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Introduction and Objectives: Ablation of multifocal premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) is challenging. Activation mapping can be performed for the predominant morphology, but may be useless for other less prevalent ones. We aimed to describe the efficacy of an automated pace-mapping software-based ablation strategy for ablating the site of origin of multiple PVC locations. Methods: Consecutive patients referred for ablation of multifocal PVCs were prospectively enrolled. Spontaneous PVC templates were recorded and a detailed pace-mapping map was generated to spot the site of origin of PVCs. Results: A total of 47 PVCs were targeted in 21 patients (five and 16 patients with three or two PVCs morphologies each, respectively). Detailed pace-mapping comprising 73.5±41.6 different pacing locations was performed (best matching 97.2% [IQR 95.9-98.3%] similar to the clinical PVC). Activation points were acquired if possible, although ablation was only based on pace-mapping in 13 (27.6%) foci. Complete acute procedural success was obtained in 14 (66.7%) patients, while one PVC morphology was deliberately not ablated in five patients (23.8%). After 12.3±9.4 months of follow-up, PVC burden decreased from 24.4±10.4% to 5.6±5.0% (p

Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava (IVC) are rare and very often diagnosed in asymptomatic patients during computed tomography performed for other purposes. These anomalies can have significant clinical implications, for example if electrophysiology procedures are needed. Diagnostic and ablation procedures are difficult since catheter manipulation and positioning are more complex. We present here a case of successful atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia ablation in a patient with unexpected IVC agenesis, using an azygos route. Resumo: As anomalias congénitas da veia cava inferior são raras e são, muitas vezes, diagnosticadas em pacientes assintomáticos como achados de tomografia computorizada realizada com outros objetivos. Estas anomalias podem ter implicações clínicas importantes, nomeadamente quando estão programados estudos eletrofisiológicos. Os procedimentos de diagnóstico e de ablação são difíceis, uma vez que o manuseamento e posicionamento do cateter é mais complexo. Apresentamos o caso bem-sucedido de uma ablação de taquicardia por reentrada nodal auriculoventricular num doente com agenesia da veia cava inferior, utilizando uma via trans-ázigos. Keywords: Supraventricular tachycardia, Ablation, Inferior vena cava agenesis, Palavras-chave: Taquicardia supraventricular, Ablação, Agenesia de veia cava inferior

Protein C deficiency is a coagulation cascade disorder often resulting in venous thromboembolic events but is also a possible contributor to arterial thrombosis. To date, approximately ten cases of myocardial infarction (MI) due to protein C deficiency have been reported in the literature. However, affirming this mechanism requires ruling out the most common causes of MI, i.e. the rupture or erosion of an atherosclerotic plaque. Intravascular imaging of coronary arteries can be of help to identify angiographically undetected atherosclerosis. We report a case of an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in a young man with apparent evidence of arterial thrombosis resulting from protein C deficiency and heterozygous factor Leiden mutation which was contradicted by intravascular imaging demonstrating atherosclerosis. Resumo: A deficiência de proteína C constitui uma alteração em cascata da coagulação, dá origem muitas vezes aos eventos tromboembólicos venosos e é também um contributo possível de trombose arterial. Aproximadamente dez casos de enfarte do miocárdio (EM) devidos à deficiência da proteína C foram referenciados na literatura. No entanto, a confirmação desse mecanismo requer a exclusão das etiologias mais comuns de EM, i.e. a rotura ou a erosão da placa aterosclerótica. A avaliação imagiológica intravascular das artérias coronárias poderia ser uma ajuda para identificar a aterosclerose não detetada por angiografia. Apresentamos o caso de um enfarte do miocárdio com elevação do segmento-ST (STEMI) que revela evidência aparente de trombose arterial devida à deficiência da proteína C e à mutação do fator heterozigótico Leiden que foi contestada através de avaliação imagiológica intravascular e demonstrou aterosclerose num homem novo. Keywords: Myocardial infarction, Coronary thrombosis, Thrombophilia, Intravascular ultrasound, Atherosclerosis, Platelet aggregation inhibitors, Palavras-chave: Enfarte do miocárdio, Trombose coronária, Trombofilia, Ultrassonografia intravascular, Aterosclerose, Inibidores de agregação plaquetária