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Descreve a continuação de experiências de treinamento de professores universitários nas áreas de Ensino e Pesquisa, desenvolvidas pela Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul com material instrucional por ela produzido. Esta experiência realizou-se na Universidade Federal de Pernambuco para 39 professores e teve como objetivos reavaliar as possibilidades e viabilidades de acelerar o processo de treinamento de docentes, pelo emprego do Ensino Modular, com a finalidade difundir estes materiais às demais universidades do País. A ênfase do curso foi o ensino individualizado, através de auto instrução, combinado com sessões de pequeno e grande grupo, envolvendo conteúdos de ensino e estatística. Avaliado por pré pós-teste, pela realização de tarefas e por questionário de opiniões, o treinamento revelou o alcance dos objetivos propostos. Em suas conclusões sugere experiências em separado para as áreas de Ensino e Estatística, já que o grupo motivado para uma área pode não estar, necessariamente, interessado na outra., The repetition of universitary teachers training in teaching and research areas using instructional material developed by Dental School of Rio Grande do Sul Federal University is described in this paper. The experience was developed in Pernambuco Federal University with 39 teachers and the main purpose was to analyse the possibility and viability to speed the teachers training process with modular teaching; if the results was good the instructional material would be spreed to other Dental School in the country. The enphasis of the training was the individual teaching through autoinstruction material as well as small and big groups discussion with teaching and statistic conted. Pre and post test, practical jobs as well as a questionaire was the way the avaliation was done; the proposed goals was search, however it was suggested that futures experiences must use only one the two areas since people interested in one could not, necessarely be interested in the other area.

Resumo Conscientes de la problemática relacionada con la motivación en el estudio de las carreras científicas, presentamos dos experiencias en las cuales se expone a estudiantes universitarios a ambientes, metodologías y técnicas del descubrimiento abordando problemas contemporáneos. Estas experiencias se desarrollaron en dos contextos complementarios: un curso de Introducción a la Física, en el cual se motiva a estudiantes de Física a la participación temprana en investigación, y un semillero de investigación multidisciplinario para estudiantes avanzados de pregrado en Ciencias e Ingeniería, el cual produjo incluso contribuciones a eventos internacionales. Si bien los resultados son preliminares y requieren más ediciones para ser estadísticamente significativos, consideramos que son alentadores. En ambos entornos se observó un aumento de la motivación de los estudiantes para continuar sus carreras haciendo énfasis en la investigación. En este trabajo, además de presentar el marco contextual en el cual se soportan las experiencias, describimos seis actividades concretas para vincular a los estudiantes con los ambientes de descubrimiento, las cuales creemos pueden ser replicadas en ambientes similares de otras instituciones educativas. Abstract Being aware of the motivation problems observed in many scientific oriented careers, we present two experiences to expose college students to environments, methodologies and discovery techniques addressing contemporary problems. This experiences are developed in two complementary contexts: an Introductory Physics course, where we motivated physics students to participate in research activities, and a multidisciplinary incubator of research oriented to advanced undergraduate students of Science and Engineering (that even produced three poster presentations in international conferences). Although these are preliminary results and require additional editions to get statistical significance, we consider they are encouraging results. On both contexts we observe an increase in the students motivation to orient their careers with emphasis on research. In this work, besides the contextualization support for these experiences, we describe six specific activities to link our students to research areas, which we believe can be replicated in similar environments in other educational institutions.

Resumo : Este artigo objetiva expor a compreensao vigente sobre politicas linguisticas, com o proposito de ampliar a divulgacao do tema, merecedor de destaque nas pesquisas atuais da linguistica aplicada. Apos explicar a importância atribuida as linguas no sistema de producao da atualidade e a consequente valorizacao do multilinguismo, o texto apresenta politicas linguisticas no plano domestico e no contexto externo, com enfase para as acoes de internacionalizacao da lingua portuguesa. O resultado dessa abordagem mostra o aprimoramento das praticas de divulgacao da lingua portuguesa no exterior, antes restritas a traducao de renomados autores brasileiros. A conclusao revela que e preciso inovar o projeto pedagogico dos programas de pos-graduacao, com vistas a formar profissionais que possam atuar nas esferas de decisao das politicas linguisticas. Tal inovacao deve ser iniciada pela incorporacao de estudo sobre questoes eticas e ideologicas as linhas de pesquisa da pos-graduacao, que reforcaria o estreitamento entre raciocinio historico-discursivo e abordagem linguistica, indo alem da descricao abstrata do sistema da lingua. Palavras-chave : politicas linguisticas; internacionalizacao; lingua portuguesa. Abstract : This article aims at presenting the current understanding of language policies, in order to broaden the knowledge about this topic, which is worthy of emphasis in current research in Applied Linguistics. After explaining the importance attached to languages in the system of production at present, and the resulting importance of multilingualism, the paper addresses language policies both in the domestic scenario and abroad, stressing actions for the internationalization of Portuguese. The result of this approach points to the improved practices for promoting Portuguese abroad, which had previously been restricted to the translation of reputed Brazilian authors. The conclusion indicates that it is necessary to innovate the political pedagogical project of graduate programs, in order to train professionals who can serve in decision-making of language policies. Such innovation should be initiated by an inclusion of the study of ethical and ideological issues in the research areas of graduate programs, which would then strengthen the nearness of historical and discursive knowledge and the linguistic approach, thus transcending the abstract description of the language system. Keywords : Language Policies; Internationalization; Portuguese Language.

