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The plant transplanting technique from natural regeneration in areas under reforestation is considered of great importance not only for constituting the necessary diversity in a forest restoration program, but also, due to the possibility of conserving genetic material that would otherwise be deleted. The objective of the research was to know in which seasons and in which height classes higher levels of survival and initial growth of plants rescued from Vernonia discolor, Myrsine coriacea and Vernonanthura discolor, under development in the Eucalyptus reforestation understory, can be obtained. Quarterly collections of 36 seedlings of each species were carried out, 12 of each of the following classes of heights: 5 to 25 cm; 26 to 49 cm; and ≥ 50 cm. On the occasions when the seedlings were rescued, measurements were taken of the total height, the stem diameter, the canopy length and the canopy diameter. After the rescue, the seedlings were transplanted and kept in a nursery for 90 days, with the same variables being measured at the end of this period. All species studied showed greater survival and increases in height and diameter of the collar, when rescued up to 50 cm in height. The three species showed a low relationship between increments in height and diameter of the collection with the climatic seasonality of the seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the influence of the annual behavior of some environmental factors and plant densities on Chrysanthemum plant growth. Four Chrysanthemum cultivars were grown at five densities and established a total of 23 experiments in 2018. The plant and climatic variables determined were the dry weight, height, flower buds, growing degree days (GDD) and daily light integrated (DLI) of each crop cycle of each assay, respectively, as well as the relative humidity. The effect of density on plant growth, as determined by crop cycles established throughout the year, was analyzed graphically and through analysis of variance, followed by a Scheffe post hoc test. It used the multivariate analysis to cluster the crop cycles identified by its week of planting and according to the similarity of plant variables and climatic. The growth reached by the crop cycles under the treatments in all cultivars along the year showed an unimodal behavior. The multivariate analysis lets us define two seasons (I, II) exhibiting significant differences in plant growth and climatic variables behavior. Period I had drier conditions and higher radiation than II and DLI was the most limiting factor in plant development, while the GDDs did not influence it.

The soils of the Brazilian Cerrado have phosphorus as the most limiting element, as it has a low quantity and a high retention capacity in the solid phase, thus, the P is mostly adsorbed to the soil. The use of bacteria represents a sustainable alternative to mobilize phosphorus in soils. This study aimed to prospect bacteria with phosphorus solubilizing activity with the potential to be used to promote the growth of soybean plants and the biocontrol of S. sclerotiorum. Bacterial isolations were carried out from different soils and locations in MT. Afterward, the isolates with the highest phosphate solubilizing capacity were selected, to test in an experiment with soybean plants in a greenhouse in DIC, with 11 treatments, nine of which were isolates VG09, VG27, VG42, VG46, VG47, VG68, VG82, VG89, VG91, fertilization (NPK) and the control without phosphate fertilization. Root length, plant height, and fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots were evaluated. Finally, the seeds health test was realized with S. sclerotiorum, evaluating the nine bacteria, the chemical fungicide Certeza N (thiophanate-methyl and fluazinam), and the treatment control. The bacterial isolates VG91, VG09, and VG27 stood out for providing increases in most of the soybean plant growth promotion parameters evaluated. Biological seed treatment with the bacteria VG42, VG 27, VG46, VG47, and VG91 provided satisfactory control of S. sclerotiorum in soybean seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Crops of Vigna unguiculata L. “cowpea” and Zea mays L. “corn” require chemical fertilizers for proper growth and development; however, its inadequate application contaminates the environment, creating the need to search new alternatives that reduce its impact. Due to this, the objective of this research was to determine the effect of a biofertilizer from fish wastes on the yield of cowpea and corn, and its effect on their rhizospheric microbiota. The physicochemical and biological characteristics of the biofertilizer were determined, and then was applied on the field under a completely randomized block design with six treatments: absolute control, chemical control, biofertilizer at 1%, 1.25%, 1.5% and 1.25% plus chemical fertilizer. The application of biofertilizer at 1, 1.25 and 1.5% increased the height, root length and yield of cowpea; however, the increase percentages were lower than those obtained with chemical fertilizer and the biofertilizer at 1.25% plus chemical fertilizer. In the case of corn, all treatments with biofertilizer increased the growth and yield of aerial biomass compared to the control, and the percentages of increase exceeded the chemical fertilizer in terms of the number of leaves, length and root biomass. In addition, the biofertilizer increased the microbial fertility of the soil expressed as the number of colony-forming units of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms per gram of soil in both crops. In conclusion, a positive effect of the biofertilizer from fish wastes was evidenced, which increased the yield of cowpea and corn, as well as an increase in soil microbial fertility.

