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Abstract Brazil has experienced several major epidemics of influenza, and the most destructive was in 1918-1919. This article focuses on mortality, mitigation policies, and the consequences of pandemic influenza during the national period. We provide the first mortality estimates for the 1890-1894 influenza pandemic and correct figures for later epidemics. The 1918-1919 episode cost more lives than assumed, although some cities suffered less, possibly because of public health actions. Influenza caused pandemics in 1957, 1968, 1976, and 2009, but these did not cause unusual outbreaks in Brazil.

This paper provides a philosophical analysis and a new edition of an anonymous Epitome (Compendium) of John Dumbleton’s solution to the semantic paradoxes (insolubilia). The first part of this paper briefly presents Dumbleton’s cassationist solution to the semantic paradoxes, which the English philosopher proposes in his Summa Logicae, written in the 1330s–40s. The second part investigates the solution to various types of insolubles proposed by the anonymous author of the Epitome. The third part provides a new critical edition of the Latin text – a first edition was edited by Bottin in 1978 – and an English translation.

review on: John Baker, English Law Under Two Elizabeths. The Late Tudor Legal World and the Present, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2021, 222 p., ISBN 978-1-108-83796-5

The extensive body of research associated with the name of Juan Carlos Rodríguez has failed to receive the attention it deserves. The reasons commonly adduced, by way of explanation, focus upon factors external to the texts themselves. In this article I review two recently published books by Rodríguez and a celebratory volume with an eye to foregrounding other, internal barriers to Rodríguez’s reception. These include a cyclical style of argumentation, of the kind associated with symptomal reading; the absence of a clear exposition of the Althusserian problematic upon which Rodríguez’s seminal texts are otherwise based; and a critique of Althusser’s alleged historicism, which, while it scores some useful points, was less than attentive to the philosopher’s complexities. More damagingly, this same critique also fuelled the scurrilous distortions of Althusser’s work still circulating throughout the bourgeois academy and so threatens Rodríguez’s own work with premature closure.

This article focuses on the role that metacognition can effectively play in the development of second language listening comprehension, and specifically, how a mobile app can be specified for this end. A social mobile assisted listening app, ANT (Audio News Trainer), is presented as a prototype for exploring the way in which students can be helped to use metacognition to improve relevant linguistic communicative competences. A study has been undertaken with students using ANT to explore the intricate nature of the listening comprehension development process and the main metacognitive strategies that can be successfully applied. Special attention is paid to the implicitly and explicitly applied metacognitive strategies within the app, and related social network, where follow-on activities were undertaken, the strategies in question being: focus (a conscious effort on the gradual development of individual skills), engagement (interest is enhanced when a learning activity is enjoyable/successful), interaction (since collective activities seem to enhance emotional and social involvement), reflection (upon what works and does not work for each individual), self-regulation (through data about the students’ own progress and achievements), and attitude (here a further distinction is made between satisfaction, self-confidence and encouragement). The stages of engagement of a student with the app are explored in relation to the metacognitive strategy used and how they can contribute to the overall success of the learning experience. A final reflection is made about how metacognitive strategies offer an effective way to compensate for the lack of teacher presence, support and guidance on a medium/long term basis. However, although the study of the initial use of this social listening training app shows the potential for incorporating ‘knowing about knowing’ into mobile technology, it is suggested that future research is required to provide further finer-grained insights into this process.

Tetanus and other widespread endemic diseases of Brazil's early national period speak to intimate details of common life and give clues to big, vexing questions, such as why Brazil's population expanded dramatically at the turn of the twentieth century. Tetanus was for a long time one of Brazil's deadliest afflictions, especially among infants, but historians know very little about it. Using archival sources from across the Empire and early Republic, this article argues tetanus disproportionately killed the enslaved population, but gradually diminished in virulence for nearly all groups across the country by the second half of the 1800s. This decline should be attributed only partially to medical knowledge. Rather, indirect demographic and technological changes were more important factors in Brazil.

