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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract This work aimed to obtain and analyze composite materials made from green polyethylene and calcium carbonate extracted from chicken eggshells. The shells were collected and prepared for later extraction of calcium carbonate. With the X-ray diffraction analysis it was possible to confirm that both the in natura reinforcement and the calcined one, have the same polymorph mineral (calcite). With regard to thermal behavior, compounds with in natura reinforcement showed greater mass loss due to the moisture contained in them. The results showed a significant increase in Young’s moduli of the composites compared to the pure polymer. The scanning electron microscopy showed good dispersion and adhesion between the reinforcement materials and matrix. In view of the results, eggshells have the potential to be used as fillers, where greater rigidity is required. Since these materials come from a waste material, with low cost, their use becomes even more viable.

Objective: To evaluate the 24-month clinical performance of composite resin restorations with and without polyethylene fiber in the first permanent molars of pediatric patients with extensive caries. Material and Methods: In total, 75 Class II restorations were placed in the permanent molar teeth of 75 children (mean age 11.3 years) with (FC; n=38) or without (C; n=37) fiber. One operator placed all the restorations. The restorations were evaluated using the modified USPHS criteria in terms of retention, color match, marginal discoloration, anatomic form, marginal adaptation, secondary caries, and postoperative sensitivity. Statistical data were analyzed using chi-square and Cochran tests (p0.05). Conclusion: Extensive composite restorations with or without fibers displayed good clinical performance in high load-bearing areas after 24 months.

Abstract This systematic review investigates evidence concerning antioxidant migration from polyethylene packaging to food. The review protocol was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews guidelines. Several electronic databases were consulted for relevant studies, as well as references in eligible studies. Of the 44 eligible studies, only two did not indicate antioxidant migration. The reported migrations were influenced by numerous factors, the most important comprising the fatty contents of food and/or fat simulants, with higher fat amounts resulting in higher migration rates. Migrated antioxidant values ranged from 3.42 mg kg-1 to 231.70 mg kg-1, far above the maximum permissible amounts established by the current legislation regarding foods in contact with plastic resins.

Araucaria angustifolia seeds are considered important food product of Brazilian diet but with post-harvest conservation problems. In the present study, the characteristics of the seeds stored in the domestic environment and under refrigeration, were evaluated. The experiment used low-density polyethylene and jute packaging. Analysis of centesimal composition, moisture, water activity, mass loss, skin color, endosperm color, pH, soluble sugars, starch content and quantification of damaged seeds, were carried out every 15 days for 90 days. The seeds were better preserved in polyethylene packaging under refrigeration, keeping moisture, less loss of mass and color. Jute packaging promoted color degradation and increased rotting and sprouting. It is suggested that the commercialization of Brazilian pine seeds could be viable if kept for up to three months under refrigeration in polyethylene packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, the influence of carbon black (CB) trimodal mixture, with different medium particle sizes, on the colorimetric and rheological properties of polyethylene was evaluated. Three different types of CB were selected, with particle sizes of 15nm (S), 38nm (M), and 75nm (L) and combined, generating a Design of Experiments (DOE) with 19 formulations to be dispersed at 30% in low density polyethylene (LDPE) in twin screw extruder. Such formulations were evaluated in performance and process properties, such as Tint Strength, Melt Flow Index (MFI), and Total Transmittance (TT). It was observed that the mixtures between small (S) and medium (M) particles developed greater tinting strength and lower viscosity, demonstrating the synergy of the mixture, which was superior in the performance of the mixture containing only a particular of 15nm (S) that would have greater potential for results.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the productive performance, dry matter intake, apparent digestibility and ingestive behavior of feedlot calves fed corn silage from the feed out face of trench silos with different types of sealing. The animals were divided into three treatments with four repetitions: Conventional seal - double-sided polyethylene of 110µm thickness; Double-sided seal - double-sided polyethylene of 200µm thickness; and Double seal - composed of double face polyethylene with a thickness of 80µm superimposed on a polyamide translucent vacuum film with a thickness of 20µm. The use of double face sealing provided 12.63% increase in average daily gain and improved food conversion by 0.62 percentage points. The apparent digestibility of the diet with double-face sealing system silage was 4.30% higher than the diet with double-face sealing silage and 11.00% higher than the diet with conventional sealing silage. It is recommended to use the double face sealing with 200µm polyethylene and double face sealing with 80µm thick polyethylene on top of a 20µm thick polyamide translucent vacuum film.

Copyright of Journal of Viticulture & Enology / Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista IRRIGA - Brazilian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Revista IRRIGA (Brazilian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The accumulation of polymeric residues has been one of the most impacting environmental problems in recent human history, coming, above all, from disposable artefacts, such as plastic bags. Processing polyolefins with pro-oxidant additives is an alternative to favour the abiotic degradation process of macromolecules, including thermooxidation, so that the oxygenated fragments produced can be assimilated by microorganisms. The objective of this work was to evaluate the process of thermomechanical oxidative degradation of polyethylene (PE) during tubular extrusion of HDPE/LDPE films, without and with 1% of two different pro-oxidants, d2wTM and benzoin. The results of viscosimetric and MFI analyses indicated smaller chain sizes in the additivated films. The FTIR spectra and contact angles indicate a higher presence of polar functional groups in the samples with pro-oxidants. The surface morphological analysis by SEM indicated difference of PE homogeneity in the films. Benzoin, however, proved to be a better pro-oxidant than d2wTM.