Abstract The objective of this work was to study the growth curves of total dry matter (TDM) accumulation of the P30F33 and GNZ2004 maize hybrids using nonlinear models. The used models were: Brody, Gompertz, logistic, Meloun I, Meloun II, Michaelis-Menten, modified Michaelis-Menten, Mitscherlich, Richards, Schnute, von Bertalanffy, and Weibull. To estimate the parameters, the least squares method and the Gauss-Newton convergence algorithm were used. The adjusted coefficient of determination, the residual standard deviation, and the Akaike information criterion were used as criteria to evaluate the goodness of fit of the models. The Gauss-Newton method did not converge for 8 out of the 12 models studied. The Gompertz, logistic, von Bertalanffy, and Weibull models were considered appropriate for fitting the dry matter accumulation of the evaluated maize hybrids. The estimated TDM was 34,700 and 31,980 kg ha−1 for GNZ2004 and P30F33, respectively. The maximum daily gain in TDM was 483 and 381 kg ha−1, respectively, reached at 83 days after emergence, with TDM stabilization at 121 and 129 days after emergence. The logistic model is the best one to describe the TDM accumulation of the GNZ2004 and P30F33 maize hybrids.

The objective of this work was to select, in a greenhouse, associative bacteria that promote the growth and development of eucalyptus plants. For this, the selection experiment used the AEC 144 clone of Eucalyptus urophylla, the experiment was carried out from March to May 2017, lasting 30 days, the treatments were 17 bacterial isolates and 1 control without inoculation, 4 replications, arranged in DIC. The height, diameter, number of shoots, counting of the number of leaves of the plants, Spad Index and dry weight of aerial part were evaluated. Bacterial isolates JN32R, JN6R, JN5R, JN3R, JM6R, JM21R, JM5R, native to eucalyptus; and strains LGAM82, ZAE94, J11 and N15 promote growth and development in eucalyptus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT This research is related to the evaluation of vegetative growth parameters, initial yield and incidence of pests and diseases of twelve Arabica coffee cultivars submitted to the subtropical humidity environment of Vale do Ribeira Paulista, Brazil. The experiment was performed in the Experimental Campus of the UNESP in Registro, in a randomized block design, with three replications. Stem diameter, number of plagiotropic branches, plant height, number of internodes of plagiotropic branches, length of the first plagiotropic branch, incidence of brown eye spot and phoma leaf spot on coffee leaves, infestation by leaf miner and the yield of cultivars were evaluated. The results obtained allowed to conclude that: i) cultivars Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62, Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 and Mundo Novo IAC 379-1 were higher than the others, with yield above the national average in 2020 and percentage of flat beans below 10%; ii) all cultivars evaluated showed a similar level of increment of variables that indicate plant growth and reproductive development; iii) the cultivation environment is favorable to infestation by the leaf miner and unfavorable to the incidence of rust; iv) The prevailing climatic conditions in the Vale do Ribeira Paulista is suitable for the production of Arabica coffee.

The complexity in the management of field tools for recording dasometric information has led to the use of allometric equations that save time, work, and costs allowing the estimation of variables that are difficult to record, such as total height (TH). The objective of this research was to develop an allometric equation for the species Alnus acuminata in order to calculate TH from the diameter at breast height (DBH). At the Obonuco-AGROSAVIA Research Center in Pasto (Nariño), dasometric information was recorded for 75 months for 200 even-aged trees. Four models were evaluated: linear, polynomial, Mixed linear (random effect per tree age), and Mixed linear (random effect per tree). For the selection of the best model, the criteria were used with the lowest values ​​of Akaike (AIC) and Bayesian (BIC). The information was analyzed using the "Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Models" package, R software. The results revealed that A. acuminata had an 81% survival; the TH average was 7.4 ± 1.3 m; and the average DBH was 9.51 ± 2.23cm. The average annual increase of DBH was 1.5 cm year-1, and the TH was 1.18 m∙ per year-1. The mixed linear model confirmed the assumptions of normality, independence, and homogeneity of variances in addition of having good criteria in its predictive performance and efficiency through the equation TH=2.07+0.35*DBH+0.95*Age. This research contributes to the management of native species of the high tropics by designing an equation for the first vegetative growth phases of A. acuminata in high mountain agroecological zones.

ABSTRACT: One of the main issues related to the management of forage legumes is the fact that these plants can be found in a broad diversity of morphology, structures and growth habits. This study evaluated the structural and productive characteristics of forage legumes with different growth habits [Clitoria ternatea L.; Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Thellung; and Stylosanthes spp. cv. Campo Grande], in response to two harvesting frequencies (60 and 90 days). The experimental design was completely randomized in blocks, with a split-plot scheme and four replications (n=4). The type of forage legume influenced the number of secondary branches, the number of leaves per branch, leaf area index (LAI), light interception (LI), percentage of leaves and stems (%), leaf/stem ratio, and pod production (P

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate silicon capacity to mitigate the damaging effects of UV-B radiation on cacao (Theobroma cacao) plants. For the experiment, homogeneous cacao plants produced from seeds collected from a clonal population were subjected to the following treatments: UVB- Si-, no UV-B exposure and no addition of Si (control); UV-B+ Si-, UV-B exposure of 3.0 kJ m-2 per day and no addition of Si; and UV-B+ Si+, UV-B exposure of 3.0 kJ m-2 per day and addition of 2.0 mmol L-1 Si. The molybdenum blue technique was used to determine Si concentrations. For each selected plant, the following were determined: number of leaves; leaf area; root, stem, and leaf dry mass; anatomy of fully expanded leaves; gas exchange; chlorophyll a fluorescence; total soluble sugar concentrations using ethanol extract; and antioxidant enzyme activity. The plants showed a higher leaf and total biomass when treated with Si, as well as lower concentrations of chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and polyphenols under UV-B radiation. Si inhibits the net CO2 assimilation rate and the dark mitochondrial respiration rate. Therefore, Si application on cacao plants mitigates the damaging effects of UV-B, reduces carbon consumption through cellular respiration, and decreases the production of UV-B-absorbing compounds.

