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ABSTRACT This study evaluated how nutritional insults applied at different stages of intrauterine development affect the growth and development of total tract organs and the mRNA expression of genes that encode growth factors, tight junction proteins, digestive enzymes, and glucose transporters in the small intestine of newborn goats. Fourteen nulliparous dairy goats were assigned to one of two nutritional plans over gestation: maintenance-restriction (M-R, n = 8) – 100% of maintenance requirement from d 8-84 of gestation followed by feeding at 50% maintenance requirement from d 85 of gestation to parturition; or restriction-maintenance (R-M, n = 6) – 50% of maintenance requirement from d 8-84 of gestation followed by feeding at 100% maintenance requirement from d 85 of gestation to parturition. Fisher's least significant difference test was performed using SAS 9.4, considering a full fixed-effect model. When expressed per kg of body weight, the weights of the small intestine and total intestine were 18.7 and 18.1% lower, respectively, for R-M offspring. The lengths of the small intestine and the total intestine of the R-M newborns were 19.1 and 9.5% shorter, respectively. This group also had a lower villus height:intestinal crypt depth ratio. The R-M offspring tended to have lower Solute carrier family 5 member 1 (SLC5A1), Solute carrier family 2 member 2 (SLC2A2), and Occludin (OCLN) mRNA expressions. Therefore, feed restriction in the first half of gestation is detrimental to the second half of gestation, reducing the offspring's intestinal absorptive area but enhancing their intestinal permeability.

O artigo detém-se na análise de poemas e de canções e valoriza seus aspectos estruturais enfocando os níveis gráfico-visual, sonoro, morfossintático e semântico, para chegar à interpretação, na qual se expõe o envolvimento do leitor. Para demonstrar que o texto poético resulta, como afirma Vinícius de Moraes, de um trabalho de construção, que independe de épocas literárias, os poemas escolhidos traduzem uma progressão no âmbito da literatura brasileira e abrangem textos que vão do século XIX até a modernidade. O referencial teórico utilizado encontra em Norma Goldstein, Juracy Assmann Saraiva, Ernani Mügge, Gabriela Hoffmann Lopes e Tatiane Kaspari as bases para a análise e para a interpretação dos textos, cujo método é indutivo. O artigo conclui que a exploração de textos poéticos não se esgota no exercício lúdico da linguagem, pois estimula o leitor a voltar-se sobre si mesmo, sobre sua relação com o outro e sobre o contexto social que habita.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of maternal protein supplementation during mid or late gestation on energy metabolism of the skeletal muscle of beef calves. Sixteen pregnant cows were divided into 3 groups: CTRL (not supplemented); MID (supplemented from 30 to 180 days of gestation); and LATE (supplemented from 181 to 281 days of gestation). The supplement contained 30% crude protein. Thirty days after birth, blood and muscle samples of the calves were collected for analyses of gene expression, proteins, and metabolites. No differences (P ≥ 0.15) in birth weight, performance at weaning, or muscle expression of the genes evaluated (P ≥ 0.21) were observed. Calves born to CTRL cows had a lower ratio (P = 0.03) of p-AMPK/AMPK protein in the skeletal muscle. Calves born to MID cows had lower (P = 0.04) glucose concentration than those born to LATE cows. Changes in p-AMPK/AMPK protein, indicated a possible metabolic inflexibility in the skeletal muscle of calves born to CTRL cows. These results indicated that lack of protein supplementation in pregnant cows alter the energy metabolism of their calves and reflect in a metabolic inflexibility.