The objective of this work was to carry out an economic analysis of the use of protected environments and different volumes of containers in the cultivation of lettuce in an organic production system. The experiments were carried out in two protected environments: greenhouse covered with polyethylene and open on the sides and greenhouse covered with polyethylene closed anti-insect screen, in both, the experimental design was in randomized blocks with five treatments (container volumes): 70, 160, 250, 340 and 430 cm³. The protected environments were in an greenhouse covered with polyethylene open at the sides and a greenhouse covered with polyethylene closed at the sides with anti-insect screen. In order to evaluate the economic analysis, productivity and costs were used for each m2 of cultivation and the local price for the lettuce and inputs was considered in the last quarter of 2017, considering a 3% administration cost and a 6% opportunity cost, depreciation of infrastructure and land costs. There was profit above the minimum rate (6% p.a.) in all treatments, except the one with 70 cm³ recipient in an greenhouse with anti-insect screen, in an greenhouse without anti-insect screen, the 250 cm³ recipient produces the best economic indicators among all treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene (PE) is considered one of the most versatile thermoplastics available today. However, it exhibits several limitations related to its low melting point, low heat resistance, tendency to crack propagation, and its low resistance to rupture under stress. In order to overcome these deficiencies, several processes for crosslinking PE chains were developed, which makes this material more stable to temperature changes. In this work, methods based on peroxide (PEX-A) and silane (PEX-B) as chemical modification agents for PE chain crosslinking were analyzed, aiming to apply PE in pipes for conduction water. The materials were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel content, and thermal analysis (TGA and DSC) to achieve those objectives. Also, some mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness and the determination of the heat deflection temperature (HDT) were evaluated. Spectra demonstrated the presence of the functional groups characteristic of PE and the incorporation of siloxane groups in PEX-B. Gel content values obtained were above 60% and indicated the formation of crosslinked chains between the molecules of the polymers. The thermal analysis suggests a greater efficiency in forming a chain network by the silane crosslinking process compared to the peroxide process. As for the mechanical tests, they also showed improvement in the mechanical properties of the crosslinked polymer when compared to the respective original PE. Thus, the silane method provided sufficient results to conclude that the properties evaluated are superior compared to the peroxide crosslinking method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Agrotecnologia is the property of Universidade Estadual de Goias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to construct and evaluate the performance of drainage meters and to determine the green corn ETc in the Alagoas region. Moisture meters were installed and assembled by digging five trenches (one for each meter) with dimensions reduced to the size of the container. The lysimeter used was a circular polyethylene container with dimensions of 1.2 x 0.2 m in height and radius, respectively. Water was applied to the lysimeters and the amount of water drained was selected by means of a graduated polyethylene source of two hundred and fifty millaniters. To determine the ETc of the cylinder diameter (mm), a spreadsheet containing an equation was used to transform the obtained data. Can be observed the evapotranspiration behavior of green corn crop cultivated in the wild of Alagoas determined by drainage meters. During the experiment, it was possible to notice that the highest daily evapotranspiration values were recorded at the beginning of flowering. Green corn evapotranspiration had a maximum level of 18.27 mm day-1 and average water consumption of 7.66 mm day-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

act High density polyethylene-clay, graphite or talc composites were produced using direct solvent in situ polymerization using a Ziegler catalyst system (TiCl4 and triethylaluminum in hexane). The produced polymer had a high average molecular weight and in inert atmosphere presents a thermal degradation above 400ºC. The thermal degradation of the polymers in the nanocomposites was shifted for higher temperature (until close to 500ºC) indicating an improvement in the thermal stability of the polymeric matrix. The inflammability tests clearly showed a retardation or attenuation effect of the flames progression for all nanocomposites due to the barrier effect for gases and volatile compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Fixed-bed reactors have been considered promise alternatives for hydrogen production due to their simple construction and increase in the biomass retention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological production of hydrogen in anaerobic fixed-bed reactors with cassava starch wastewater used as substrate. Different support materials and arrangements of fixed-bed were used to evaluate the biological production of hydrogen in anaerobic continuous fixed-bed reactors, with cassava starch wastewater as substrate - recycled low-density polyethylene scraps, in packed bed (R1), recycled low-density polyethylene cylinders, in ordained bed (R3) and bamboo stems, in vertical arrangement (R2 and R4). In R1 the initial pH was adjusted for 6.0, with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 h and organic loading rate (OLR) of 9.5 g.L−1.d−1. In R2 the initial pH was maintained in 4.5, with HRT of 4 h and OLR of 9.5 g.L−1.d−1. R3 and R4 were operated with initial pH of 4.5, HRT of 4 h and OLR of 13.5 g.L−1.d−1. The volumetric hydrogen production (VHPR) was favored by lower OLR applied, evenin different pH ranges (6.0 and 4.5). VHPR values of 229 mL H2.L−1.d−1and 248 mL H2.L−1.d−1 were obtained in R1 and R2, respectively. Both in the bamboo stems bed as in the polyethylene cylinders bed, the increase of OLR and the reduction of the initial pH resulted in a diminishing of VHPR to 175 mL H2.d−1.L−1 (R3) and 145 m LH2 .d−1.L−1 (R4). Higher concentrations of butanol (821.32 and 1,529.22 mg.L−1) and ethanol (915.41 and 924.41 mg.L−1) were verified in the reactors with bamboo stems. In R4, the increase of OLR and the reduction of the initial pH contributed to the increase of butanol concentration in 1.8 times, diminishing the VHPR in 41.68%, yield in 63.95% and H2 in 37.6%, and indicating that the effect of pH is more pronounced with the increase of OLR, leading to the solventogenesis.