This study aimed to clarify the kind of behavior before damage caused by various agents in their cotyledons. The research was conducted on the premises of the experimental area CCA, UFPI, in the period June- July 2019, with growing Italian Caserta. The experimental design was randomized blocks (DBC) with 4 repetitions and 11 treatments, treatments consisted to simulate different degrees of mechanical damage at different times after the emergence of the zucchini seedlings. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference only on the parameter dry weight of the stem. According to the results obtained from the analysis of dry matter, treatment affected only the stem, not influencing the leaves and roots, since the losses incurred in the removal of the cotyledons, regardless of the number or from the time that it was not affected height, root depth or number of leaves. Regarding the stem, perceive a trend of scathing effects with the removal of two cotyledons, especially in the early plant growth, at which time they are most required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of chemical and biochemical aspects associated with the development of different plant parts enables the assessment of a series of reactions leading to the production of biomass and grain culture. Thus, the objective of was to study the difference in nitrogen efficiency in roots and shoots of two corn genotypes in the initial stages of plants growth, and evaluate the biochemical and physiological responses of these organs, when plants are subjected to different doses of N, under hydroponic conditions. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in nutrient solution for 20 days, with two genotypes (AS1522 and AS1596) subjected to four N concentrations (zero, 112, 224 and 448 mg dm-3 ). Completely randomized desing with three replications das apply. The major differences among genotypes for biometric variables, dry matter, N accumulation and free amino acids were observed in the shoots. At root, the activity of nitrate reductase activity was the variable that stood out and provided the largest differences between genotypes. The genotype AS1596 is more efficient in N utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Plant regulators may result in changes in plant development and physiological processes, limiting plant height, providing a greater number of reproductive nodes and an increase in productivity. Current research evaluates the effect of different plant regulators on soybean crop at different concentrations to identify the best regulator-concentration combination. The experiment was carried out in 2018-2019, sowing in December, in Gurupi (TO). Experimental design of randomized blocks with four replications and treatments were arranged in a 5x4+1 factorial scheme: first factor comprised five plant regulators (GA3; ethephon; Kinetin+GA3+AIB; lactofen; 2.4-D); the second factor comprised four concentrations for each product (recommended dose, minus 50% minus; plus 50%; plus 100%), and an additional control (no application). Agronomic characteristics evaluated comprised plant height, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, weight of 1000 grains and grain yield. Data were submitted to variance analysis; concentrations underwent regression analysis and the means of the regulators, in relation to the control, to Dunnett’s mean test. Plant regulators affected characteristics. Product concentrations may inhibit plant growth but may also cause harmful effects on soybean plants. Kinetin+GA3+AIB at concentration 0.0675+0.0375+0.0375 g ha-1 inhibited plant height and provided a greater number of pods per plant and greater number of grains per plant, or rather, higher grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The use of coconut coir dust is a low-cost cultivation practice. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of coconut coir dust proportion on foliar secondary metabolite biosynthesis and growth of Passiflora alata Curtis (sweet passion fruit). This Passiflora species possess pharmaceutical relevance and the use of organic-based substrates may promote the production of bioactive compounds in the phytomass. An experiment in a greenhouse was set up with three proportions of coir dust mixed with a commercial substrate for seedlings (CSS) (peat-based) (S1= 1:1:1, CSS: sand: coconut coir dust; S2= 1.5:1.5:1, CSS: sand: coconut coir dust and S3= 1:1, sand: CSS) in seven replicates. After 68 days, growth parameters were measured (height, leaf area, number of leaves, stem diameter, and dry matter), and the harvested leaves were used to prepare ethanolic extracts. The total antioxidant activity and production of phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and saponins were assessed. Unexpectedly, the coir dust supply did not favor the growth and production of secondary metabolites, as the best results were observed in plants grown in S3. Moreover, S3 is efficient in optimizing the growth, metabolite content, and antioxidant capacity of P. alata foliar extracts dispensing coir dust supplementation in the substrate. Therefore, adding coir to CSS is not recommended to enhance the production of secondary metabolites and the growth of P. alata seedlings.

The Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is known as macassar bean and colony bean. In addition to its economic importance, it has high nutritional contents, being a substitute for animal protein. Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are known to be biological controllers and for their versatility. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma spp. on the growth of cowpea plants. Fifteen Trichoderma isolates and one cowpea genotype were used. The bioassay was completely randomized, repeating once. The isolates were multiplied in parboiled rice. From each isolate, a suspension of conidia adjusted to 106 conidia mL-1 was prepared, each plant receiving 25 mL of the suspension, evaluating 30 days after inoculation, plant height, weight of green mass and dry mass. Ten isolates provided gains in height of the treated plants, differing on average from the control in the two bioassays performed. Plants treated with T 12.11 and T 5.16 had increases in green and dry mass weight in all bioassays and in all analyzed variables. The use of Trichoderma species to promote growth in cowpea represents a viable alternative for farmers. The most promising isolates T 2.24 and T 2.54 from the species T. asperelloides, and T 5.16 and T 12.11 from Trichoderma spp. can be used to increase dry matter in cowpea, requiring studies in order to visualize greater commercial production and to develop more practical forms of inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Agrotecnologia is the property of Universidade Estadual de Goias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

carrot and turnip Plants showed fresh and dry weights similar when grown in the area next to the industry. However, plants of two species, cultivated in the fifty and three hundred feet away from the polluting source, showed reduced growth and consequently reduction of fresh and dry weights. Plant growth of carrot and turnip, measured by weight fresh, proved to be different between the dots next to the industry and to the control station to ten kilometers. Growth increased with the distance, and as a result due to the topography, with the altitude of the place of cultivation of plants. The dry weight showed large variations in all species and between seasons. There has been a reduction of 87.4 between dry weight of the plants growing in season 2 with the control. The time factor also exerted influence on the effect of industrial emission on the growth and development of plants. The species growing in season 1, at the same industry-level, and 2 station, located 122 m above the level of the industry, however, in the prevailing wind direction, showed greater reduction in growth, based on fresh and dry weights. Weather conditions such as wind speed and direction and stagnant area, associated with the topographical conformation, can increase the effects of toxic agents in the atmosphere over the plant ecosystem. The region where the textile industry lies presents conditions that favor the pollute effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irrigation is used as a management strategy in many regions around the world. However, due to the salinity characteristics of the semiarid region, this measure has become increasingly difficult due to the scarcity of good quality water with low levels of salts. One of the factors that can lead to salt stress are crops irrigated with water with high electrical conductivity, reflecting in a soil unfavorable to plant growth. Sunflower is a drought and salinity tolerant crop. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the use of organic residue from marine macroalgae on the production of sunflower plants under two saline conditions (50 or 100 mM NaCl) and control group in substrates containing organic compound from algae or earthworm humus. The use of algae compost was more efficient than earthworm compost under control conditions. Under 50 mM salinity conditions, the results were similar to the use of humus. The use of this residue can be an alternative to commercial fertilizers under controlled conditions or with moderate salinity, minimizing production costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Diversitas Journal is the property of Diversitas Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT The sludge produced by rice parboiling wastewater treatment plants has substantial amounts of nutrients and organic matter, therefore requiring proper environmental disposal. One option is to use it as an alternative substrate for the production of forest species seedlings. This study aimed to assess the viability of using the sludge from rice parboiling wastewater as an alternative substrate for the production of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) O. Kuntze seedlings. A. angustifolia seeds were kept in vermiculite until sprouting, then transferred to polyethylene bags filled with five different substrates (treatments): 100% sand (T1); 75% sand and 25% sludge (T2); 50% sand and 50% sludge (T3); 25% sand and 75% sludge (T4); 100% sludge (T5). Each treatment had 10 replicates (bag with one seedling). Shoot system growth, hypocotyl diameter, root system growth and biomass were evaluated at 94, 180, and 300 days of growth. Data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test with a significance level of 5%. Seedlings’ growth was similar on treatments containing 25%, 50%, and 75% sludge, while 100% sand and 100% sludge resulted in less growth at 300 days. In conclusion, the sludge from rice parboiling wastewater is suitable as an alternative substrate, and the ratio of 25% sand + 75% sludge could be recommended, for exploit larger amounts of the residue.

Abstract Soil cover with plastic film is a practice used to optimize the agronomic performance of different crops, but its behavior in the citrus growing conditions of Brazil remains unknown. Five experiments in commercial orchards located in the state of São Paulo, in rainfed or irrigated systems, were carried out to evaluate the effect of soil cover with plastic film (white/black or silver/black color) on the vegetative growth and initial production of sweet orange trees up to 3.5 years after planting. In each location and experiment, completely randomized design was used, with four to ten replicates and five to twelve useful trees per plot. Considering the set of results, soil cover with plastic film increased the average canopy volume by 27% and the average production per tree by 33% compared to control trees without plastic cover. The positive effect of plastic cover was observed until the third year of its application, gradually decreasing with its degradation. In general, greater relative increases were observed in variables evaluated with the use of plastic cover in rainfed experiments than irrigated ones, while the effect of white/black either silver/black films was similar.

