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Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The present research intends to create an index of indirect economic (through patent family size and paid renewals) and technological value (forward citations), in order to identify possible innovations among inventions. The novelty of the research lies on the construction of equations reproducible by any field of knowledge, due to their intelligibility. In addition, it details the different steps to create the search database, which comprises free resources, trial versions and personal effort. After the construction of the index and its application, the patent population was divided into quartiles. Quartile 1 possibly houses innovation patents, as it was found that the value indicators assessed go together and relate to each other. Their behavior was shown to be such that, when one is present, there is a higher chance of the others appearing as well. The logical justification for this is that, if an invention has broad market potential, depositors will also protect the patent outside their own country; the most practical way of doing so is the Patent Cooperation Treaty application. Thus, the higher the number of countries where a patent is published and translated, the more likely it is to be cited. And if by then patents prove somehow profitable for their holders, they will continue to pay for renewals on time. This index is configured as a decision-supporting tool that seeks to rely on qualitative and strategic information.

This article intends to provide a critical analysis of Bill 12, of 2021, which aims to facilitate the process of compulsory licensing of patents for vaccines against COVID-19. For this purpose, the article presents the concept of patents, the requirements for compulsory licensing per the current legislation, as well as an analysis of the scenario of the pandemic in Brazil and the importance of compulsory licensing of vaccine patents in this context. It concluded that, although the Project has as overall strengths the suppression of the need for Federal Government’s initiative and the provisional establishment of remuneration to the patent holder, it also has some technical inadequacies. Furthermore, and contrary to its objectives, Bill 12 has some points that increase the bureaucracy in granting the compulsory licensing. Deductive methodology is used with bibliographic and legislative research techniques and, as the main theoretical framework, Robert Alexy’s theory of fundamental rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire-refined copper (FRHC) has several applications, mainly in the production of electrical wires and cables; metal with a high content of impurities, especially oxygen, whose high concentration of impurities can affect the properties of the material. Among the properties, the high thermal and electrical conductivity stands out. This article aims to conduct a scientific and technological survey on the influence of impurities on copper properties. The methodology used is a bibliometric review based on Web of Science and ScienceDirect is Elsevier's scientific bases, to search for articles, and patent mapping on the EPO and Google Patents platform. As a result, 34 articles and 13 related patents were obtained, being noticeable in recent years, the lack of evolution and innovation of new methods and technologies for refining copper, mainly aimed at containing impurities, with trends in China, the United States, Australia, poland, canada. United Kingdom and Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the growth of scientific and technological activities worldwide, attempting to assess whether there are "convergence" or "divergence" scenarios in the international distribution of knowledge in science and technology between 1996 and 2018. It is within this framework that the cases of Brazil and Portugal are considered. We conclude that despite there is a decrease in the relative international divergence both for scientific publication and new technology production, absolute distance between countries has increased. In relation to Brazil and Portugal, although it appears that each country followed a distinct trajectory, both present a higher dynamic in the production of scientific knowledge comparatively to technological knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the clarinet appeared on the music scene in the early eighteenth century, one note has troubled clarinetists and makers with its difficulty in fingering, sound emission, and tuning. It is the B-flat on the staff's third line, which, together with the problematic G-sharp and A constitute the so-called ‘Throat notes.’ The problem's origin lies in the instrument's particular acoustic behavior. From the mid-nineteenth century, proposals to solve it increased substantially, and today several makers offer devices designed to provide a good B-flat. Then, why do most of the present clarinets not have it incorporated? What happened that the problem has not been solved yet? Is it not possible to solve it satisfactorily? This work presents an exhaustive study of the proposals put forward by manufacturers throughout history. These proposals have been classified into several categories, and their most significant examples have been described. Probable reasons why none have been widely accepted are also discussed.

This article analyzes the reconfiguration of international power since the end of the Cold War by incorporating crucial dimensions of Science, Technology, and Innovation (ST&I). We track the evolution of relative positions occupied by the United States, the European Union, China, Japan, India, Russia, Brazil, and South Korea in the global economy between 1990 and 2020 in three dimensions: production dynamism (measured by relative share in world GDP calculated by Purchasing Power Parity), scientific and technological dynamism (measured by relative share in authorship of articles published in indexed international journals), and innovation dynamism (measured by relative share in world patent registration). To measure and evaluate the structural changes in progress, we adapted the Rae and Taylor as well as the Laakso and Taagepera indexes, commonly used to assess fragmentation degrees in political systems, to elaborate relative power concentration/dispersion indexes in each dimension and indicate the number and composition of “relative powers” within them. The results show the erosion of relative power of the “traditional powers” (United States, Europe and Japan), the accelerated Chinese ascension and the emergence of new “relevant powers” (especially India and South Korea), but with different diffusion/concentration degrees according to the dimension considered. They reinforce the understanding that national capacities in ST&I have become a central vector in the reconfiguration of world power.