A universidade se afirma como instituição por excelência, em todas as suas dimensões, para o cultivo do saber num constante processo de construção e reconstrução, em busca do desenvolvimento da cultura e pensamento. Nesse sentido, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os cursos brasileiros de graduação e de pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção, considerando a ênfase do curso, as áreas de pesquisa, a situação geográfica e a sua classificação. Para isso, desenvolveu-se um estudo qualitativo e quantitativo, do tipo descritivo, tendo como plano de coleta dos dados uma pesquisa bibliográfica a partir dos dados disponibilizados nos sitesda Associação Brasileira de Engenharia de Produção (ABEPRO) e do Ministério da Educação (e-MEC). O estudo aponta que, apesar do curso de graduação e de pós em Engenharia de Produção terem se desenvolvido no país, a sua distribuição é heterogênea e a qualidade se encontra aquém das necessidades do mercado. The University is consolidated as an institution of excellence in all its dimensions, by the cultivation of knowledge in a constant process of construction and reconstruction aiming at the development of culture and thought. Thus, this paper aims to analyze the Brazilian undergraduate and graduate courses in Production Engineering, considering their emphasis, research areas, geographical location, and classification. To this end, a qualitative, quantitative and descriptive study was developed, with a plan to collect information through a literature search of the data available on the websites of the Brazilian Association of Industrial Engineering (ABEPRO) and the Ministry of Education (e-MEC). The study indicates that, although the undergraduate and graduate courses in Production Engineering have improved in the country, their distribution is heterogeneous and their quality falls short of the market's requirements.

INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, since 1980, there is a tendency among Programs Graduate(PG) of specific area, such as Biochemistry, of inserting activities involving teaching /education alongside their area of expertise. In this context, various scientific events ofrelevance in the area have presented sessions dedicated to these matters in theirconferences and meetings. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the occurrenceof research lines or areas of concentration teaching/education in 16 PG. MATERIALSAND METHODS: We analyzed 35 courses and divided among doctoral, master’sacademic and professional. Data collection occurred through websites of programs. Theanalysis was performed from the indication of the concentration areas or lines of researchprograms presented in their virtual space. Later, they were classified into two categories:those with and those without research in teaching / education. RESULTS ANDDISCUSSION: After visiting all virtual spaces, the results obtained showed that only 3 PGhave research areas and/or areas of concentration in teaching/education. On 2 PG notfound sites were and other 2 PG nor its research nor their area of concentration. From thequantitative search of PG it was still possible to characterize each line found. Basically, theactivities focus on undergraduate education and the pursuit of new teachingmethodologies, only 1 of the PG aims at continuing formation of teachers of basiceducation. CONCLUSION: These activities contribute significantly to the impact andevaluation of the PG. Perceptibly, these spaces are scarce, however, with national policiesfor the dissemination and popularization of scientific production trend is that they areleveraged.

