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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Informe Gepec is the property of Informe Gepec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Organic plant production systems that favor crop diversity tend to harbor a varied fauna involved in biological processes, reducing external inputs. Even so they may depend on animal fertilizer not available locally. This makes fertilization with only plant sources a promising alternative, but the economic-environmental return must be evaluated. The objective was to evaluate the economic viability of an organic production system of different vegetables, using strictly plant-derived fertilizers, with its profitability estimated by commercialization in the organic, conventional and local markets, and to characterize the beneficial entomofauna of this system. The study was carried out at the Intensive Vegetable Cultivation Module (MCOIH), Seropédica (RJ). The economic viability of the MCOIH was determined by the cost-benefit ratio, and the system being was monetarily viable if RB/C>1. The beneficial entomofauna was determined by capturing adult insects at georeferenced points. The highest net revenue was obtained when the vegetables were sold in the organic market. Labor and irrigation were more expensive among variable costs and fixed costs, respectively. The MCOIH harbored an entomofauna represented by 13 families that gather entomophagous insects and two families of decomposer insects. The entomophages were mostly represented by the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) and Dolichopodidae (Diptera) families (21.06% and 65.12%, respectively). The decomposers belonged to Micropezidae and Stratiomyidae (Diptera). It is concluded that MCOIH is not viable only when the vegetables are commercialized in the conventional market and their agroecological management allows to conserve a functional beneficial fauna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphate fertilization of cassava cultivars leads to increased production costs that may be economically viable depending on the quantity used and the corresponding productivity. In this sense, the objective of the work was to analyse the economic viability of the irrigated cultivation of table cassava cultivars in response to the application of phosphorus doses in the Brazilian semiarid region. Two agricultural crops were conducted at the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes, Mossoró, RN, from June 2018 to April 2019 and from June 2019 to April 2020. The experimental design was in randomized blocks arranged in subdivided plots, with four replications. The doses of phosphorus (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha-1 of P2O5) were applied to the plots and the table cassava cultivars (Água Morna, BRS Gema de Ovo, Recife and Venâncio) arranged in the subplots. The total costs for one hectare of cultivation were estimated and the gross income, net income, rate of return, and profitability index were calculated. The use of phosphate fertilizer was economically viable for the cassava cultivars studied in the two crops. The cultivars Água Morna, BRS Gema de Ovo, and Recife are the best cultivation options for the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norteas they give high yields with the highest profitability. The Recife cultivar was the region's most profitable cultivation, with a profit ranging from R$ 40,331.07 ha-1 to R$ 57,603.46 ha-1 in both seasons, with an average recommendation of 120 kg ha-1 of P2O5.

Copyright of Revista Academica Ciencia Animal is the property of Revista Academica Ciencia Animal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Estima-se que a população mundial deve chegar a 9,8 bilhões de pessoas em 2050. Para atender à crescente demanda por proteína dessa população está em andamento uma nova revolução no setor da produção animal. Biotecnologia, engenharia genética e zootecnia de precisão têm levado ao aumento da eficiência e produtividade especialmente na produção de aves e suínos. O aumento na produtividade, porém, está associada a prejuízos ao bem-estar animal resultando no aumento da incidência de doenças e piora na qualidade da carne. Esses problemas são registrados, em geral, nas regiões consideradas mais desenvolvidas onde os produtores rurais têm acesso à informação e tecnologia mais recente. A proximidade com o mercado consumidor/meios de exportação resulta em ganhos apesar dos eventuais prejuízos. O Brasil e outros países Neotropicais, contudo, apresentam diferenças regionais muito grandes, com regiões de florestas onde as condições locais impedem/ dificultam o desenvolvimento da pecuária tradicional. Adicionalmente, por viver em regiões distantes dos centros de produção animal, grande parte da população desses países não tem acesso à proteína animal de qualidade. Principalmente, devido aos altos custos desses produtos, resultando em elevada prevalência de insegurança alimentar. Como parte da resolução desses problemas, nessa apresentação descreverei sistemas de produção alternativos de algumas espécies Neotropicais. Começando pelo sucesso da criação de preás (Cavia porcellus) nos países andinos. Apresentarei em seguida os sistemas de produção de semiconfinamento e de ranching para a criação de capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). Também mostrarei que é possível obter a produção anual de 1600 kg de caititus (Dicotyles tajacu) por hectare de floresta, alimentando esses animais com produtos e coprodutos agrícolas disponíveis localmente. Para ter sucesso na atividade, contudo, é preciso quebrar alguns paradigmas da produção animal tradicional. Precisamos estabelecer sistemas de produção que respeitem as características comportamentais das espécies. Caso contrário, haverá prejuízo ao bem-estar animal e fracasso na atividade. Alertarei também que para ter sucesso econômico na produção comercial, os produtores devem procurar se associar para viabilizar a comercialização de sua produção. Finalmente, mostrarei para que a atividade possa prosperar é necessário maior investimento em pesquisas científicas e formação de profissionais na área. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the production costs involved in sheep confinement fed diets containing different inclusion levels of wet brewery residue (WBR). The diets were constituted by different WBR proportions in the concentrate (0, 10, 20 and 30%). A total of 20 sheep were used, with an average body weight of 17.5 ± 1.5 kg, at 8 months of age. The experimental period lasted 77 days. The prices of feed ingredients, purchase and sale values of kg of body weight (BW) of the animals practiced in the local market and the interest rate were considered in the economic analysis, using the year 2015 as a reference. In addition, production performance, zootechnical and economic data, and investment and costing expenses were considered to determine the economic indicators. A linear response was observed in terms of average daily gain (P=0.0035) and feed efficiency (P=0.0042) in diets consisting of 20 and 30% WBR, with 0.196 kg of BW/day and 0.291 kg of BW/intake, respectively. The diet containing 20% WBR resulted in greater total production (7,503.07 kg of BW/year), greater daily production (9.78 kg of BW), and lower total expenditure on investments (R$ 0.371/kg of BW). The lowest total expenses (R$ 64,368.99) and the highest profit (R$ 1.32/kg of BW) were observed in the diet with 30% of WBR. The economic analysis showed the financial feasibility of including 20% and 30% WBR in diets for confined sheep.