Abstract The aim of the current research was to evaluate the impact of ‘Eva’ apple tress cultivation under nets with different colors as opposed to cultivation deprived of net treatment on the attributes related to the vigor of the plant, production and fruit quality. The evaluations were carried out during the 2017/18 and 2018/19 crop growing seasons at commercial production fields located in the municipality of Porto Amazonas, PR. The treatments in study consisted of a control (plants grown with no protecting net), along with plants protected by anti-hail nets of distinct colors such as white, crystal (transparent) and black. The following response variables were assessed herein: length and diameter of the branch, plant height and branch diameter as plant vigor measurements, crop production (kg plant-1) and yield (kg ha-1), and number of fruits per plant as to productive yield of the cropping system, as well as shape (height and diameter) of the fruits, mass, Hue angle, firmness, soluble solids and titratable acidity to test grade or fruit quality. There was no significant effect of protecting nets on both vigor and development of the plants. However, production and yield were consistently more expressive under crystal and white protecting nets throughout the second crop growing season. This demonstrated that ‘Eva’ apple trees were conducive to render as well as or even better than those plants bereft of protecting nets in view of the fact that the former treatments caused the plants to suffer less harmful impacts promoted by hail events, excess of wind, and sun burning disorders. The black anti-hail net resulted in negative outcomes as to coloration of the fruits in conjunction with titratable acidity, making them reddish and acidic and, therefore, less attractive for in natura commercial consumption.

The growth of sugarcane plants is greatly reduced due to the occurrence of drought stress, which ultimately affects production. Therefore, different strategies have been used to attenuate stress conditions, such as the exogenous application of glycine betaine. The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth rate and dry mass of sugarcane that received a glycine betaine application and was submitted to drought stress and rehydration. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with six treatments: G0I - plants without glycine betaine with adequate irrigation, G0E - plants without glycine betaine and drought stress, G1I - plants with an application of glycine betaine and adequate irrigation, G1E - plants with an application of glycine betaine and drought stress, G2I - plants with two applications of glycine betaine and adequate irrigation, G2E - plants with two applications of glycine betaine and drought stress. Six days after the stress, the plants were rehydrated. The relative growth rates of sugarcane plants decreased with the drought stress. However, these reductions were partially minimized with the foliar application of glycine betaine, mainly with the rehydration, with the relative growth rate decreasing by only 19% and 18.4%, respectively, in G1 and G2, while the reduction was 37.2% in G0. Glycine betaine also minimized reductions in total dry mass production under drought stress, with decreases of 5.8% and 5.9% in G1 and G2, respectively, while it was 15.1% in G0. The leaf application of glycine betaine improves the relative growth rate of sugarcane plants under drought stress, especially after rehydration, which decreases the negative effects of stress on dry mass production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The silage process depends on many factors, from the choice of the forage to the planting, through the harvesting, silage and silo opening, always emphasizing the quality of the forage preserved. The medium must be anaerobic, ideal for the growth of lactic acid bacteria, which produce organic acids from the consumption of soluble carbohydrates, reducing the hydrogen ionic potential (pH) of the medium and promoting the conservation of the material. For the quality of the ensiled material depends directly on the permanence of this pH low enough and absence of oxygen, in order to inhibit the performance of undesirable microorganisms that go back to the secondary fermentations. Forage crops intended for silage must possess desirable characteristics that are adequate to the fermentation process, such as dry matter, soluble carbohydrates, nitrate and buffer capacity, since forages that do not have these characteristics can cause difficulties of acidification of the environment, making it difficult to However, some techniques can be used to minimize these deficiencies, such as wilting and the use of additives can be applied by defining success in silage production. Considering the above, the objective of this review was to compile information about the potentialities and limitations of forage plants for silage, in order to guarantee a quality preserved food that meets the nutritional needs of the animals, as well as to present data for the basement of the nutritive value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) enhances photosynthesis, production and the translocation of photo-assimilates, coupled to an increase in plants´ growth rates. Current paper evaluates response soybean response to defoliation and N doses associated to the inoculation of B. japonicum. Randomized blocks at factorial design 4 x 4, with four replications, were employed. Treatment comprised four defoliation levels (0, 33, 66 and 99%) at stage R3 (legume – with 5mm) and four doses of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha–1 N). N source consisted of urea (45% N), with manual distribution two days after defoliation. When the grain was perceptible to touch - 10% graining (stage R5.1), plant high, chlorophyll rate, leaf area and dry matter were evaluated. At harvest, the insertion of the first legume, number of legumes, number of grains per legume, mass of one thousand grains, productivity and protein rates of grains were determined. Nitrogen fertilization did not mitigate the effect of defoliation in soybean, regardless of defoliation level and N dose applied. Defoliation levels as from 30% during the formation of legume (with 5mm) culminated in a decrease of foliar area, dry matter of the aerial section, plant height number of legumes per plant, number of grains per legume, mass of one thousand grains, productivity of grains and grains´ protein rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The presence of weeds may affect both growth and nutrition of agricultural crops due to interference. The objective was to evaluate the interference of weeds in the dry mass distribution and in the accumulation of dry mass and macronutrients in eggplant. The treatments consisted of increasing weed-free and weedy periods (0-14, 0-28, 0-42, 0-56, 0-70, 0-84, 0-98, 0-112, 0-126, 0-140 and 0-154 days after transplanting) in eggplant ‘Nápoli’. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates. Weeds affected the distribution of dry mass between vegetative and reproductive organs of eggplant. There was a significant reduction in the accumulation of dry mass and macronutrients when weeds grew with eggplant crop beyond 42 days after transplanting, reaching the maximum reduction of 79%, 75%, 80%, 82%, 83%, 83% and 80% in the accumulation of dry mass, K, N, Ca, Mg, P and S, respectively. Therefore, the weed community significantly affects the growth and mineral nutrition of eggplant ‘Napoli’, and there should be no weed-crop coexistence beyond 28 days after seedling transplanting.

