HR 1,92, IC95%: 1,06-3,47, p = 0,031) y sodio sérico (Na 0,020 y < 0,100 ng/ml, n = 36) y cTnT-alto (cTnT > 0,100 ng/ml, n = 12). Las probabilidades de sobrevida y sobrevida libre de eventos fueron: 54,2%, 31,5%, 16,7% (p = 0,020), y 36,4%, 11,5%, 8,3% (p = 0,005), respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: La elevación de la cTnT está asociada con mal pronóstico en la IC descompensada, y el grado de esa elevación puede facilitar la estratificación de riesgo.BACKGROUND: The cardiac troponins are highly sensitive and specific markers of myocardial injury. They have been detected in heart failure (HF) and are associated with a bad prognosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and its ranges with prognosis in decompensated HF. METHODS: A total of 70 patients with chronic HF worsening that needed hospitalization were studied. Cox model was used to evaluate the variables at admission capable of predicting the combined outcome that consisted of death or re-hospitalization due to HF worsening during a 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: During the follow-up, there were 44 deaths, 36 re-hospitalizations due to HF and 56 combined outcomes. At the multivariate analysis, the predictors of clinical events were the cTnT (cTnT >0.100 ng/mL; hazard ratio [HR] 3.95 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.64-9.49, p = 0.002), left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDD >70 mm; HR 1.92, 95%CI: 1.06-3.47, p = 0.031) and serum sodium (Na 0.020 and 0.100 ng/ml, n = 12).The probabilities of survival and event-free survival were 54.2%, 31.5%, 16.7% (p = 0.020) and 36.4%, 11.5%, 8.3% (p = 0.005), respectively. CONCLUSION: The increase in cTnT is associated with a bad prognosis in decompensated HF and the degree of this increase can help the risk stratification.

Blood pressure is the force of blood against artery walls. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and recorded as two numbers: systolic pressure (as the heart contracts) over diastolic pressure (as the heart relaxes between beats). High blood pressure (hypertension) is defined as chronically elevated high blood pressure, with systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140 mm Hg or greater, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 90 mm Hg or greater. High blood pressure (HBP), smoking, abnormal blood lipid levels, obesity and diabetes are risk factors for coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death in the US. Lifestyle modifications such as engaging in regular physical activity, quitting smoking and eating a healthy diet (limiting intake of saturated fat and sodium and increasing consumption of fiber, fruits and vegetables) are advocated for the prevention, treatment, and control of HBP. As multiple factors influence blood pressure, the effects of each factor are typically modest, particularly in normotensive subjects, yet the combined effects can be substantial. Nutrition plays an important role in influencing blood pressure. Orange juice should be included as part of any low sodium diet and/or any blood pressure reducing eating plan, as it is sodium free, fat-free and can help meet recommended levels of potassium intake that may contribute to lower BP.

Eight trace elements were determined in 20 Brazilian brands of grape juice, distributed over the country. Highest measured concentrations (As: 0.016; Cd: 0.010; Cr: 0.060; Cu: 1.28; Ni: 0.032; Pb: 0.016; Sb: 0.0040 and Zn: 1.44 mg L-1) comply with Brazilian maximal tolerance levels for inorganic contaminants (As: 0.5; Cd: 0.5; Cr: 0.1; Cu: 30; Ni: 3; Pb: 0.4; Sb: 1 and Zn: 25 mg L-1). Determination of arsenic species has shown inorganic As(V) as predominant in most samples. Sodium concentrations, nowadays a major public health concern, were also measured, showing an average of 149 mg L-1. Analytical results for this element were much higher than label concentrations, showing the need for better quality control.