Tetanus and other widespread endemic diseases of Brazil's early national period speak to intimate details of common life and give clues to big, vexing questions, such as why Brazil's population expanded dramatically at the turn of the twentieth century. Tetanus was for a long time one of Brazil's deadliest afflictions, especially among infants, but historians know very little about it. Using archival sources from across the Empire and early Republic, this article argues tetanus disproportionately killed the enslaved population, but gradually diminished in virulence for nearly all groups across the country by the second half of the 1800s. This decline should be attributed only partially to medical knowledge. Rather, indirect demographic and technological changes were more important factors in Brazil.O tétano e outras doenças largamente endêmicas no período inicial do Brasil nação nos permitem entender pequenos detalhes da vida comum e grandes e inquietantes questões, tais como por que a população expandiu-se dramaticamente no início do século XX. O tétano foi uma das afecções mais mortais no Brasil, especialmente entre as crianças, mas os historiadores ainda conhecem pouco sobre ele. Utilizando fontes arquivísticas do Império e do início da República, este artigo argumenta que o tétano era desproporcionalmente severo entre a população escravizada, e que sua virulência reduziu em praticamente todos os grupos do país a partir da segunda metade do Oitocentos. Esse declínio deve-se apenas parcialmente aos conhecimentos médicos. Mudanças demográficas e tecnológicas indiretas foram fatores mais importantes no Brasil.

As a leading mobilizer of international development and educational knowledge, the World Bank has been critiqued in two key areas: (1) the dominance of economic thinking in its policies, and (2) its Northern-generated knowledge which informs its work in the Global South. In this paper, we investigate the disciplinary foundation of Bank knowledge, as well as its geographic representation. This study pays particular attention to knowledge mobilization relating to one of the most contentious policy prescriptions worldwide, and one that the Bank has historically supported: private sector engagement in education. By employing the concepts of economic imperialism and policy networks to frame our study, and through the use of a bibliometric methodological approach, we trace the authorship patterns of publications cited in a series of key World Bank documents on private sector engagement in education. Our findings show that the World Bank mobilizes research production from the Global North, which reflects a disproportionate economic disciplinary focus. Moreover, through a mapping of the cited authors, this network is shown to be highly narrow and privileges authors from a small subset of elite institutions.

Palavras-chave: Farmacorresistência Bacteriana; Infecções Estafilocócicas; Mupirocina; Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina.

Occasionally a week, an afternoon, a single moment may crystallise a traumatic event which has carried explosive potential for decades. At such still points shifting polarities may stabilise, if briefly. Old foes may unite, old friendships fracture. By the end of such a day, though, it will be apparent that something momentous has occurred from which there can be no retreat.This paper considers such an event, which should remain here occurred in Santiago de Chile, on December 10, 2007. That day, the infamous torture and extermination centre known as Londres 38 was for the first time opened to the public. But by the end of that day, much more had been exposed than the echoing and empty rooms.

What makes necessary truths true? I argue that all truth supervenes on how things are, and that necessary truths are no exception. What makes them true are proofs. But if so, the notion of proof needs to be generalized to include verification-transcendent proofs, proofs whose correctness exceeds our ability to verify it. It is incumbent on me, therefore, to show that arguments, such as Dummett's, that verification-truth is not compatible with the theory of meaning, are mistaken. The answer is that what we can conceive and construct far outstrips our actual abilities. I conclude by proposing a proof-theoretic account of modality, rejecting a claim of Armstrong's that modality can reside in non-modal truthmakers.O que faz verdadeiras as verdades necessárias? Defendo que qualquer verdade sobrevém das coisas como elas são, e que as verdades necessárias não são exceções. O que as faz verdadeiras são provas. Mas, se assim for, a noção de prova precisa ser generalizada para incluir provas de verificação-transcendente, provas cuja correção extrapola a nossa própria habilidade de verificação. Além disso, tenho a incumbência de mostrar que argumentos, como o de Dummett, segundo o qual a verdade em termos de verificação não é compatível com a teoria do significado, não procedem. A resposta consiste no fato de que aquilo que podemos conceber e construir ultrapassa nossas habilidades efetivas. Concluo propondo um tratamento das modalidades em termos de teoria da prova, rejeitando a afirmação de Armstrong de que modalidades podem residir em fazedores de verdade não modais.