Abstract Industries and the scientific community currently focus on creating new ways to recycle and to reuse polymer waste that leads to serious socio-environmental risks. However, the quality of recycled polyethylenes depends strongly on their purity degree, but the distinction between Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) by a fast and consistently good methodology is still an unsolved issue for the current recycling processes. In this study, confocal Raman spectroscopy and Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling - Partial Least Squares (CARS-PLS) linear regression have been successfully applied to quantify the concentration of LDPE/HDPE blends. The effects of several regression parameters (pretreatment method, Monte Carlo sampling runs, k-fold and maximal number of latent variables for cross-validation) on the CARS-PLS model training and prediction performance were analyzed. The CARS-PLS-based models show root-mean-squared prediction error of 4.06 - 8.87 wt% of LDPE for the whole composition range of HDPE/LDPE blend.

This paper reports the main results concerning the synthesis and characterization of methylsilane and octylsilane-modified silicas. The modification of the silicas with these groups aims to make the silica surface hydrophobic and thus compatible with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in HDPE/silica composites. In the present work, two types of silica were organofunctionalized: a pyrogenic silica and a silica gel. The silicas were characterized by a series of complementary techniques with the objective of investigating the nature of the surface species and their textural and morphological characteristics. The SEM images showed that the modification of the silicas with organosilanes has been not resulted in changes on the morphology and on the size of silica particles. In relation to the texture properties, determined by N2 adsorption-desorption porosimetry, the silica modification resulted in a decrease of the specific area (SBET) and the mean pore volume, a behavior attributed to the partial coverage of the adsorption sites by the organosilane molecules. The TGA analysis showed that both the methylsilane groups and the octylsilane groups on the surface of silica and silica gel are thermally stable up to 200 ° C, which enables the organofunctionalized silicas in terms of thermal stability, for the process of preparing the composites by extrusion. The results of applying these organofunctionalized silicas in the development of HDPE/silica composites will be presented in a subsequent article, part II of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the effect of silica particle size and organosilane type used in the silica organofunctionalization on the thermal and mechanical properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/silica composites were evaluated. HDPE/silica composites were prepared by the extrusion method using two types of silica: fumed silica, with nanometric particle size and silica gel, micrometric, modified with organosilanes containing methyl or octyl functional groups. Silicas were added to the HDPE at 1% v/v concentration. The addition of the silicas to the HDPE did not influence the melt (Tm) and the crystallization (Tc) temperatures of the resulting composites but influenced its crystallinity. The mechanical property of Izod impact strength, the dynamic-mechanical rheological test (DMTA) and the surface contact angle analysis showed improvements in relation to pure HDPE when used methyl-modified pyrogenic silica as filler. This result suggests that the surface modification of pyrogenic silica with methylsilane groups results in a stronger interaction of this silica with the HDPE matrix. This effect was not observed for micron-sized silica gel, where modification with organosilanes was not sufficient to guarantee interfacial interaction with the HDPE matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The different shading levels, as well as the quality and quantity of light can influence the development and formation of seedlings of forest species. The objective of this study was to evaluate different types of shading, aiming to obtain Tabebuia serratifolia seedlings with higher quality and better yield, when compared to full sun treatment. The treatments used were: full sun, 50% black polyethylene shading screen, 50% black polyethylene + 100% polyester fibers, transparent plastic and 100% polyester fibers. The plots were organized in a completely randomized design, with the treatments represented by environments, containing 6 replications, 8 plots and 144 seeds per treatment. The parameter analyzed up to 30 days was the emergence percentage, at 60 and 100 days, height and diameter were collected, while dry matter weight of root, shoot, total, dry matter weight of root/shoot ratio and Dickson quality index were evaluated with the end of the experiment. For emergence percentage, base diameter, root dry biomass and total dry biomass, there was no significant difference in the studied treatments. The time spent in the environments interfered with the emergence and development of Tabebuia serratifolia species, where the best environment was the one with the lowest light intensity, that is, shading with plastic + 100% polyester fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Agrotecnologia is the property of Universidade Estadual de Goias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Enfermagem Brasil is the property of Atlantica Editora and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of the research was to identify opportunities for performance improvement in a cosmetics company, through a comparative analysis of the current process of obtaining packaging, made by purchase and the alternative process that proposes its internal production. The perceptions of the managers about propelling and restrictive aspects relevant to the models were considered. The analysis of the current process of obtaining polyethylene packages and the elaboration of vertical integration models (or internal production), as an alternative to obtain them, were preliminary stages of the study. The interaction between the theoretical reference and the managers' considerations about practical application of the alternative strategy presented partial or hybrid vertical integration as the model potentially capable of improving organizational performance. Managers' perceptions were highly favorable to more own polyethylene packaging. Among the authors discussed in the literature, hybrid vertical integration emerges as a model capable of optimizing organizational resources by combining the benefits that each strategy offers. Therefore, the conclusion of the study was that the strategy of partial or hybrid vertical integration presents itself as an incremental innovation opportunity potentially able to promote the improvement of the performance objectives (reliability, cost, flexibility, quality and speed) of the target company polyethylene packaging supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to IUPAC, the composites are multicomponent materials comprising multiple, different (nongaseous) phase domains in which at least one type of phase domain is a continuous phase. High density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with silica particles is an example of a composite material. Diatomite is a natural silica commonly used in filter media. In the present work, the diatomite was organofunctionalized with methyltriethoxysilane (C1) and then used in the preparation of HDPE/diatomite composites with diatomite content of 2.0 and 5.0 wt%. The composites were evaluated in terms of mechanical properties by dynamicmechanical analysis (DMTA), Izod impact test and flexural strength and tensile strength tests. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) of the organofunctionalized diatomite presented bands characteristic of methyl groups, proving the efficiency of the surface modification. The addition of 5.0% diatomite in HDPE resulted in an increase of 8.0 °C in thermal stability, crystallinity (72 to 78%) and in approximately 4.0% in the storage modulus (G'), compared to pure HDPE.SEM analyzes showed the presence of diatomite agglomerates in the HDPE matrix. The Izod impact strength of the composites for this composite was 50 J / m, half of that observed for pure HDPE. The properties of tensile strength were not influenced by the presence of diatomite in HDPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene bottles (PET) have been widely used in the world nowadays, whether by easily design, durability or ease of handling , transportation and storage. However, reverse logistics problems due to lack of proper disposal of packaging causes pollution to the environment. Seeking the removal of this material from an ecologically responsible manner environment, associated with the reduction of production costs and the own weight concrete waffle slabs, this paper has the objective of discuss a research carried out by laboratory analysis and slabs construction feasibility, which slabs were built with PET use inside. The conclusion was the finding positives, as economic, echnical and environmental use in PET bottles in concrete slabs.