Sustainable intensification of dairy production is a strategy to consolidate a competitive sector. However, technologies adoption is limited due to the difficulty to accessing to research results. The objective of this document was to review a compilation of research works carried out mainly by the Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation (Agrosavia) in specialized dairy feeding systems of Colombian high tropics. In soils issue, research has been carried out on soil recovery and grassland renewal. Recently, the growth of grasses has been evaluated under different environmental conditions to generate efficient forage management schemes. In 2018 was registered Altoandina oat to forage use, but, in Colombian high tropic, there is a limited offer to forages due to absence of breeding program and evaluation of germplasm. Integrated management of Collaria scenica has been developed. Characterization and use of tree and shrub species have been carried out to silvopastoral systems (SSPs). In feeding systems, Agrosavia has been working on determining chemical and nutritional compositional of feed resources and design of supplementation schemes to improve animal response. Methane production increases when mature forage species are used, contrary a balanced diet or grazing in SSPs reduces methane emissions. Finally, research developments must incorporate and recognize the production costs of the system to ensure the adoption of technologies.

Abstract The ‘Niágara Rosada’ grape (Vitis labrusca) is the main table cultivar produced in the North and Northwest Regions of the Rio de Janeiro State. This cultivar presents greater rusticity and lower production cost than the cultivars of fine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) because it is more resistant to diseases and the absence of some cultural treatments. The research aimed to determine the economic affordability of the production of ‘Niágara Rosada’ grapes in the north and northwest regions of Rio de Janeiro state, by calculating the Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and to identify the risk of viticulture, through the sensitivity analysis and the use of the Monte Carlo method. To collect the data, questionnaires, and interviews were applied directly to the wine producers on the technical coefficients and respective production costs of the grape in 1 ha. The results highlighted that viticulture could be a good alternative for the regions, with satisfactory profitability. The variables with the most significant effect on profitability were the sale price of the product, the cost of labor, and the price of packaging. The probability of winegrowers to obtain a negative NPV is 33.32%, considering an attractiveness rate of 6% per year.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between grain yield and production costs of flood-irrigated rice (Oryza sativa) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in order to determine the yield range that maximizes the profit of farmers. There are estimations pointing out that the yield range that maximizes the profit for farmers is about 75 and 85% of the yield potential; however, this still needs to be validated for irrigated rice in Brazil. To validate these values, a technical and economic monitoring was carried out for eight farmers of irrigated rice, whose production costs were measured and compared with the mean yield and the percentage of potential yield achieved. To determine the potential yield of each crop, SimulArroz, a process-based model developed for the simulation of rice growth and yield in the South of Brazil, was used. The grain yield achieved by the farmers ranged from 6.3 to 11.0 Mg ha-1 (48 to 83% of the potential yield), costs ranged from R$4,197.00 ha-1 to R$6,227.00 ha-1, and profit ranged from R$-52.00 ha-1 to R$3,599.00 ha-1. Farmers who reach between 69 and 83% of yield potential achieve the highest profitability. The investment planning based on the yield potential calculated by the SimulArroz model can be efficiently adopted for irrigated rice crops.