Cyperus sp. is one of the world's main weeds, present in many areas, regardless of cultivated agricultural species, and is known to produce allelopathic compounds. The objective of this research was to evaluate the allelopathic effects of Cyperus rotundus alcoholic extract on initial development of canola (Brassica napus var oleifera). The experiment was carried out in Seeds Laboratory of the Fronteira Sul Federal University, Campus Chapecó-SC, with Hyola 571CL cultivar, in competition with Cyperus rotundus extract. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of Cyperus rotundus extract) and four replications. Germination, germination speed index, seedling length and dry mass were evaluated. The data were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test, and if significant to 5%, regression analysis was performed. Data expressed as a percentage were transformed into arc sin (x / 100) 1/2, and the analysis was performed with the WinStat program. There is negative interference of the Cyperus rotundus extract on the percentage of normal canola plants. The percentage of germination, rate of germination and dry mass are not altered with the presence of tereza extract, however, there is a reduction in the length of the roots and aerial part of seedlings when submitted to higher concentrations of the extract.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of inclusion of crude glycerin (CG) in the supplement (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) of supplement) of Nellore cattle grazing tropical grasses during dry season. In Experiment 1, intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and the rumen microbial profile were evaluated in two simultaneous 5 × 5 Latin squares, using 10 ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (408.8 ± 38.5 kg of body weight (BW)). In Experiment 2, cattle growth performance was evaluated in 50 young Nellore bulls (279.52 ± 16.3 kg of BW) distributed in a randomized complete block design. The increasing inclusion of CG did not affect intake ( P= 0.813), diet digestibility (P = 0.895), however linearly increased pH (P = 0.001), butyrate concentration (P < 0.001) and Fibrobacter succinogenes (P = 0.003) population. CG inclusion linearly decreased total ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFA) (P < 0.001), acetate concentration (P < 0.001) and quadratically affected (P = 0.009) acetate: propionate ratio. In experiment 2, the inclusion of CG quadratically affected DM intake (DMI) (P = 0.005), DM total-tract apparent digestibility (P < 0.001), linearly increased additional gain (P > 0.001), average daily gain (P > 0.001) and feed efficiency (P > 0.001). CG in the supplement of Nellore steers grazing tropical grass during dry season doesn’t affect intake and digestibility but alters ruminal fermentation, without negative effect on relative proportion of cellulolytic bacteria population. The increasing replacement of corn grain by CG in the supplement of pasture-raised growing Nellore bulls (up to 280g/kg DM) improved BW gain and consequently feed efficiency.

In order to analyze the influence of vitamin E on the immune response of birds vaccinated and challenged with Infectious Bronchitis Virus in poultry (IBV), and which dose of vitamin E is the best to answer this, an experiment was conducted using 50 SPF birds housed with one day of life at Embrapa – Suínos e Aves. All birds were divided into 10 groups of five birds each, including positive and negative control groups, supplemented with 15, 50, and 200 IU of vitamin E/Kg added into the feed. On the 14th day of life the birds were vaccinated with a commercial vaccine for infectious bronchitis (H-120) and after 28 days, one group for each treatment was challenged with IBV, strain classical (M-41). Five days after challenge birds were necropsied and abdominal macrophages were collected for analysis of microbicidal activity and measurement of nitric oxide (NO). The lung was collected for cell count by flow cytometry and also for NO dosage. Organs of predilection were also collected for histological analysis and virus isolation to analyze the efficiency of the vaccine. The results were evaluated by ANOVA and Student t-test. An increased of microbicidal activity of abdominal macrophages was observed in the groups of birds with higher levels of vitamin E (200 IU/Kg) supplementation when compared with groups that did not receive or received minor amounts (0, 15, 50 IU/Kg), indicating an improvement in the innate immune response influenced by vitamin E supplementation in the diet. The supplementation of this vitamin in high doses also increases the ability of macrophages to produce NO. And, by flow cytometry, suggests that the macrophages are the primary cells recruited in the lung tissue to combat infectious bronchitis and this action was potentiated by the addition of vitamin E, independent of the dosage.

This study was conducted to develop equations to predict chemical composition of head, limbs, hide and blood in cattle. A database containing 335 animals from 10 trials, with 221 Nellore, 38 Nellore-Simmental and 76 Nellore-Angus (96 steers, 118 heifers and 121 bulls) animals was used. Models were constructed to estimate water, ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), ash and macrominerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium) in the non-carcass parts of cattle. A stepwise procedure was conducted to determine the most significant variables within each model. Subsequently, a random coefficient model was used to construct the equation using studies as random effect, and sex and breed as fixed effects. The visceral fat was the most important variable in the prediction models developed, affecting EE and water in head and limbs; head CP; and hide and blood water. Carcass dressing affected head EE and water and water in the limbs. Carcass weight had significant influence on head CP and hide EE; it was also affected by hide percentage in empty body weight (EBW). The percentage of OV in EBW influenced hide water. Lastly, EBW had influence only on hide sodium. Sex affected the EE of head and limbs. No breed effect was observed on any of the equations obtained. The estimation of the composition of head, limbs, hind and blood is possible and recommended, once they do not have great relevance to the estimation of EBW composition.