Taking into account the relevance of polyethylene for modern society and the role of catalysts for the production of this material, in the present work, we carried out a review of the main catalytic systems used in industry and academia. Most systems consist of coordination compounds, whose structural versatility allows the tuning of the characteristics of polyethylene for different applications. The structural aspects and chemical reactivity of such systems are discussed based on the existing literature and experimental data.

Objective: To identify the effect of polyethylene film on the prevention of dry eye in critically ill patients admitted to an adult intensive care unit. Methodology: A systematic review study, guided by PRISMA recommendations. Seven databases were searched through strategies that involved the cross-referencing of Dry Eye Syndromes, Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, Corneal Diseases, Risk Factors, Intensive Care Units, Hospital and Nursing. Results: A total of 784 primary studies were identified, 35 were evaluated and four were selected, with reference to the use of polyethylene film for the prevention of dry eye. There was a slight superiority in the effectiveness of the polyethylene film in relation to the other interventions. Conclusion: The evidence was not sufficient to establish whether the efficacy of the polyethylene film is superior to that of other interventions. We suggest performing a randomized clinical trial to verify the efficiency of different nursing interventions in the prevention of dry eye in critically ill patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blendas de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) e amido termoplástico (TPS) modificado foram preparadas via extrusão reativa (REX) e caracterizadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), absorção de umidade em ambiente com 53% de umidade relativa e difração de raios-X. Em uma primeira etapa, foi preparado o TPS- modificado, via REX a partir de uma mistura de amido de milho, ácido cítrico e glicerol. As blendas TPS-PEBD foram preparadas pelo processamento de uma mistura do TPS modificado e PEBD, ambos em peletes, em uma extrusora de rosca simples. Foi observado um significativo efeito de compatibilização, atribuído especialmente à redução da viscosidade da fase TPS e consequente redução da tensão interfacial entre as fases de TPS e PEBD. Os espectros de FTIR apresentaram deslocamentos de bandas de absorção do amido confirmando o efeito de compatibilização pelo ácido cítrico. Observou-se também significativa alteração da morfologia das blendas, especialmente para as blendas preparadas com adição de 1,0 - 1,5 % de ácido cítrico, que apresentaram estrutura da fase dispersa mais fina e homogênea.Blends of citric acid-modified thermoplastic starch (TPS) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) were prepared by reactive extrusion (REX) and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the fragile fracture surfaces, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water absorption in 53% relative humidity environment and by X-ray diffraction. The modified TPS was prepared by the reactive extrusion of a mixture of corn starch, citric acid and glycerol (30%). TPS-LDPE blends were then prepared by the processing of TPS and PEBD both in pellets in a single screw extruder. It was observed an important compatibilization effect, attributed to the reduction of TPS melt viscosity and consequently the reduction of the interfacial tension between TPS and PEBD phases. The FTIR spectra showed shifting of starch bands confirming the compatibilization effect of citric acid. Important change on blend morphology as function of the TPS modification were observed, in particular for the blends prepared with the addition of 1,0 - 1,5% AC which showed a more homogeneous and finer dispersed phase.