Copyright of Revista Agrotecnologia is the property of Universidade Estadual de Goias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Current paper determines reference indexes of dairies in the Agreste region of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, and proposed benchmark models for inefficient farms. Production operational costs and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) comprised the methodology used. Results show that producers failed to cover costs at medium and long term periods and were impacted by depreciation and familiar manpower, while investments were equal to high capital rates. Farms 4 and 7 had the best rates and farms 46, 115, 94, 96 and 67 had respectively the worst references for inefficient products. The true characterization of milk-producing systems reveals reference indexes when common factors to production systems are taken into account and may be associated to production efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Organizações Rurais & Agroindustriais is the property of Organizacoes Rurais & Agroindustriais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The global production of arrowroot is minimal, and this may be partially associated to the lack of standardized agronomic techniques for its commercial cultivation. This study aimed to assess the yield and profitability of arrowroot plants (‘Comum’ cultivar) grown using different plant spacings in the cropping row (20 cm, 25 cm, 30 cm and 35 cm) and a varying number of hilling applications (0, 1 and 2). The treatments were arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, in a randomized experimental block design, with six replications. After harvesting, the fresh and dry matter yields of leaves, rhizomes and roots were determined. Production costs and gross and net incomes were also calculated. The highest yields for fresh leaves (8.75 t ha-1), rhizomes (32.92 t ha-1) and roots (8.45 t ha-1) were obtained with a plant spacing of 20 cm. No interaction between the factors, neither significant differences for the use or not of hilling, were observed on the analyzed variables. The costs per hectare ranged from BRL 8,488.83 (35 cm without hilling) to BRL 10,376.23 (20 cm with two hillings). The highest yields and gross and net incomes were obtained with the spacing of 20 cm between plants.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the nitrogen rate for fertigation associated with the maximum productivity of green corn (Zea mays) with a lower production cost, in two harvest seasons in the Brazilian semiarid region. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates, and the treatments consisted of four N rates (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg ha-1) in form of urea, applied via drip irrigation. The used cultivar was the Bt Feroz hybrid. The evaluated characteristics were: number and mass of marketable ears, gross income, net income, and rate of return. The greatest amounts of marketable ears were reached with 152.52 kg ha-1 N in summer (41,183.84 ears per hectare) and 190.31 kg ha-1 N in winter (53,291.25 ears per hectare). In the two harvests, there was a variation in production costs between R$ 2,422.12 ha-1 and R$ 3,320.95 ha-1 without N and with 240 kg ha-1 N, respectively. The winter harvest showed higher productivity and profitability of green ears with fertigation with 160 kg ha-1 N. In the Brazilian semiarid, the maximum productivity of green corn with the lowest production cost is reached with fertigation with 90 kg ha-1 N, in both harvests.

The main animal science indexes, components of production costs and main economic indicators were assessed in dairy plantation in the north of the state of Minas Gerais, with different size layers. Data division was undertaken by nonsupervised method following the total number of cows in the herd. Coefficients of linear co-relationship, economic indexes, production costs, regression parameters of variables with significant co-relationship with profit were determined. Zootechnical indexes with the greatest influence in unit costs of production comprised percentage of milking cows, mean number of milking days, mean productivity of the herd, efficiency of labor and productivity per area. Birth intervals had a significant corelationship with gross and net margins per liter of virtual milk. Percentage of milking cows, productivity of milking animals and productivity per area had the greatest coefficient of co-relationship with profit. In the case of regression, zootechnical indexes milking cow percentage and productivity of milking cows provided negative rates for the interception point of the dependent variable profit. Results show that layers with greater productivity had lower operational costs and less net margin. The above did not affect significant rates in profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Inovação, Projetos e Tecnologia is the property of Revista Inovacao, Projetos e Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Academic contributions related to the use of biological control in sugar cane crops are provided from the economic perspective. Current qualitative re- search comprises a review of the literature, documental and bibliographical analysis with the terms biological control, productivity, production costs. Results show that biological control of sugar cane crops has an important role in the expansion of agricultural production and of cane-derived products. They also underscored the relevance of costs-benefits analyses for sustainability with the improvement of biological control techniques in the sugar cane sector. The theme has not been studied often by undergraduates in rural economy and agribusiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to categorize quinoa producers and examine and compare quinoa supply chains in the Peruvian regions of Puno and Junin. This research was conducted in the provinces of San Roman and El Collao in Puno and Jauja and Huancayo in Junin using surveys of producers selected according to stratified sampling, along with interviews and workshops with traders and agents in the supply chain. Cluster analysis was used to examine the producers’ attributes, the supply chain, and the profit margins of conventional and organic producers. In both regions, most producers were small and medium sized (100% in Puno and 91.6% in Junin). The supply chains in Puno and Junin comprised 24 and 31 channels, respectively. It was found that numerous collectors, formal and informal processors, and exporters mainly linked with organized producers participated in these supply chains and this made trade efficient and coordinated. In contrast, trade among individual producers in the domestic markets through agents in the supply chain was highly disjointed, tending toward high centralization and without added value. It is concluded that quinoa supply is complex, centralized, traditional, and somewhat inefficient since asymmetrical relations were found between agents favoring commercial intermediaries.