Estudos norte-americanos sobre legal mobilization (mobilização do direito) têm construído sínteses analíticas entre a sociologia do direito e a sociologia da ação coletiva, campos de teoria e pesquisa tradicionalmente apartados. A noção de mobilização do direito oferece uma agenda de investigação, ainda inexplorada pelas ciên-cias sociais brasileiras, acerca do uso do direito e dos tribunais como recurso e estratégia de ação política. Este artigo apresenta em linhas gerais as premissas teóricas dessa abordagem e seus desdobramentos conceituais para a reconstrução empírica de um episódio de mobilização no Brasil, a Campanha da Lei Maria da Penha. North-American studies on legal mobilization have constructed some analytical synthesis between sociology of law and sociology of collective action, theory and research areas that are traditionally apart.The notion of legal mobilization offers a research agenda still not explored by Brazilian social sciences on the use of law and courts as resource and strategy of political action. The article presents, in general terms, the theoretical premises of this approach and its conceptual developments for the empirical reconstruction of a mobilization episode in Brazil, the Maria da Penha Law Campaign. Des études américaines sur la legal mobilization (mobilisation légale) construisent des synthèses analytiques entre la sociologie du droit et la sociologie de l'action collective, des domaines de théorie et de recherche traditionnellement séparés. La notion de mobilisation du droit introduit un agenda d'investigation, encore peu étudié par les sciences sociales brésiliennes, sur l'utilisation du droit et des tribunaux comme ressource et stratégie d'action politique. Cet article présente, en lignes générales, les prémisses théoriques de cette approche et de ses dédoublements conceptuels par la reconstruction empirique d'un épisode de mobilisation au Brésil: la Campagne pour la Loi Maria da Penha.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil e a produção científica de pesquisadores de Medicina, que têm bolsa de produtividade do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, de acordo com a área de atuação. MÉTODOS: Os currículos lattes de 411 pesquisadores com bolsas ativas no triênio 2006 a 2008 foram incluídos na análise. As variáveis de interesse foram: sexo, área de atuação; artigos publicados, e orientação de alunos de graduação, mestres e doutores. RESULTADOS: Houve uma predominância do sexo masculino (68%) e de bolsistas na categoria 2 (55,7%). Quatro Estados da Federação são responsáveis por 90% dos pesquisadores (SP, RJ, RS, MG). Oito instituições são responsáveis por aproximadamente 80% dos pesquisadores, destacando-se USP (30,7%) e UNIFESP (17%). Foram identificadas 30 áreas de atuação dos pesquisadores. Em relação à produção científica, a mediana de artigos publicados foi de 4,13/ano (Intervalo interquartil, IQ, 2,9 - 5,8). A mediana ajustada de artigos publicados na base de dados Web of Science foi de 2,23/ano (IQ, 1,4 - 3,2). Neurociências (3,16, IQ, 1,8 - 4,7) e Psiquiatria (2,92, IQ, 1,73 - 4,5) foram as áreas mais produtivas de artigos indexados. CONCLUSÃO: Há uma concentração dos pesquisadores da Medicina na região Sudeste. Nesse estudo pode ser observado um aumento da produção científica da maioria dos pesquisadores nos últimos cinco anos. Através do conhecimento do perfil dos pesquisadores da área de Medicina, podem ser definidas de maneira mais eficaz, estratégias para incentivar a produção científica e a demanda de recursos para o financiamento de projetos de pesquisa. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the profile and scientific production of researchers in Medicine who have a scholarship from the " Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico" . METHODS: The "Lattes" curriculum of 411 researchers in Medicine with active scholarships during the years of 2006 to 2008 were included in the analysis. Variables of interest were: gender; affiliation; scientific production, and supervision of undergraduate masters and doctorate students.. RESULTS: There was a male predominance (68%) and of scholarship level 2 (55.7%). Four states of Brazil are responsible for 90% of the researchers (SP, RJ, RS, and MG). Eight institutions account for about 80% of researchers, especially USP (30.7%) and UNIFESP (17%). The study identified 30 areas of expertise for researchers. In relation to scientific production, the median was 4.13 articles published per year (interquartile range, IQ, 2.9 - 5.8). The median adjusted for articles published in the database Web of Science was 2.23 per year (IQ, 1.4 - 3.2). The most productive areas of indexed articles were the areas of Neurosciences (3.16, IQ, 1.8 - 4.7) and Psychiatry (2.92, IQ, 1.73 - 4.5). CONCLUSION: Researchers in medicine are concentrated in the Southeast. This study has disclosed an increase in scientific output by most researchers in the last five years. Effective strategies to qualitatively improve the scientific output may possibly be enhanced by knowledge of the profile of researchers in Medicine.

Starting from Evangelista Torricelli’s pneumatic discoveries, we try to show that the crucial discoveries in pure science associated with the Scientific Revolution, although they may not have found immediate practical applications, have markedly impelled technological progress in the medium term – contrary to the diffused notion which states that the links between science and technology during the modern period have been tenuous, at best. Torricelli’s ideas have turned into one of the privileged research areas for then newborn experimental program, actively participating in a process of reformulation in scientific research’s epistemological base, which have culminated in steam power productive application. JEL Classification: N73; O31.

Muscular fatigue. Definition, models of study and mechanisms of central and peripheral fatigue. Mammalian skeletal muscles are capable of generating enormous forces when appropriately activated. However, repeated attempts to reproduce equivalent force or power output are invariable met with failure, as characterized by an acute and progressive impairment in performance, which may persist for several days or even weeks. This phenomenon is usually named by neuromuscular fatigue. The etiology of muscle fatigue has interested exercise scientists for more than a century, yet definitive agents remain to be identified. The causes of fatigue during exercise include factors that reside in the brain (central fatigue) and in the muscles themselves (peripheral fatigue). The main goals of this review were: (i) to define and to explain the fatigue concept, by pointing out some research areas; (ii) to differentiate the common used experimental models that deal with fatigue with particular focus on in vivo study through electromyography, revealing its potential usefulness; (iii) to briefly analyse some factors involved in central fatigue showing some evidences that relate central fatigue to variations in some brain neurotransmitters and some branched chain amino acids, (iv) to analyse and to describe the different kinds of peripheral fatigue and (v) to review the role of the depletion of some energetic substrates for ATP synthesis as well as intracellular changes in calcium, H+, lactate, phosphate and ADP concentrations in metabolic fatigue. It seems reasonable to relate, at least in part, the variations in blood glucose concentrations, branched chain amino acids and the synthesis of some neurotransmitters to central fatigue. With regard to peripheral fatigue, experimental evidences have demonstrated that the reductions in mioplasmatic calcium levels impair muscle fibre tension during intense muscle contractions. Although changes in H+, lactate, Pi, ADP or ATP concentrations influence fibre strength, they do not seem to be, per se, determinant factors in muscle fatigue.