Neste estudo, quatro misturas de PEBD pós-consumo com gasóleo pesado da Bacia de Campos, em diferentes proporções, foram submetidas à pirólise em atmosfera inerte a 550 °C. Os líquidos pirolíticos foram caracterizados por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/EM). A pirólise do gasóleo puro forneceu elevado teor de resíduo e apenas 4% hidrocarbonetos na faixa do óleo diesel. Por outro lado, a pirólise da mistura de gasóleo com PEBD (na proporção 1/0,5 em m/m) forneceu 20% de hidrocarbonetos leves com elevada produção de óleo pirolítico (96%). Desta forma, pode-se concluir que a pirólise de resíduos plásticos com gasóleo pesado pode ser uma tecnologia promissora não apenas para aumentar a formação de hidrocarbonetos leves derivados de gasóleo pesado como também para o reaproveitamento de resíduos plásticos.In this study, four mixtures of LDPE post consumer with heavy gas from the Campos Basin, in different proportions, were subjected to pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere at 550 °C. The pyrolytic liquids were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Pyrolysis of pure diesel supplied large amounts of waste oil and only 4% in the range of diesel. On the other hand, the pyrolysis of LDPE mixture of diesel (at the ratio 1/0,5 m/m) provided 20% of light hydrocarbons with high production of pyrolytic oil (96%). The formation of high levels of paraffins and olefins in the range of diesel oil during the co-pyrolysis suggests a promising technology for recycling of plastic waste.

Embora a reticulação do polietileno efetuada através de processo de extrusão reativa, envolvendo a graftização de silanos vinílicos na cadeia polimérica, seja um processo bastante utilizado industrialmente, poucos estudos têm sido publicados sobre a influência das variáveis de processamento nas propriedades do polímero. Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito das condições de processamento e do sistema reacional no índice de fluidez (MFI), no teor de gel e nas propriedades térmicas do polietileno linear de baixa densidade (LLDPE), graftizado com vinil-trimetóxi-silano (VTMS) na presença de baixas concentrações de peróxido de dicumila (DCP) e reticulado com água. Uma metodologia estatística demonstrou que o teor de silano é a variável de processamento mais significativa, quando a reação é efetuada utilizando 0,02% p/p de DCP. Aumento significativo do teor de gel do LLDPE foi obtido utilizando uma concentração maior de DCP (0,07% p/p). O processo de formação de ligações cruzadas causou aumento na estabilidade térmica e redução significativa no grau de cristalinidade, nas temperaturas de fusão e de cristalização e nas entalpias de fusão do LLDPE. Os espectros de infravermelho (FTIR) e o aumento da estabilidade térmica demonstram que houve formação de ligações cruzadas no polímero via pontes siloxano.Although silane-modified polyolefins have become an industrial process, little data have been published on the dependence of silane grafting reactions and the properties of crosslinked polyolefins on reaction parameters. Here we studied the melt grafting of vinyl trimetoxi silane (VTMS) onto linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) promoted by dicumyl peroxide (DCP) in a single screw extruder followed by crosslinking reaction in hot water. The influence of grafting formulations and processing conditions on the melt flow index (MFI), gel content and thermal properties of grafted and crosslinked LLDPE was evaluated using a statistical design. The silane content was the most important variable when the reaction was performed with a low concentration of DCP (0.02 wt. (%)). Samples with significant gel content, however, were obtained with 0.07 wt. (%) of DCP. A decrease in the melt temperature and in the degree of crystallinity of LLDPE, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) melting enthalpies, was observed as a result of crosslinking formation. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed an improvement in the thermal stability of LLDPE due to the introduction of crosslinking reactions. Results from Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) provided evidence for VTMS grafting onto LLDPE and subsequent crosslinking reaction.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da acetilação das partículas de madeira de Eucalyptus grandis e da inclusão de partículas de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) e de alta densidade (PEAD) e de embalagens cartonadas nas propriedades de chapas de aglomerado. As partículas de madeira foram produzidas em laboratório a partir de toras que foram desdobradas em tábuas, convertidas em baguetas, depois em flocos e, finalmente, transformadas em partículas. Embalagens cartonadas e de polietino de alta e baixa densidades foram coletadas em depósitos de material reciclável e processadas em moinho de martelo. A acetilação foi realizada em autoclave com controle de pressão e temperatura. A acetilação promoveu significativa estabilização dimensional dos painéis, entretanto diminuiu algumas propriedades mecânicas. A adição de polietileno reduziu as propriedades mecânicas, em especial a flexão estática (MOR e MOE), porém, de modo geral, melhorou a estabilidade dimensional dos painéis, independentemente do tipo de partícula. No entanto, a adição de embalagens cartonadas reduziu a resistência mecânica e promoveu maior adsorção de vapor de água, inchamento em espessura e expansão linear, tanto nas chapas contendo partículas acetiladas quanto naquelas que não as continham.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of eucalyptus grandis particles acetylation and the addition of polyethylene of low (pebd) and high density (pead) and paperboard particles in the properties particleboard. Wood particles were produced in laboratory from logs that were split into plaks, baguettes and then converted into flakes and finally transformed into particles. Paperboard and polyethylene collected in recyclable material stores and processed in a hammer mil. Acetylation was performed in autoclave with pressure and temperature control. Wood particles acetylation promoted a significant stabilization of the particleboards but decrease some mechanical properties. The addition of paperboard reduced all the mechanical properties and promoted a greater adsorption of water vapor, thickness swelling and linear expansion, for boards containing acetylated or non acetylated wood particles. The addition of polyethylene reduced the mechanical properties, specially the static bending (mor and moe), however resulted in more stable boards.