This study aimed to compare the economic viability of the forestry component from an agri-silvi-pastoral system to tree plantation in a small property in Esperança do Sul municipality, Rio Grande do Sul, State, Brazil. The agri-silvi-pastoral system used only eucalyptus, and the tree plantation was formed using eucalytpus and black wattle. The analysis was carried out using tree component and data were obtained by forest inventory. The indicators selected for economic and financial analysis were: net present value (NPV), equivalent annual value (EAV), internal return rate (IRR), benefit/cost reason (B/C) and average cost of production (ACP). The discount rate used was 7.5% year-1. Both systems were considered economically and financially viable, in 10 or 15 years rotation. However, 15 years rotation presented the biggest financial return. Agri-silvi-pastoral system was considered feasible, maintaining positive results even with higher interest rates. Even though the tree plantation presented greater economic returns, the agrisilvipastoral system showed more environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to obtain economic indicators of the production of crisp lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in successive cultivation to cover plants under no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with six treatments: Crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea), guandu (Cajanus cajan), jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), in addition to a control treatment, with the use of spontaneous vegetation, with four replications. The productivity was evaluated and economic indicators were estimated for a production area of 1000 m2. It was observed that the cultivation of lettuce in succession to forage sorghum and maintenance of the straw on the soil provided an increase in productivity and monetary gains. The operational profit obtained with the production of 3.05 tons of lettuce cultivated in beds containing sorghum straw was R$ 3,754.35. This value exceeded R$ 608,06, R$ 1,269.60, R$ 4,052.28 and R$ 3,361.44 the values obtained with the pre-harvest millet, jack bean, guandu and crotalaria, respectively and R$ 2.426,80 the control treatment. Thus, the use of forage sorghum as a predecessor crop is recommended to produce crisp lettuce under no-tillage system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciência Agronômica is the property of Revista Ciencia Agronomica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Producao Online is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Engenharia de Producao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ceres is the property of Revista Ceres and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Concentrated feed can be used to increase the milk yield in dairy farms. However, the feeding cost increases when concentrates are used and, sometimes, farmers lose competitiveness, if the cows do not produce what is expected with supplementation. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the nutrients intake, milk yield and composition and live weight change of dairy cows fed with sorghum silage alone or supplemented with concentrates. Nine crossbred cows (Holstein-Gyr) were allocated in three balanced Latin squares and fed with sorghum silage supplemented with minerals (0.2 kg) or with 2.6 kg (38.5% of crude protein) or 5.0 kg (20% of crude protein) of concentrate per day, aiming at supplying the same amount of crude protein (1.0 kg day-1). The dry matter intake and milk yield were higher for the cows fed with concentrate, independently of its protein level. The productive response (in kg of milk per kg of concentrate) was 1.67 and 0.83, respectively for the low and high supplemental levels. The cows that received only minerals lost weight, while those fed with concentrate gained weight. The cows which produced 13.0 kg of milk day-1 showed a higher increase in milk yield when fed with supplements containing high protein and mineral contents. The response for milk production per kg of concentrate was higher when lower amounts of concentrate with high protein and mineral levels were used, allowing a reduction in the production costs.

Nitrogen is the nutrient applied in greater amounts in bean crops, the most limiting to the growth and development of bean plants and the most onerous to its production cost. A good option for producers to reduce costs, concerning nitrogen fertilizers, is the use of ground cover plants, also known as green manures. So, this study aimed at evaluating the production costs and profitability rates of different treatments involving cover crops and topdressing nitrogen doses, in irrigated no-tillage bean crops, in the winter of 2010 and 2011. The experiment was conducted in an experimental area, in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, in a typical Oxisol. The treatments consisted of six cover crops (Crotalaria juncea, millet, pigeon pea, Crotalaria juncea + millet, pigeon pea + millet and fallow ground), and four nitrogen doses (0 kg ha-1, 30 kg ha-1, 60 kg ha-1 and 90 kg ha-1). The total operating cost, gross revenue, operating profit, profitability index and equilibrium productivity and price were evaluated. It was concluded that the use of Crotalaria juncea as a ground cover crop resulted in the highest values for total operating cost and operating profit and the highest profitability indexes, and that increased nitrogen levels also increased the total operating cost, with an increasing trend for productivity and, consequently, for the equilibrium price.