The objective of this study was to evaluate low and high Brix diets, treated or not with 5 g of calcium oxide per kg of natural matter, and corn silage on intake, digestibility and performance of beef cattle. Forty cattle with initial body weight (BW) of 350 kg were used: five composed the control group, 30 were distributed into random blocks (control) and the other five were distributed in a 5 × 5 incomplete Latin square, with the objective of determining digestibility. The 30 animals evaluated for performance were slaughtered and empty body weight (EPW), carcass dressing and meat cuts were determined. The diet with corn silage (CS) presented the best intake of the other ingredients and the best weight gain, except for neutral detergent fiber intake in g/kg of BW. Only carcass dressing, in relation to BW and EBW, was not affected by the treatments, and the others were greater for animals fed diets with sugar cane silage. Animals fed diets with high brix sugar cane silage and treated high brix sugar cane silage presented lower intake of indigestible neutral detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (g/kg of BW) in relation to diets with low and high brix sugar cane silage, respectively. Animals fed diets with corn silage presented higher digestibility, except for crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrates. Animals subjected to diets with corn silage presented low excretion of nitrogen compounds and higher microbial crude protein synthesis. Animals fed sugar cane silage present greater intake, performance and digestibility. The use of lime during 15 or 20º Brix sugar cane ensilage does not alter intake, digestibility or performance of beef cattle.

The objective of this study was to evaluate nutrients and dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency and digestibility of diets, microbial efficiency, cold carcass yield and basic cuts yields of young Nellore heifers receiving two concentrate levels. Nineteen heifers with initial average weight of 165.6±29.8 kg were used. Three animals were used in a trial to determine the digestibility and microbial efficiency of the two levels of concentrate (225 and 450 g/kgDM) and a treatment with a restricted intake maintenance level. The remaining 16 heifers were confined for 168 days for evaluation of performance and intake, divided into two levels of concentrate. Every 42 days, four animals, two from each concentrate level, were slaughtered to determine carcass characteristics, making a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. Digestibility and microbial efficiency were not affected by concentrate level or intake level, both for ad libitum and restricted feeding. Heifers fed 450 g/kgDM concentrate diet had greater average daily gain than those fed 225 g/kgDM concentrate. Dry matter intake and feed efficiency did not differ between levels of concentrate. Average daily gain (kg/day), dry matter intake (% body weight/day) and feed efficiency were higher in the first period of feedlot (0-42 days) compared with the other (42 to 168 days). Heifers fed 450 g/kgDM concentrate had greater average daily gain than those fed 225 g/kgDM concentrate.

Objetivou-se neste estudo propor e discutir um método de avaliação comparativa da eficiência de conversão do alimento em produto entre dois grupos experimentais de bovinos de corte baseado na utilização de técnicas de regressão. Os procedimentos matemáticos e estatísticos foram desenvolvidos a partir de banco de dados formado pela mensuração do consumo de matéria seca e do ganho médio diário em 380 bovinos zebuínos puros ou mestiços em 15 experimentos constantes na base de dados do sistema BR-CORTE. Foram selecionados dois grupos constituídos por animais Nelore (n = 156) e animais F1 Europeu × Nelore (n = 139). Foram propostas duas aproximações baseadas no ajustamento de modelos de regressão linear e não-linear, tendo o ganho médio diário com variável independente e o consumo de matéria seca como variável dependente. A utilização do alimento pelo animal foi estratificada em demanda para mantença e eficiência real de conversão em produto e as diferenças entre grupos foram avaliadas por intermédio de variáveis dummy. O critério de informação de Akaike foi proposto como ferramenta para escolha entre os modelos linear e não-linear. A avaliação comparativa da eficiência de transformação do alimento em produto entre dois grupos experimentais de bovinos de corte por meio de técnicas de regressão permite, caso pertinente, a estratificação dos grupos em função da eficiência de uso da dieta para suprimento de demandas para mantença e para produção.The objective of this study was to propose and discuss a method to compare the feed into product conversion between two experimental groups of beef cattle based on regression techniques. The mathematical and statistical procedures were developed using a databank of dry matter intake and average daily gain of 380 purebred or crossbred zebu animals on the BR-CORTE nutritional system database. Two groups were selected from the databank and were formed by Nellore (n = 156) or F1 European × Nellore (n = 139) animals. Two approaches were presented, based on linear and non-linear regression models fitting; the average daily gain and dry matter intake were used as independent and dependent variables, respectively. The food utilization by the animal was stratified into maintenance demand and true efficiency of product conversion. The difference between groups was evaluated by using dummy variables. The Akaike information criterion was suggested to decide which model is more adequate. The comparative evaluation of feed into product conversion between two experimental groups of beef cattle by using regression techniques allows, if suitable, the stratification of groups according to efficiency of diet utilization for maintenance and production.