The search for alternatives to cultivate fruit species is becoming increasingly opportune in order to reduce costs using materials that provide nutritional conditions for their growth. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the production of seedlings in substrates based on carnauba bagana and rice husk in different proportions. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse between December 2018 and February 2019 with 70% light control. It was adopted a completely randomized design (DIC), containing 6 replications, distributed in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, referring to two substrates and three proportions 0%, 50% and 100% plus soil for the respective substrates, with 6 treatments, totaling 180 experimental seedlings. At 60 days, the following variables were analyzed: number of leaves, plant height, stem diameter, root length, root volume, fresh mass of shoot and root system, dry mass of shoot and root system and quality of life index. Dickson Means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability level. The best results were obtained under the control and the use of carnauba bagana in 50% interaction. Therefore, the production of tamarind seedlings is viable in soil and carnauba bagana substrate under the proportion 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of different plant arrangements in the soybean crop can promote morphological changes in the plants, which may influence the grain yield. In this context, the spatial arrangement allied to a determined growth and higher cycle variety may be an alternative for the management of the soybean crop under adverse edaphic-climatic conditions. In this way, the objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance and the productive components of the BRS Valiosa RR® soybean cultivar, with determined growth in different plant populations and between rows. The trial was installed in Rio Verde/GO at 2012/13 agricultural year. A randomized complete block design was used in a factorial arrangement 4x4 with four replications. It was evaluated four spacing between rows (20; 40; 20/40 and 20/60 cm) associated with four plant populations (200,000, 300,000, 400,000 and 500,000 ha-1 plants). The BRS Valiosa RR® cultivar showed potential to reduce the plant population without causing reductions in grain yield, regardless of the spacing between rows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest for pejibaye crops started to grow after the 70's decade, due to the agronomic qualities, ecological, industrials and commercials. The São Paulo State is highlighted as one of the biggest pejibaye growers of the country, most concentrated at Vale do Ribeira. It was objectified with this work to evaluate characteristics of vegetative growth of plants as well as the ideal cutting time for stems in cultivation with different population densities, for the second year of cutting, aiming at the heart-of-palm yield of pejibaye. The experimental design was used in a 2x5 factorial, with treatments with five classes of cutting height (1,60 m, 1,90 m, 2,20 m, 2,50 m and 2,80 m) and two densities of plants (5,000 and 10,000 plants ha-1). The experiment was led on Campus Experimental de Registro UNESP's farm. The analyzes were performed on march 16th and 17th of 2016 and September 01st e 19th of the same year. Stems of pejibaye at cutting height of 2,8 m and harvested in march obtained a larger number of leaves, a larger diameter of the stem in relation to the other heights and larger total amount of heart-of-palm produced. Stems with the same cutting height, but harvested in the month of September, provided greater production of minced hearts-of-palm, slice, thole and total amount of pejibaye heart-of-palm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of Physalis peruviana L. in the wake of inoculation and co-inoculation of different micro-organisms which promote plant growth in field conditions is analyzed. Assay design comprised randomized blocks with four blocks and eight treatments. Treatments refer to individual inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense (A), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (B) and Trichoderma asperellum (T), different combinations with MPCPs (T+B; T+A; B+A and T+A+B) and control (C). After 15 days of seedling transplants (DAT), SPAD indexes of chlorophyll (Chl a, Chl b and total Chl total) were evaluated; at 50 and 150 DAT, the height of aerial part (APA) was evaluated. Fruits were gathered at 75 DAT up to 120 DAT, with number of fruits per plant (NFP) and mean fruit mass (MF). Fruit samples underwent physical and chemical analysis to determine luminosity (L*), chromaticity (c*) and external color (°hue) of the fruits. At 270 DAT, fresh biomass of the aerial part (BFPA) and dry biomass of the aerial part (BSPA) were determined. There were no significant differences for variables under analysis. Co-inoculations B+A and A+T had the highest mean rates for Chl a, whereas T+A+B had the highest mean rates for total Chl, both statistically differing from inoculation of A. brasilense. In the case of variable °hue, treatments A, B and T+B had the lowest mean rates with the best visual fruit coloring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate the effects of levels of compost and fertilization with NPK on growth and production of lettuce. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replications, considering six levels of compost (0; 25; 50; 75; 100 and 125 g plant-1) and absence and presence fertilization with NPK. The evaluated parameters were number of total and commercial leaves, mass of fresh commercial and total aerial part, mass of commercial and total dry aerial part, dry root mass and total dry mass. There was an interaction between the drilocomposite and NPK fertilization for the evaluated parameters, except for root dry matter. The fertilization with NPK increased the growth and production of lettuce when there was no application of the compost. Likewise, that the levels of this fertilizer increased the growth and production of lettuce only in the absence of NPK. The application of drilocomposite increases the growth of lettuce plants and can replace fertilization with NPK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of vegetal hormones and their regulating capacity in plant growth and development were greatly important for agriculture due to greater yield, quality and post-harvest life. Coupled to soybeans, vegetal regulators stimulate production efficiency and agribusiness growth. Current experiment comprised soybean cultivar BRS 246 RR, with seeds sown in October of the agricultural years 2007/2008 and 2008/2009, in completely randomized blocks, with treatments and four replications. Treatments, set in a factorial scheme, combined seed treatment with bio-regulator Stimulate® (with and without 0.500 L 100 kg-1 seeds) and five doses of the product (0; 0.125; 0.250; 0.375; 0.500 L ha-1) applied through leaves, at two stages of development ( V5 or R3), for economic and financial performance in soybean culture. Seed treatment may be highly satisfactory with economic profits. The employment of 250 mL ha-1 in plants at phenological stage of development V5 is recommended for foliar applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses the experimental research by phytoremediation technique, with the use of Canavalia ensiformis as a soil phytoremediation contaminated by slag, the analysis was done in five treatments under different doses of the contaminant (0, 32, 64, 128 and 256 grams). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by 5% Tukey test. It can be concluded that the plant growth pattern was affected by the contaminant and the treatment 02 showed further development of the branch and biomass production compared to the others, and the Treatment 04 had lower branch growth rate followed by lower production biomass compared to other witnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate the nutritional content and accumulation of the rhizome and root of Strelitzia augusta plants, in nutrient solution, under macronutrient deficiency. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at DCS / UFLA, Lavras - MG. The statistical scheme used was the DIC with three replications, containing seven treatments, in nutrient solution. The treatments were: complete nutrient solution (control) and nutrient solutions with individual omissions of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S. After germination, the seedlings were transferred to the complete nutrient solution with 10% of its ionic strength (adaptation period), which remained with constant aeration. The plants were selected for size uniformity and transferred to plastic pots (5L) with 100% nutrient solution, in which the treatments were applied. The plants were harvested after 180 days, after which the dry matter was collected and chemical analysis of the rhizome and roots of the plants was performed. The omission of macronutrients affects the production of dry matter from the rhizome and roots of the plant, as well as promoting changes in the contents and accumulations of nutrients. Deficiencies of macronutrients cause changes in the contents and accumulations in the rhizome and roots of this species, affecting the performance of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global data on world trade in flowers and ornamental plants show the growth of production and consumption of this segment in recent decades, including in Brazil. This research shows how the trade in flowers and ornamental plants is organized in the form of geographic networks, since both production and consumption articulate different spaces. In the constitution of the network of flowers and ornamental plants, it is essential to identify its agents or spatial elements and the interactions established between them. The interactions between these agents occur at different scales (local, regional, national or global). Both the connection and the scale - marks of the spatial dimension - are largely influenced by the temporal dimension, which in turn is influenced by the intensity of flows, duration and frequency. These considerations are important for the identification of the different networks of flowers and ornamental plants addressed during the research: the global, led by the relations established by the Netherlands; the national, based on the activities of the cooperatives of São Paulo, and the regional, through the network of flowers and ornamental plants found in the territory of Rio de Janeiro state. In the territory of the state of Rio de Janeiro, the formation of the network of flowers and ornamental plants is analyzed from the spatial interactions established through the rural area of Nova Friburgo, the municipality with the largest number of producers in the state and which stands out in the cultivation of cut flowers. The time cut begins in 2002, and extends until the year 2018, when the last field surveys were carried out. The methodological path has as its reference the qualitative approach such in the selection of the theoretical references as in the analyses of the field collected data though observation, images, segment diagnostics and interviews with network space agents. It is hoped that this research will serve as a further reflection tool for the decision-making of actions that may contribute to the development of such a relevant segment to the state of Rio de Janeiro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural soil quality is desirable for plant growth as well as root system establishment. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate root distribution, tensile strength and friability of soil aggregates under different management systems in soybean crop. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme, with factor A: no-tillage (PD) and no-tillage (ES); factor B: with and without application of agricultural plaster and factor C: with and without use of the furrower, arranged in random blocks with three repetitions. At soybean R2 stage, soil collection was performed to evaluate the root system at depths of 0.0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0, 40 and 0.40-0.60 m, with the values of diameter (mm) and length (cm). Soil scarification followed by the use of the furrow stem caused a change in the physical quality of the soil, reducing the friability of the aggregates, and allowing a greater density of root length at depth 0.0- 0.20. The no-tillage system (SPD) provided a higher density of root length in subsurface layers - 0.20-0.40 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of substrates on the growth and yield of Cascade and Samambaia cherry tomato cultivars under protected environment. A completely randomized experimental design with six treatments and four replications was adopted. The treatments consisted of six substrates resulting from the combination of soil (CS), bovine manure (BM), rice husk (RH) and rice hull ash (RA), in the proportions: S1 - 70% SC + 10% BM + 10% RH + 10% RA; S2 - 60% SC + 20% BM + 10% RH + 10% RA; S3 - 50% SC + 30% BM + 10% RH + 10% RA; S4 - 60% SC + 30% BM + 10% RH; S5 - 70% SC + 20% BM + 10% RH; and S6 - 100% SC. Plant growth, yield and development parameters were evaluated. Cherry tomato growth and yield changed according to the substrate characteristics. The substrate composed by soil was not efficient, presenting the lowest values for all the vegetative and reproductive parameters studied. The substrates made from alternative ecologically based residues are interesting and alternative sources for tomato cultivation aiming at the reuse of the matter and the sustainability of the production system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Applied Technology for Agricultural Science / Revista Brasileira de Tecnologia Aplicada nas Ciências Agrárias is the property of Brazilian Journal of Applied Technology for Agricultural Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigación Agraria is the property of Investigacion Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate how salt concentrations in media used for in vitro cultures affect the early development of “barueiro” (Dipteryx alata) seedlings obtained from the shoot apex. Two different in vitro culture media - Murashige & Skoog (MS) and wood plant medium (WPM) - in different salt concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100%) were used. At 120 days, the D. alata seedlings in the MS medium, in its original concentration (100%), developed better than in other concentrations or in the WPM. Therefore, the MS medium was considered the most suitable for ensuring in vitro establishment because it provided greater root length (27.65 cm) and number of leaves per plant (26 leaves) than the other medium.