Brazil is the world largest producer and exporter of beef, with its Middle West region accounting for 35% of the national cattle killing, in 2010. However, it is necessary to value the planning, control, and business management in rural properties, aiming to profit from this activity. This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the economic viability of beef cattle production in Camapuã, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, in order to identify relevant items to the activity costs. As a guide of variable costs in the effective operational cost, the mineral supplement rationed to animals and labor were relevant to the management of the production system, representing approximately 71% of the costs. Based on the results, it was possible to conclude that the property shows a good profitability (above 20%). Based on cash flows, it was observed an internal rate of return of 13.13% and that the initial capital returns in about 7 years, with attractive results for the investment in this agriculture segment. The study provided a cost parameter to cattle breeders, contributing to improve how activities are planned and how costs can be reduced, despite the high initial investment, with the rational management of the production system, which would be more attractive to the market, making its production activities and product commercialization more viable.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo o cálculo e a análise de custos nos sistemas de produção integrada (PI) e convencional (PC) de pêssego, em dois estabelecimentos agrícolas localizados nos municípios de Araucária e Lapa, Paraná. Foram apropriados os custos de produção baseados nas atividades. Os coeficientes técnicos e os indicadores foram empregados por hectare e por ano, sendo relativos à utilização de insumos ao longo de três anos, contemplando: quantidade dos direcionadores de custo, custo unitário da atividade, percentual de participação dos coeficientes na atividade e os gastos de cada componente dos custos, divididos esses em grandes grupos como: serviços, insumos, outros insumos e administrativos. Os custos totais por hectare nos pomares da PI, nos três anos, foram 5,86 e 5,05% inferiores ao custo da PC, respectivamente para Araucária e Lapa, PR. Os itens mais representativos na composição dos custos foram os gastos com mão-de-obra e agrotóxicos.This research aimed to calculate and analysis the costs of integrated system (IP) and conventional (PC) peaches production in two agricultural establishments located in the Araucária and Lapa counties - Paraná. The cost production based activities were appropriate and technical coefficients and indicators were related to the use of inputs over three years, employed per hectare and by year Management cost parameters were included, such as: estimating target cost, activity unit cost, percentage of participation in the activity of the coefficients and expenses involved in each component of the cost structure. It was divided into large groups, such as services, supplies, administrative and other supplies. The total cost per hectare in the IP orchards of IP were 5.86% and 5.05% lower than the PC cost respectively for Araucária and Lapa, PR. The items most representative in the cost composition were spent with the workforce and pesticides.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar os custos de produção e os seus componentes e a rentabilidade da produção ovina na Metade Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. A análise econômica de sete produtores teve a duração de 12 meses, compreendendo o período de agosto de 2006 a julho de 2007. Os dados mensais levantados consistem em todas as despesas e receitas e os valores referentes aos produtos consumidos nas propriedades. Foram realizados inventários patrimoniais e do rebanho ovino para o cálculo de depreciação e evolução dos ativos físicos. Os custos foram segmentados em variáveis, fixos, operacionais e totais. Indicadores econômicos foram formulados a fim de verificar a rentabilidade da atividade. Os custos variáveis e os de oportunidade foram as categorias que mais impactaram a formação do custo total. Dentro do custo operacional destaca-se o referente à mão-de-obra, sendo o grupo de custo que mais onera a produção ovina. A ovinocultura é uma atividade rentável, que é determinada pelo saldo positivo dos indicadores de margem bruta e renda operacional agrícola. Entretanto, a margem líquida apresentou valores negativos em todas as propriedades analisadas.The goal of this study is to examine the production costs and profitability of the sheep raising sector in the south of Rio Grande do Sul. The economic analysis included seven sheep farms throughout 12 months, between August of 2006 and July of 2007. Expenses, revenue and value of products consumed in the farm were measured monthly. Depreciation and physical assets were calculated based on patrimony and breeding stock inventory. Costs were divided in variable, fixed, operational and total. Economic indicators were computed to evaluate sheep production profitability. Results showed that variable and opportunity costs had the largest impact on total costs. In terms of operational costs, labor were the largest expense for sheep raising farms. Overall, sheep production is a profitable activity, as indicated by positive gross margins and operational revenue indicators. However, net margins were negative across all farms included in the study.