O CETEA realizou um estudo de Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) de sacolas plásticas de polietileno (PE), com ênfase no inventário de ciclo de vida (ICV), coletando dados para o ano 2003. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar parte deste estudo completo, concentrando-se na influência da taxa de reciclagem de polietileno sobre o ICV das sacolas plásticas de PE no Brasil. Para gerar os dados da média brasileira de eteno, PEAD-APM, PEAD/PELBD e PEBD, os dados foram compilados tendo em conta, respectivamente, 61, 100, 78 e 63% das empresas envolvidas em cada fase do processo de produção. Depois que as empresas concordaram em colaborar com o estudo, questionários apropriados foram preparados e enviados para a coleta de dados. As empresas foram responsáveis tanto pela coleta dos dados como pelo preenchimento dos questionários. O cálculo da média brasileira da reciclagem de polietileno foi realizado considerando os dados fornecidos por sete empresas. O cálculo da média brasileira da produção das sacolas plásticas de PE foi realizado considerando os dados fornecidos por quatro empresas. Levando em conta as categorias de impacto adotadas neste estudo tem-se como resultado a demonstração de que a reciclagem ajuda a melhorar o perfil ambiental das sacolas plásticas de PE medido com dados de ICV.CETEA has conducted a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study of PE (polyethylene) plastic bags with emphasis on the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), collecting data for the reference year 2003. The goal of this paper is to present part of this complete study, focusing on the influence of polyethylene recycling rate on the LCI of PE plastic bags in Brazil. For generating the Brazilian average data of ethylene, HDPE-HMW, HDPE/LLDPE and LDPE, the data were compiled taking into account, respectively, 61, 100, 78 and 63% of the companies involved in each phase of the production process. After the companies agreed to collaborate with the Project, appropriate questionnaires were prepared and sent for data collection. The companies were responsible for both collecting the data and completing the data sheets. The calculation of the Brazilian average polyethylene recycling was accomplished considering the data supplied by seven companies. The calculation of the Brazilian average PE plastic bags production was accomplished considering the data supplied by four companies. Taking into account the impact categories adopted in this study it has been demonstrated that recycling helps to improve the PE plastic bags environmental profile measured as LCI data.

O desgaste do polietileno tibial utilizado nas artroplastias de joelho origina partículas que, quando fagocitadas, dão início à cascata de eventos biológicos que levam à osteólise e consequente afrouxamento dos componentes da prótese. Assim sendo, alternativas para o polietileno têm sido pesquisadas com o objetivo de minimizar o desgaste e, com isso, aumentar a durabilidade das artroplastias. Uma dessas opções é a utilização de polietilenos tibiais móveis, que apresentam maior conformidade do que os polietilenos fixos, ao mesmo tempo em que permitem autoalinhamento rotacional entre os componentes, melhorando, dessa forma, a cinética e a cinemática da prótese. São apresentados aqui, de forma resumida, porém abrangente, o conceito, os fundamentos biomecânicos, as indicações, os resultados esperados e complicações dos polietilenos tibiais móveis nas artroplastias totais do joelho.Debris of polyethylene tibial bearings have been recognized as a major cause for the onset of the cascade of biological events leading to osteolysis and loosening of prosthetic components after total knee arthroplasty. Since then, research has been focused on alternative bearing surfaces in order to minimize the amount and rate of polyethylene wear off and, in doing so, increasing the survivorship rate for knee arthroplasties. One such option is to have a mobile tibial bearing allowing more conformity and rotational self-alignment of the components, improving kinetics and kinematics of the prosthesis. The authors present a resumed but throughout and comprehensive review of the rationale, biomechanics fundamentals, indications, pitfalls, outcomes and complications for the use of mobile tibial bearings in total knee replacement.

Photodegradation of LDPE/modified starch blends 80/20 m/m has been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X ray diffraction (DRX) before and after exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV). Samples were exposed to UV in the laboratory for periods of 6, 24, 48 and 60 hours. The main alteration in the polymeric material after exposure to the radiation was a decrease in the mechanical properties, tensile strength and elongation. There were also changes in the chemical structure of the blend with an increase in the carbonyl and vinyl indices, 65.58 and 53.29%, respectively. The analysis of the blend crystallinity pointed to the formation of a new crystalline symmetry that did not exist before the irradiation.

Nanocompósitos de polietileno de alta densidade/argila bentonita nacional foram preparados por intercalação por fusão. A influência da adição da argila sem tratamento e da argila tratada com o sal quaternário de amônio Cetremide e do polietileno graftizado com anidrido maléico (PE-g-MA) como agente compatibilizante foi avaliada. Os sistemas obtidos foram caracterizados por inflamabilidade, propriedades mecânicas e reológicas, difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Os resultados de difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão indicaram a obtenção de nanocompósitos com estruturas parcialmente esfoliadas e/ou intercaladas que conduziram ao aumento do módulo de elasticidade e do valor do torque. O teste de inflamabilidade mostrou que a adição da argila na matriz polimérica e a presença do PE-g-MA retardaram a velocidade de queima do sistema, ou seja, diminuíram a inflamabilidade do PE puro. Em geral, o sistema contendo o agente compatibilizante (PE-g-MA) exibiu melhorias na estabilidade térmica e nanocompósitos parcialmente esfoliados foram formados, quando comparados à matriz de polietileno de alta densidade. O polietileno graftizado com anidrido maléico não apenas promoveu a esfoliação da argila, mas também facilitou a adesão carga-matriz, obtendo-se com isso melhorias nos resultados mecânicos do sistema.High density polyethylene/national bentonite clay nanocomposites were prepared with the melt intercalation technique. The effect of the clay without treatment and clay treated with quaternary ammonium salt Cetremide with polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride as coupling agent was evaluated. The systems were characterized by flammability, mechanical and rheological properties, X ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. In general, the results of X ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy showed partially exfoliated and/or intercalated structures with higher tensile modulus and torque value. The flammability test showed that the addition of clay in the polymer matrix and PE-g-MA reduced the burning rate, indicating an improved flammability resistance of the nanocomposites. In general, the system containing PE-g-MA coupling agent led to partially exfoliated nanocomposites with higher thermal stability than the high density polyethylene matrix. The polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride promoted the exfoliation of clay and adhesion between matrix and filler, thus resulting in enhanced mechanical properties.