Netherton syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by erythroderma, ichthyosis linearis circumflexa, atopy, failure to thrive and a specific hair shaft abnormality called trichorrhexis invaginata or bamboo hair, considered pathognomonic. We report the case of a 4-year-old boy with erythroderma since birth, growth deficit and chronic diarrhea. Trichoscopy was used to visualize typical bamboo and "golf tee" hair and of key importance to diagnose Netherton syndrome. We suggest the use of this procedure in all children diagnosed with erythroderma.

Objetivou-se neste estudo propor e discutir método de avaliação da eficiência de conversão do alimento em produto em bovinos de corte com base na utilização de técnicas de regressão. Os procedimentos matemáticos e estatísticos foram desenvolvidos a partir de banco de dados formado pela mensuração do consumo de matéria seca e do ganho médio diário em 380 bovinos zebuínos puros ou mestiços em 15 diferentes experimentos constantes na base de dados do sistema BR-CORTE. Foram propostas duas aproximações baseadas no ajustamento de modelos de regressão linear e não-linear, tendo o ganho médio diário como variável independente e o consumo de matéria seca como variável dependente. A utilização do alimento pelo animal foi estratificada em demanda para mantença e eficiência real de conversão em produto. O parâmetro demanda para mantença possui interpretação similar em ambas as aproximações. Na solução linear, assume-se que a eficiência real de conversão em produto seja fixa e independente do ganho médio diário. Por outro lado, na solução não-linear, assume-se que a eficiência real de conversão em produto seja variável e dependente do ganho. O critério de informação de Akaike foi proposto como ferramenta para escolha entre os modelos linear e não-linear. A avaliação da eficiência de transformação do alimento em produto em bovinos de corte por meio de técnicas de regressão possibilita o entendimento mais amplo da eficiência de uso do alimento em sistemas de produção, pois permite estratificar as demandas em mantença e produção. Muitos inconvenientes associados ao uso de índices baseados em razões, como a conversão alimentar, são eliminados, ampliando a acurácia e a precisão das inferências nutricionais.The objective of this study was to propose and discuss a method to evaluate the efficiency of feed conversion into product from beef cattle based on regression techniques. The mathematical and statistical procedures were developed using a database composed of measurements of dry matter intake and average daily gain of 380 pure or crossbred zebu animals in 15 different experiments in the database from the BR-CORTE nutritional system. Two approaches were presented, based on linear and non-linear regression, with average daily gain and dry matter intake used as independent and dependent variables, respectively. The feed utilization by the animal was stratified into maintenance demand and real efficiency of conversion into product. The maintenance demand presents similar interpretation in both approaches. When linear solution is considered, the real efficiency of product conversion is assumed to be steady and independent on average daily gain. On the other hand, when the non-linear solution is adopted, the real efficiency of product conversion is assumed to be variable and dependent on gain. Alaike information criterion was proposed to decide which model suits best. The evaluation of the efficiency of transformation of feed into product, in beef cattle, by regression techniques allows a broader understanding of system efficiency for it enables stratification of maintenance and production demands. Several inconvenient aspects concerning ratio indexes, such as food conversion ratio, are avoided and the nutritional inferences become more accurate and precise.

O presente trabalho apresenta alguns dos fundamentos da tendência pedagógica da Escola Nova, refletindo sobre o contexto histórico do seu surgimento, o seu objetivo e as razões de seu desenvolvimento, assim como os principais idealizadores dessa teoria no Brasil. A Escola Nova percebe o aluno como sendo o centro do processo educativo e defende que a escola tem um papel integrador e representa a esperança de democratização da sociedade. Os pedagogos brasileiros que pesquisaram essa teoria formularam o importante documento do Manifesto dos Pioneiros da Educação. Nesse, defenderam o fortalecimento da escola pública, gratuita e laica. Foi esse Manifesto que impulsionou a criação de inúmeras escolas públicas no Brasil.