Um modelo de simulação bioeconômico foi desenvolvido em um sistema de produção tradicional em pecuária de cria (SPT) para a aplicação da metodologia dos centros de custos com o objetivo de avaliar sua sensibilidade mediante a introdução de tecnologias de desmame precoce em vacas primíparas (SDP), campo melhorado para vacas primíparas e metade do lote das vacas secundíparas (SCM) e suplementação protéica para novilhas de reposição (SSP) destinadas a aumentar a taxa de prenhez neste sistema (SPT). As informações do desempenho biológico foram obtidas por meio de revisão bibliográfica sobre os indicadores de produção e os dados econômicos e de custos foram obtidos a partir de valores de mercado. As entradas do modelo foram: estrutura do rebanho; custos de produção; e tecnologias de produção. As saídas do modelo foram: custo operacional (CO); custo de desembolso (CD); custo de produção por centro (CPC); custo unitário por bezerro (CUB); custo por quilo desmamado (C/kg); custo anual por vaca (CAV); ponto de equilíbrio financeiro (PEF), margem operacional (MO), taxa de prenhez (TP), taxa de desmame (TD), produtividade/vaca (Pr), número de bezerros desmamados (NBD), ponto de equilíbrio em bezerros (PEB) e produção total em quilos (PT). A utilização da metodologia dos centros de custos se mostrou sensível ao identificar variações nos indicadores técnicos e econômicos e nos custos de cada centro produtivo. A introdução do SDP, SCM e SSP melhorou os indicadores técnicos e a margem operacional e, ao mesmo tempo, apresentou relação direta com as variações nos centros de custo, comprovando a sensibilidade da metodologia de custeio em relação ao impacto no SPT.A bioeconomical simulation model was developed in a traditional cow-calf production system (TPS) for the application of cost center methodology with the objective of evaluating its sensibility by the introduction of early weaning technologies in primiparous cows (EWS), improved pasture for primiparous cows and half lot of secundiparous cows (IPS) and protein supplementation for replacement heifers (PSS). All technologies were used to increase the pregnancy rate in this system (TPS). Data on biological performance was obtained from a bibliographic review on production indicators and cost and economic values were obtained from market. The inputs of the model were: herd structure, production costs and production technology. The outputs of the model were: operational cost (OC); expenditure cost (EC); production costs per center (PCC); unitary cost per calf (UCC); cost per weaned kilo (WC/kg); annual cost per cow (ACC); financial break-even (FBE), operational margin (OM), pregnancy rate (PT), calf crop (CC), productivity/cow (P/C), number of weaned calves (NWC), calves break-even (CBE) and total production in kilos (TP/kg). The use of the cost center methodology was sensitive in identifying variations in the technical economic indicators and in the costs of each productive center. The introduction of EWS, IPS and PSS showed in the increase of technical indicators and in the operational margin, presented a straight relation with the changing in the cost centers, proving the sensibility of the costs methodology in relation to the impact in TPS.

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se analisar economicamente a produção orgânica de leite. Para esta avaliação foram utilizados os dados obtidos em uma propriedade certificada como orgânica, localizada no Distrito Federal, durante os períodos de 2002 e 2003. A Renda Líquida (RL) por litro de leite foi positiva no ano de 2002 e negativa no de 2003, considerando-se o preço do leite a R$ 0,40/ L, (preço histórico pago ao produtor de leite convencional na região), apresentando resultados positivos com o preço simulado de R$ 0,80/L (preço pago aos produtores orgânicos nas Regiões Sul e Sudeste do país). Os índices de produtividade foram semelhantes aos observados nas propriedades convencionais. A produção orgânica de leite pode ser uma alternativa economicamente viável para a pecuária, desde que haja uma remuneração superior à praticada para o leite convencional.The objective of the present work is the economical analysis of the organic milk production. For this evaluation, statistics from a farm with organic certificate located in the Brazilian Federal District were appraised, during the period of 2002 and 2003. The Net Operating Revenue (NOR) displayed a positive general average per liter of milk for 2002 and a negative average for 2003, considering the milk price at R$ 0.40/l (this being the historical price of the conventional milk in that region), presenting positive results at the simulated price of R$ 0.80/l (this being the common price of organic milk marketed at Southeast and South regions). The productivity indicators were similar to those observed for traditional properties. The organic milk production may become an economically practicable alternative for the national cattle farming, as long as the remuneration stays higher than that practiced for the conventional milk.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a competitividade da produção de algodão entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos da América (EUA) com base nos custos de produção agrícola, tomando como referência a safra 2003/04. No Brasil, os dados foram coletados por meio de painéis com agentes do sistema produtivo, nas regiões de Campo Novo do Parecis (MT), Primavera do Leste (MT) e norte do Paraná. Os dados dos EUA são de fontes secundárias. Os resultados apontaram que, no Brasil, há maior competitividade, com alta produtividade, mas os custos considerados altos por hectare. O risco da cultura é elevado, devido às margens estreitas e aos sunk cost. Nos EUA, há menor produtividade, custos relativamente altos e margens negativas na maioria das regiões. Os dados indicam que a sustentabilidade do setor algodoeiro nos EUA é artificial, dependente de ajuda governamental.This study aims to analyze the competitivity of the cotton production in Brazil and United States of America (USA) in terms of production costs, taking into consideration the 2003/04 crop season. In Brazil, data were colleted in "panel conferences" in the state of Mato Grosso (Campo Novo do Parecis and Pimavera do Leste) and also in the north of the Parana state. USA's data came from secondary sources. The results showed that Brazil has a better competitivity, with good productivity, but high costs per hectare. The risk of the culture is high, given the short margins and the sunk costs. In USA, the average productivity is smaller than in Brazil; the costs are relatively high and the margins are negative in most regions. Results show that the sustainability of the cotton industry in USA is artificial, and dependent of government support.