Neste trabalho investigamos o efeito de diferentes compatibilizantes na reometria de torque, propriedades mecânicas e morfologia das blendas de PA6/PEAD. As blendas foram preparadas em uma extrusora dupla-rosca contra-rotativa com filetes totalmente interpenetrantes, a 240 °C em todas as zonas e velocidade de 50 rpm. A composição das blendas foi de 80/20 (% em peso) para as blendas binárias de PA6/PEAD e de 80/10/10 (% em peso) para as blendas ternárias de PA6/Compatibilizante/PEAD. Os resultados mostraram que houve um aumento no torque das blendas de PA6/PEAD com a adição dos compatibilizantes. O compatibilizante PEgAA foi o que apresentou maior reatividade com a PA6. Entretanto, foi observada uma redução no torque devido à degradação. Os resultados de propriedades mecânicas mostraram que houve aumento considerável na resistência ao impacto das blendas de PA6/PEAD quando os compatibilizantes foram adicionados. Estes resultados foram corroborados pelos dados de deformação na ruptura sob tração. Os resultados de MEV mostraram que a adição dos compatibilizantes às blendas de PA6/PEAD reduziu significativamente o tamanho médio das partículas de PEAD, e melhorou a adesão entre as fases desses polímeros, resultando principalmente, em um aumento da resistência ao impacto.In this paper, an investigation was made of the effect of different compatibilizers on the torque rheometry, mechanical properties, and morphology of Polyamide 6 (PA6)/High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) blends. The compatibilizers used were PEgAA, PEgMA, and EMA-GMA. The blends were prepared in a counter-rotating intermeshing twin screw extruder, at 240 °C in all zones, and screw speed of 50 rpm. The composition of the blends was 80/20 (wt%) for PA6/HDPE binary blend and 80/10/10 (wt%) for PA6/Compatibilizer/HDPE blends. The blends were characterized by torque rheometry, mechanical properties, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Torque rheometry analysis has shown that there was an increase in the torque of PA6/HDPE blend when the compatibilizers were added. PEgAA compatibilizer was more reactive with PA6 than the other compatibilizers. However, the torque decreased due to degradation. There was a substantial increase in impact strength of PA6/HDPE blend when the compatibilizers were added. These results were corroborated by the strain at break data. SEM results indicated that the addition of compatibilizers to PA6/PE blend has considerably decreased the HDPE average particles size and improved the adhesion between PA6 and HDPE phases, resulting in an increase in impact strength.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade do pêssego cv. Douradão, quando aplicados tratamentos pós-colheita, associada à temperatura adequada de refrigeração. Os tratamentos foram: aplicação de quitosana a 1%; embalagem de polietileno e controle (não- tratado e sem embalagem plástica). Após serem embalados em caixas de papelão e armazenados a 3º C e 90% UR, durante 14; 21 e 28 dias, foram transferidos para condições- ambiente, permanecendo por 3 dias. Com o polietileno, houve menor perda de massa dos frutos durante o armazenamento; no entanto, verificou-se aumento na incidência das podridões na fase de comercialização. A quitosana não foi eficiente como protetivo contra a perda de massa, porém reduziu a incidência de podridões. Foi constatado o dano fisiológico causado pelo frio, denominado de lanosidade nos pêssegos, após 21 dias de refrigeração e mais 3 dias de comercialização, não tendo influência dos tratamentos realizados. Se o consumo dos pêssegos 'Douradão' for imediato à saída da câmara fria, o período de conservação dos frutos é de 21 dias (podridão zero), com destaque para a embalagem de polietileno, que reduziu a perda de massa. Considerando a avaliação após a comercialização simulada, o período de vida útil dos frutos é restrito aos 14 dias, a 3º C, seguido de 3 dias em condições-ambiente devido à posterior ocorrência de lanosidade e podridão-parda.The effects of chitosan treatment and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on shelf life of peaches cv. Douradão were evaluated. Chitosan, a natural biodegradable compound, has been proved to control numerous post harvest diseases. It extends the shelf life of treated fruit by reducing water loss. Storage life of peaches has been extended using MAP during cold storage. Fruits were dipped in 1% chitosan solution. One group of fruits was sealed in polyethylene bags. Peaches were stored at 3ºC and 90% RH. Fruits were transferred to room temperature for 3 days to ripen. Quality parameters (soluble solids, acidity, ratio, firmness, pulp and skin color) and losses (weight, wooliness incidence and rots) were determined. MAP reduced fruit weight loss during storage but increased decay incidence at room temperature. Chitosan treatment was effective in brown rot reduction however showed detrimental effect on fruit appearance. Treated and untreated peaches showed woolliness after 21 days of cold storage plus 3 days at room temperature. The desirable quality was retained up to 14 days of storage.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do compatibilizante PE-g-MA (5 e 10%) no comportamento reológico de nanocompósitos de poliamida6/polietileno/argila organofílica, onde a argila foi tratada com um sal quaternário de amônio (Cetremide). Em geral, observou-se que a presença do compatibilizante aumentou o torque da mistura de PA6/PE e que a presença da argila organofílica (2%) sem o compatibilizante não pareceu alterar o comportamento do torque da mistura. Por outro lado, para o nanocompósito com 10% em peso de compatibilizante e com a argila organofílica, verificou-se um aumento significativo do torque em relação às outras misturas, evidenciando maior interação da argila organofílica com as matrizes poliméricas, isto é, maior viscosidade do sistema, promovida provavelmente pela presença do compatibilizante. Os resultados de difração de raio X mostraram que os sistemas apresentaram estrutura intercalada e/ou esfoliada.The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of PE-g-MA (5 and 10 wt.%) compatibilizer on the rheological behavior of polyamide6/polyethylene/organoclay nanocomposites. The organoclay was treated with a quaternary ammonium salt (Cetremide). In general, it was observed that the presence of compatibilizer increased the torque of PA6/PE blend and that the presence of organoclay (2 wt.%) did not appear to affect the torque behavior of the blend without compatibilizer. On the other hand, for the nanocomposite with 10 wt.% of compatibilizer and with the organoclay, a significant increase in torque was observed in comparison with other mixtures, thus pointing to strong interaction between the caly and the polymer matrices, i.e. a larger viscosity of the system, probably due to the presence of compatibilizer. The results from X ray diffraction showed that the systems presented intercalated and/or exfoliated structure.