Este artículo hace una presentación general de los principales paradigmas educativos existentes, y en particular del papel que muchos autores asignan a la tecnología en la búsqueda de soluciones a algunas de las limitaciones del aprendizaje en colectivos numerosos. Tras destacarse las ventajas de la tecnología centrada en el aprendiente, se hace un repaso histórico a los marcos teóricos del aprendizaje de lenguas asistido por ordenador en las últimas décadas, prestándose especial atención al cognitivismo, el constructivismo y el concepto de andamiaje. A continuación se presenta una aplicación específica de dichos marcos teóricos y conceptuales a un sistema para el aprendizaje de inglés con fines específicos centrado en el aprendiente, adaptable y personalizado. En particular, se explican los roles relativos del andamiaje y del control del aprendiente sobre su propio aprendizaje con el sistema.

Ya en pleno siglo XXI hay cada vez más personas interesadas en el aprendizaje a distancia facilitado por las nuevas tecnologías. Se prevé que un factor fundamental que determinará este proceso en un futuro más o menos próximo será la combinación de la aparición de una Internet más rápida y su acceso a precios muy reducidos (por ejemplo, la transmisión vía satélite y la consiguiente recepción en cada casa como si fuera un canal más de la televisión), facilitando enormemente la cantidad y calidad de acceso. Podemos incluso predecir fácilmente que los discos compactos serán sustituidos como vehículo de distribución de material a favor de un acceso directo al material en Internet, y que dicho material tendrá un aspecto algo distinto al de las páginas estáticas de HTML que se encuentran hoy en día en la red. Como características principales del material didáctico que se espera cabe destacar una presentación mucho más dinámica de la información (basada en XML y SMIL, y no en HTML), una mayor interactividad entre el usuario y el material, la producción generativa de material y ejercicios (para proporcionar práctica casi infinita), la portabilidad del entorno de trabajo y del material a ámbitos mucho más amplios que los actuales y un tratamiento más inteligente del usuario en el entorno de estudio.

Este artículo intenta hacer una reflexión teórica sobre Java que sea de interés y utilidad para la comunidad informática, y especialmente para los programadores de aplicaciones lingüísticas, ya que, como ocurre con muchas otras tecnologías asociadas con la Web, hay cierta confusión, falta de información y malentendidos sobre este lenguaje de programación. Aunque muchos lingüistas computacionales hayan oído hablar de Java, considerado su uso e incluso llegado hasta su primer applet (aplicación pequeña para una página Web) ‘Hola mundo quizás no se hayan planteado todas las implicaciones del uso de este lenguaje y del papel que podría desempeñar en el desarrollo de aplicaciones lingüísticas hoy en día. Es necesario clarificar de antemano que aquí no se tiene el propósito de presentar Java como sustituto absoluto de los lenguajes de programación tradicionales para aplicaciones lingüísticas ya que, entre otras cosas, la historia de Java es demasiado corta para examinar comparativamente las aplicaciones escritas en este lenguaje y en otros y extraer conclusiones definitivas.

In the immediate aftermath of 1968, a number of works on Marxist literary theory appeared that were destined to command the attention not only of writers who were re- cognizably ‘Marxist’ or ‘Marxian’ but of others who boasted little in the way of allegiance to the Marxist tradition, however broadly defined. Two such works were Terry Eagleton’s Criticism and Ideology (1976) and Fredric Jameson’s The Political Unconscious (1981). While deeply and confessedly indebted to Louis Althusser for kick-starting their careers, inspirationally speaking, both Eagleton and Jameson were subsequently to reveal an ambiguous, even troubled relation to the French Marxist: Eagleton, through a series of texts that, their unquestionable distinction notwithstanding, run hot and cold in their commitment to ‘Althusserianism’; Jameson, through a brand of Hegelianizing Marxism that finally proved unable to take on board the full complexity of the Althusserian legacy. Preceding both these scholars chronologically, and bearing comparison with them in terms of intellectual range, ambition, and productivity, was Juan Carlos Rodríguez, whose Teoría e historia de la producción ideológica appeared in 1974. Except that there the similarities end, for whereas Eagleton and Jameson were destined to achieve star status within their profession, a rather different career trajectory awaited Rodríguez.