Este trabalho foi realizado no município de Maringá, localizado na região noroeste do Paraná, com o objetivo de analisar e comparar economicamente sistemas de produção orgânico e convencional de maracujazeiro-amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Deg.). Para se montar a matriz de coeficientes técnicos, os custos de implantação e produção e os indicadores de lucratividade da cultura, os dados foram obtidos com extensionistas da região e baseados em trabalho de pesquisa, realizado na Fazenda Experimental de Iguatemi da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, no período de junho de 2002 a julho de 2004. O custo total de produção da cultura em dois anos agrícolas alcançou um valor 12,94% maior para o sistema convencional, e referente ao mesmo período, o índice médio de lucratividade foi 21,39% maior para o sistema orgânico. O sistema orgânico de produção se mostrou viável economicamente, proporcionando maior lucratividade.This work was carried out in the city of Maringá, located in the Northwest region of Paraná, with the aim of analyzing economically the yellow passion fruit crop (Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Deg.), comparing organic and conventional production systems. To estimate technical coefficients, planting and production costs, and profitability indicators of culture, the data were surveyed from technicians of the region and based in experimental work, carried out at the Experimental Farm of Iguatemi from the Maringá State University, in the period of june/2002 to july/2004. The total production costs of the culture in two agricultural years reached a value 12.94% higher for the conventional system, and in this same period the medium index of profitability was 21.39% higher for the organic system. The organic production system was economically feasible and provided a larger index of profitability.

Avaliou-se o desempenho de bezerros alimentados até o desaleitamento com silagem de grãos úmidos ou grãos secos de milho ou sorgo para posterior produção de vitelos de carne rosa. Trinta bezerros holandeses foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco blocos e seis tratamentos, e alimentados com seis rações concentradas com teores similares de proteína (22,5% PB) e de energia (3,2 Mcal EM/kg MS), formuladas com: milho seco moído (MM); silagem de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM); sorgo seco com tanino moído (SCTM); silagem de grãos úmidos de sorgo com tanino (SGUSCT); sorgo seco sem tanino moído (SSTM); e silagem de grãos úmidos de sorgo sem tanino (SGUSST). Os animais receberam sucedâneo de leite até atingirem o peso pré-estabelecido para desaleitamento (60 ± 5 kg). Não houve efeito das rações concentradas sobre a altura de cernelha, a idade ao desaleitamento, os consumos diários de MS diários e totais das rações concentradas, os ganhos de peso diários e totais e a conversão alimentar. Os custos por kg de ganho de peso das rações concentradas contendo sorgo foram mais baixos que o das rações concentradas formuladas com milho. Todos os alimentos avaliados podem ser usados em rações concentradas para bezerros em fase de aleitamento, pois não comprometem o desempenho e conferem resultados similares.The performance of calves fed until weaning time with high moisture grains silage or dry ground grains of corn or sorghum was evaluated, for posterior production of pink meat veal. Thirty Holstein calves were allotted to a complete randomized blocks experimental design with five blocks and six treatments, fed with six concentrate rations with similar contents of protein (22.5% CP) and energy (3.2 Mcal ME/kg DM) formulated with: dry ground corn (GC), high moisture corn silage (HMCS), dry ground sorghum with tannin (GSWT), high moisture sorghum with tannin silage (HMSWTS), dry ground sorghum without tannin (GSWTT) or high moisture sorghum without tannin silage (HMSWTTS). The animals received milk replacer until reaching the fixed weight for weaning (60 ± 5 kg). No treatment effects were observed on shoulder height, age at weaning time, daily and total DM intakes of the concentrate rations, daily and total weight gains and feed:gain ratio. Costs per kg of weight gain of the concentrate rations containing sorghum were lower as compared with concentrate rations formulated with corn. All evaluated feeds could be used in concentrate rations for calves in nursing phase, because they do not impair performance and confer similar results.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a relação custo/benefício da adoção de espaçamento reduzido na cultura do milho em relação à aquisição de uma plataforma específica para a colheita mecanizada de grãos, foi realizado um estudo considerando as diferentes variáveis que interferem no investimento. Para tal, foi confeccionado um fluxo de caixa diferencial. Foram calculados com base no fluxo de caixa os indicadores de viabilidade econômica Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Período de Retorno do Capital (PRC) e Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Fez-se, ainda, a análise de sensibilidade sobre o VPL para variações no aumento da produtividade. Os VPLs encontrados ficaram entre R$ -32.157,00 e R$ 484.022,00. O PRC variou de 1,74 a 17,13 anos, e a TIR de -0,70 a 55,04%. A viabilidade depende, basicamente, do tamanho da área, nível tecnológico do produtor e ganhos de produtividade com a adoção do espaçamento reduzido.With the objective of evaluating the cost/benefit relationship concerning to the adoption of reduced spacing in the culture of the corn in relation to the acquisition of a specific platform for the automated crop of grains, it was accomplished a study considering the different variables that interfere in the investment. For such, it was accomplished a differential cash flow. The calculation based in the cash flow the indicators of economical viability: Liquid Present Value (VPL), Payback (PRC) and Internal Tax of Return (TIR). It was made an Analysis of Sensibility on VPL for percentile variations in the increase of the productivity. Found VPL's were between US$ -16,575.00 and US$ 249,483.00. PRC varied from 1.74 to 17.13 years and TIR from -0.70 to 55.04%. The viability depends on the size of the area, technological level of the producer and productivity earnings with adoption of the reduced spacing.