Filmes de polipropileno (PP) e de polietilenos de alta (HDPE) e baixa densidades (LDPE) foram estudados avaliando-se a presença de impurezas e o efluente da lavagem de seus resíduos provenientes tanto de coleta comum (resíduos misturados) quanto seletiva (resíduos separados). Os resultados apontam que os filmes estavam impregnados com, no mínimo, 30% de impurezas quando provenientes de coleta comum e com, no máximo, 10% quando de coleta seletiva. Esses resultados, associados aos da turbidez do efluente de lavagem, indicam que dos filmes de coleta seletiva, preferidos pelos recicladores, se obtém pelo menos 20% mais material e tem-se uma lavagem mais fácil, por envolver praticamente só a retirada de sólidos, ao contrário da coleta comum, associada a resíduos úmidos impregnados. Os efluentes foram também avaliados segundo sólidos totais, sólidos sedimentáveis e o teor de nove metais. Os resultados indicaram que os dois tipos de coleta geram efluentes semelhantes e que no máximo duas etapas devem ser suficientes para seus tratamentos: decantação e diluição do efluente no corpo d'água receptor.Polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) films were studied according to the way their wastes are collected (segregated from or mixed with other residues) by evaluating the amount of impurities and the washing wastewater. It was found that the films from mixed collection presented at minimum 30% of impurities, while the films from segregated (or curbside) collection presented at maximum 10% of impurities. The amount of impurities and the wastewater turbidity indicated that 20% more material can be obtained from the films of segregated colletion, preferred by recyclers, in addition to having a simpler washing process because it only involves solids removal, unlike mixed collection which is associated with the impregnation of wet wastes. The effluents were also evaluated according to the total amount of solids, sediments and concentration of nine metals. The results showed that both types of collection generated similar wastewaters and their treatment requires two steps at the most: sedimentation and effluent dilution in the water body.

Samples of LDPE/modified starch blends 80/20 m/m before and after exposure to gamma rays were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction. The effect of gamma radiation is clearly seen in the samples irradiated at a dose of 25 kGy. The main alteration in the polymeric material after exposure at the radiation range was a decrease in the mechanical properties, alterations in the chemical structure of the blend with an increase in the carbonyl and vinyl indices and the appearance of new crystalline symmetry generating a crystalline domain not existing before in the blend.

Nanocompósitos de polietileno de alta densidade/argila bentonita foram preparados por meio da técnica de intercalação por fusão. Para a modificação da argila foram utilizados quatro tipos diferentes de sais quaternários de amônio visando a sintetizar argilas organofílicas. A argila não modificada e modificada com os quatro sais foi incorporada em teores de 1 e 3% a uma matriz de polietileno. A estabilidade térmica e a inflamabilidade dos sistemas foram determinadas por termogravimetria e segundo a norma UL-94 HB, respectivamente. A avaliação da dispersão e a distância entre planos (d001) das partículas de argila foram realizadas por difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). A presença da argila organofílica na matriz polimérica aumentou a temperatura de degradação dos sistemas em relação ao polímero puro. Os sistemas apresentaram atraso da velocidade de queima, indicando uma melhoria no comportamento de inflamabilidade dos nanocompósitos.High density polyethylene/Bentonite clay nanocomposites were prepared by the melt intercalation technique. The clay was organically modified with different quaternary ammonium salts to obtain the organoclay. The unmodified and modified clays with the quaternary ammonium salts were introduced in a polyethylene matrix with 1 and 3 wt. % of clay. The thermal stability and the flammability of the systems were investigated by thermogravimetry and UL-94HB standard, respectively. The dispersion analysis and the interlayer distance (d001) of the clay particles were obtained by X ray Diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The organoclay presence in the polymer matrix increased the degradation temperature in relation to the pure polymer. The systems showed a reduction on the burning rate, indicating that the flammability resistance of the nanocomposites was improved.