The Australian Government, referring to thousands of Abo-riginal children allegedly stolen from their parents, responded that "the Commonwealth does not seek to defend or justify past policies and practices, but it does assert that the sature and intent of those events have been misrepresented, and that the treatment of separated Aboriginal children was essentially lawful and benign in intent..." In 1998 the Chilean government opposed the proposed trial of Gen-eral Pinochet in Spain, protesting at the grave damage it would cause to the process of democratic transition and national reconciliation. The Government of Chile believes that whatever are the intentions of those promoting the process, this does not help the intended reconcili-ation — on the contrary, they will deepen for many years the differ-ences which exist between Chileans. Are national reconciliation and oral history compatible?

RESUMO: As aderências pleurais podem complicar a realização da pleurodese por toracoscopia. Os autores decidiram realizar este estudo para determinar os factores preditivos da formação e extensão das aderências pleurais e do sucesso da pleurodese em doentes submetidos a toracoscopia e talcagem.Os doentes submetidos a toracoscopia no Georgetown University Medical Center entre Agosto de 1995 e Março de 2002 foram estudados retrospectivamente. Os autores registaram o n.° de toracenteses, a duração do derrame, a malignidade, a origem doença subjacente, a existência de irradiação torácica, a presença e extensão das aderências pleurais e o sucesso da pleurodese. Foram estudados 89 doentes que tinham todos estes dados registados.Numa análise global, só os derrames pleurais que tinham uma duração superior a 5 meses têm um valor preditivo na formação das aderências (p=0,037) e extensão das mesmas (p=0,038). No grupo dos derrames pleurais malignos com uma duração superior a 5 meses este aspecto também tem um valor preditivo na formação (p=0,020) e extensão (p=0,037) das aderências. No grupo particular dos derrames pleurais secundários ao cancro da mama, a duração superior a 5 meses também tem um valor preditivo na formação (p=0,008) e extensão (p=0,011) das aderências pleurais.A regressão estatística determinou que a duração dos derrames superior a 5 meses é neste estudo o único factor preditivo na formação das aderências pleurais e que não existem factores preditivos do sucesso da pleurodese. A duração do derrame pleural, independentemente da sua etiologia, está associada à formação de espessas aderências pleurais, particularmente naqueles que tem uma duração superior a 5 meses. COMENTÁRIO: Nos EUA, 1,5 a 2 milhões de doentes por ano tem um derrame pleural. Cerca de 1/3 são secundários a insuficiência cardíaca e 20% estão relacionados com pneumonias bacterianas. Quinze a 40% são derrames pleurais malignos e, destes, cerca de 30% a 40% são secundários ao cancro do pulmão e 25% ao cancro da mama.A rentabilidade da citologia do líquido pleural (50% a70%) e das biópsias pleurais (39% a 75%) não é satisfatória. Estes factos levam a considerar a toracoscopia o exame indicado nos derrames pleurais sem diagnóstico, pois permite a visualização directa das superfícies pleurais e a realização das biópsias directamente. A toracoscopia permite também realizar a insuflação de talco e a pleurodese.A presença de aderências pleurais dificulta a realização da toracoscopia. A efectividade da pleurodese é diminuída porque as aderências cobrem parcialmente a pleura visceral e a pleura parietal, dificultando a sua aderência.A referência na literatura que a produção de citocinas inflamatórias, a subsequente formação de fibrina e a eventual formação de aderências pleurais, estão relacionadas com o número de toracenteses realizadas previamente à toracoscopia e que poderão afectar o êxito da pleurodese, é um dos aspectos que levou os autores a realizarem este estudo.Os resultados contrariaram em parte estes conceitos. Os autores constataram que a formação das aderências e a sua extensão estavam em parte relacionadas com a gravidade da doença subjacente e com a duração do derrame pleural. Não conseguiram estabelecer relação entre número de toracenteses e a formação de aderências assim como com o êxito ou não da pleurodese.Estatiscamente, só conseguiram estabelecer como factor preditivo da formação e da extensão de aderências a duração do derrame pleural quando superior a 5meses. Em relação aos factores preditivos do sucesso da pleurodese, neste estudo os autores não conseguiram estabelecer; contudo, não foram analisados os valores do pH do líquido pleural que é considerado em algumas séries como factor preditivo (pH

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