Neste artigo são discutidos aspectos relacionados à tomada de decisão dentro de um processo hierárquico de planejamento da produção. Neste contexto, foi desenvolvido um modelo agregado para um problema de planejamento estocástico, com restrições de chances nas variáveis de decisão, que serve como meta de produção a ser atingida nos níveis inferiores da hierarquia. Solução ótima global para este tipo de problema seqüencial é muito difícil, a menos em casos de pequena dimensão via algoritmo de programação dinâmica estocástica. Assim, como alternativa, investigou-se a utilização de uma heurística subótima denominada open-loop feedback controller (OLFC), que é muito simples de ser implementada computacionalmente. Como exemplo de aplicação, um problema mono-produto de planejamento agregado da produção foi formulado e a política subótima OLFC foi comparada à solução ótima usando o algoritmo de programação dinâmica estocástica. Além dos aspectos numéricos, algumas propriedades são analisadas, como a quase adaptabilidade do procedimento OLFC.In this paper, the need for developing an aggregate production plan within a hierarchical decision process is discussed. A production planning problem formulated as a sequential stochastic optimal control model with chance constraints is introduced. A global optimal solution is only possible in particular cases with a small number of decision variables. As a consequence, near optimal solutions are usually developed and applied to solve sequential stochastic problems. A suboptimal approach, called Open-Loop Feedback Controller (OLFC), is proposed to solve the aggregate stochastic production planning problem. A simple example is used to evaluate the performance of the OLFC solution computationally in relation to the global (closed-loop) and mean (open-loop) optimal solutions. Quasi-adaptability property of the OLFC procedure is analysed in this example.

Por meio deste estudo, buscou-se estimar os custos de produção da soja grão, cultivada sob sistema de plantio direto, na região Oeste do Estado da Bahia. Para tanto, coletaram-se dados técnicos e econômicos para a elaboração de custos referentes ao empreendimento de quatro fazendas dessa região, obtidos junto aos técnicos responsáveis pela sojicultura em estudo, caracterizando-se como estudo de multicasos. A pesquisa baseia-se na teoria de custos e o período de análise correspondeu à safra de verão 2003/2004. As despesas com os custos variáveis foram as que mais oneraram os custos finais da atividade, destacando-se gastos com fertilizantes, serviços e defensivos químicos. Entre os itens que compõem os custos fixos, destacaram-se gastos com máquinas e equipamentos e o custo de oportunidade da terra. Economicamente, concluiu-se que a atividade produtiva em estudo se encontra em processo de descapitalização, visto que parte do capital fixo aplicado na produção não foi totalmente pago. Tal constatação leva a perda da capacidade produtiva e no longo prazo o sojicultor pode ser levado a aplicar seu capital em outra atividade produtiva ou em outra alternativa de investimento.The production costs for soybean in the west region of the state of Bahia are presented in this study. This research identifies economic indexes of cost that most influence decisions made by soybean producers. The research is based on theory of costs. The data on the four soybeans productions units were gathered in the harvest from 2003 to 2004, characterizing a multicase study. The economic analysis proved that soybeans prices were below average total cost but exceeded average variable cost. Thus, not all of the fixed costs are lost, as would be the case if production were discontinued. The research shows that expenses on variable resources represent the greater portion of the final cost of soybean, like cost with fertilizers, services and quimical products. The itens with fixed cost which affected most of cost of soybean productions in the west of Bahia were machinery, equipment and cost of land.The economic study indicated that not all of de fixed costs are lost, as would be the case if production were discontinued. However, the soybean entrepreneur could be produce only in short run, but in the process of descapitalization. In this case, in the long run these producers could earn in the best economically alternative use of theirs investments.

Low economic attractiveness of forestry activities has been one of several causes of deforestation in the Amazon. The furniture production and industrial wood artifacts would be an alternative, but due to lack of competitiveness of the products produced in the region this activity is not yet proved this assumption. One way to achieve improvements is to know the costs related to the processes, to identify causes and propose engineering solutions to reduce this inefficiency. Based on this premise, the research used the costing method based on activities (ABC) to analyze the factors involved in the production process of an artifact produced with wood from the Amazon. It was used to chronoanalysis technique that allowed the development of the process flow map. The activities that add value have been sanding, bonding / assembly and application of sealer. The results show that the activities less added value, characterized by its high time to setup and measurements were squaring, drilling and production of corn. Material costs were higher than the labor. The share of costs with wood from the end cost of the product did not exceed 14%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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