A densidade de semeadura na cultura da soja provoca diversas modificações morfofisiológicas nas plantas, podendo alterar o crescimento e a produtividade de grãos. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de densidades de plantas de soja sobre o índice de área foliar (IAF) e índice SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) durante o ciclo de desenvolvimento da cultura, correlacionando esses dados com a produtividade de grãos. O experimento foi conduzido na safra 2015/16, na área experimental da Embrapa Soja, Londrina, PR, em delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados, com cinco repetições. Foram avaliadas as densidades de 120, 230, 340 e 380 mil plantas aptas ha-1, em espaçamento de 0,45 m entre fileiras, utilizando a cultivar BRS 359 RR, que apresenta tipo de crescimento indeterminado e arquitetura compacta de plantas. Constatou-se que o aumento da densidade de plantas de soja incrementa o IAF até o estádio R3, mas, após essa fase, o IAF não varia entre as densidades. A densidade de plantas de soja não altera o índice SPAD até o estádio R5.4. Durante o crescimento vegetativo não há correlação entre o IAF e o índice SPAD com a produtividade de grãos, porém na fase de enchimento de grãos há correlações positivas entre essas variáveis.

The species of the genus Urochloa has been highlighted in the crop-livestock integration and practices such as the type of seed used, and the depth of sowing are fundamental for the establishment and production of the pasture. The objective of this research was to evaluate the emergence and growth of plants of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, originating from seeds incrusted or not, sown in different depths and soils. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 2x5 factorial scheme, composed of two types of seeds (incrusted or not) seeded in five depths (0; 1; 2.5; 5; 10cm) in medium textured and clayey soils. Plants of U. brizantha from seeds incrusted and cultivated in medium textured soil presented higher emergence, but lower growth in relation to the plants coming from non-incrusted seeds. In soils of clayey texture, the use of incrusted seeds promoted a greater speed of emergency, but less growth of the plants. The sowing of U. brizantha at 1.0 and 2.5 cm depth provided a higher emergence speed, regardless of soil texture and type of seed. After forage cutting, the greatest tillering of regrowth was observed in plants from non-encrusted seeds and sown in soil up to 2.5 cm deep. At regrowth, there was no effect of treatments on forage yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between hydrogel use and nitrogen fertilization in tomato crop. An experiment was conducted at the Federal Institute Goiano - Campus Morrinhos. The plants were conducted vertically using strips for support and maintaining eight bunches per plant. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in split plots, two applications (with and without hydrochloridating gel) and four nitrogen fertilizers (0; 180; 360 and 540 kg ha-1). Topdressing was performed at 25; 40; 55; 70; 85; 100 and 115 days after seedling transplantation, respectively. It was found that the source of hydrogel variation had significant effect on the final stem diameter, green matter and fruit texture. For the nitrogen dose factor, the results indicate increases in the chlorophyll characteristics in the basal, medium and apical region of the plant, final stem diameter, dry matter and green matter, number of average fruits, weight per kilogram of average fruits in the useful area, rate. of absolute growth for plant height and productivity per hectare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Agrotecnologia is the property of Universidade Estadual de Goias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Agricultura Irrigada - RBAI is the property of Revista Brasileira de Agricultura Irrigada - RBAI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)