RESUMO: Este estudo tem por objetivo levar à compreensão do leitor as estratégias adotadas pelos mediadores para oferecer suporte simbólico às transações monetárias, operadas a partir do acesso de agricultores familiares ao crédito. Para entender essa questão, foi realizado um estudo qualitativo com entrevistas e análise de discursos com base em um Sistema de Crédito Cooperativo, denominado Cresol SC/RS. O aporte teórico que orientou a análise das informações articulou os conceitos de “marcos interpretativos”, de McAdam, McCarthy e Zald (1999), com a noção de “circuitos econômicos” de Zelizer (2005). A conclusão é a de que os mediadores atuam permanentemente na construção de significados para utilização do dinheiro. Suas estratégias propõem um alinhamento entre as dimensões da racionalidade instrumental e o sistema de valores, articulando as expectativas individuais dos agricultores com as estratégias organizacionais do circuito econômico. Palavras-chave: Marcos interpretativos, Circuitos econômicos, Políticas públicas, Cultura, Cooperativas de crédito.

Bourdieu se torna um pensador com muita referência na temática educacional por quebrar o paradigma funcionalista da educação e demonstrar através de estudos teóricos e práticos que as desigualdades de aprendizagem têm sua origem no aspecto social e cultural dos alunos. Esses aspectos, principalmente o capital cultural, estão associados à noção de conhecimento e às diversas formas de compreendê-lo, mas também está voltado aos costumes e às culturas, produzidas e conservadas nos diferentes contextos, ou seja, o capital cultural vai além da noção de capital escolar, caracterizando-se também como um conhecimento informal que se constitui a partir dos costumes e hábitos de cada pessoa e grupo social. Ao referir-se ao capital cultural, o autor menciona que esse é responsável pelo rendimento dos agentes no sistema de ensino e difere segundo a origem social dos diversos grupos de agentes, ratificando o rompimento com o mito do dom e das habilidades inatas. Esse capital para Bourdieu pode existir sob três formas: no estado incorporado, no estado objetivado e no estado institucionalizado. Por fim, cabe enfatizar que a educação, no pensamento de Bourdieu, está ligada as relações que os sujeitos estabelecem no mundo, a partir, das ações dos agentes, e esse conhecimento precisa ser sistematizado criticamente para tornar os sujeitos autônomos, isto é, a internalização pressupõe um trabalho de assimilação, que exige investimentos de longa duração, para tornar essa forma de capital uma parte integrante da pessoa, ou seja, tornar um habitus.

The barley culture has been conquering space in Southern Brazil, being an option for rotation with wheat. One of the main constraints for the increased productivity is the race against weed, especially ryegrass. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the barley competitive ability (Hordeum vulgare) against the ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), in relation to the nitrogen absorption and to measure the density in which the culture is negatively affected. For this, a field experiment was conducted using experimental designs of randomized blocks, where the barley coexisted with different ryegrass densities (0, 4, 16, 32, 64 and 128 m-2). The analyzed varieties were plant height, chlorophyll, number of barley and ryegrass stems, barley and ryegrass dry mass, leaf area, number of spikes, number of grains per spike, the weight of a thousand grains and yield. The ryegrass interferes negatively on the barley's development and productivity, even in low densities, being necessary its control to four plants m-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Plants of the genus Senecio sp. are known to produce hepatic lesions in different animal species, including man. To evaluate the toxicity of three species of Senecio found in regions where cattle are bred in the state of Santa Catarina, experiments were conducted on broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus). Green leaves of S. conyzaefolius, S. vernonioides and S. paulensis were collected and dried in the shade. After drying, the leaves were ground, mixed into the feed and fed to the chickens divided into 3 groups. Group 1 and Group 2 received single doses of 5g/kg and 20g/kg, respectively. Group 3 was given daily doses of 1g/kg for 20 days (values corresponding to green plant) and Group 4 (control) received free feed of the plant. For each group, five chickens were submitted to necropsy at 30 days and five to 60 days after planting, and five chickens that consumed S. vernonioides and S. conyzaefolius at the dose of 1g/kg for 20 days were necropsied at 90 days after the beginning of the experiment. Macroscopic lesions were observed in chickens that consumed S. vernonioides at a dose of 1 g/kg for 20 days in birds necropsied at 30, 60 and 90 days and were characterized mainly by liver of firm consistency, diminished in size with yellowish coloration and evident lobular pattern, ascites and hydropericardium. In microscopy the main lesions observed were megalocytosis, hepatocyte swelling, fibrosis and biliary hyperplasia and were more intense at the dosage of 1 g/kg for 20 days for S. vernonioides and less severe in the chickens that ingested S. conyzaefolius. The chickens that received S. paulensis showed no macroscopic and microscopic lesions.

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