Introduction: This article proposes a bibliographic review regarding the patenting of knowledge in the context of Open Science, addressing the different perspectives of the influence of informational secrecy and welcoming research. The question of how secrecy interferes with the open sharing of knowledge and what is the importance of registering patents for the development of science. Objective: It aims to point out the importance of patents in technological development, discuss the relationship between open innovation and Open Science and patents in the context of universities. It is justified by the absence of works on patents in the context of Open Science, within the scope of Brazilian information science. Methodology: The methodology adopted searched the literature for relevant subjects through searches in the BRAPCI and WoS databases. Results: It was observed that the open practices proposed by the Open Science movement and the technology and patents resulting from more closed practices are not antagonistic, but complement each other as researchers interact and build knowledge collaboratively, such as the collaboration between Universities and companies also represent a form of openness. Conclusion: It concludes that patents are important tools for technological development, the secrecy required by the patenting process restricts the sharing of information, proprietary research grows in the university context and proves to be relevant in research funding, so that a balance must be sought between Open Science and proprietary science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The repertoire written for percussion requires, in several works, the sonic exploration of the snare-drum through the act of "turning on/off" the snare. Not rarely, these actions demand concomitant speed, subtlety and precision from the performer, which ends up, due to the difficulty in combining these points, bringing damages to the performance (unwanted noises, exaggerated gestures, beat oscillation, etc.). In order to help the percussionist, we propose here a mechanism that makes it possible to control the activation of the snare through the feet, thus allowing the hands to be focused only on the performance. Through a repertoire review, we point out some works where this problem is recurrent. We also reviewed patents and registered brands about snare mechanisms. For the project development we used 3D design software. We intend to contribute to the improvement of percussive performance as well as to open new paths for composition and interpretation of new works that include the snare-drum in its instrumentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the lack of structured information on technologies and products developed based on the biodiversity of Brazilian biomes - especially the flora of the Atlantic Forest - this study aims to identify and analyze alternative and complementary sources of information to the patent analysis process, which can contribute to the monitoring of technologies/products developed from access to genetic heritage and associated traditional knowledge. The mapping of information sources and the search and analysis strategies were supported by consultations with specialists, official websites, and scientific publications. The availability of information on access to the native flora of the Atlantic Forest was evaluated in the Genetic Heritage Management System, in patent databases, in the Brazilian Open Data Portal of the Federal Government, and in the public information systems of the Ministries of the Presidency of the Republic. The identification and analysis of access through the Genetic Heritage Management System are currently limited by the non-publication of information on the types of access and the products developed or notified, which limits the participation of society in the monitoring and improvement of access control mechanisms and requires the search for complementary alternative sources for the identification of technologies and products. Although widely used for that purpose, worldwide patent information is a reduced sample of the set. The combination of information resources mapped and evaluated in this research can be useful to evaluate and guide public policies in science, technology and innovation, conservation, and the fight against biopiracy involving the exploitation of Brazilian biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciência da Informação is the property of Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciencia da Informacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quaestio Iuris (QI) is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Latin America, under the premise of enhancing economic competitiveness, there has been an exponential increase in investments in the development of nanotechnologies. In this context, the discussion about intellectual property rights concerning nanotechnology is increasingly central to public debates. However, in comparison with the attention that this issue has attracted in both public and private contexts, there has been little academic analysis published on property rights and nanotechnology. This article problematizes the application of property rights in the development of nanotechnologies through a critical literature review of the existing literature on the topic. From this analysis, the key issue of the restrictions imposed on the application of patents on ‘first generation’ products is analyzed. This question pits those who claim rights to royalties to recoup R and D investments made to develop these technologies against those who argue for open access to science and technology.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a influência das estratégias de registro de marcas e de depósito de patentes sobre o desempenho econômico-financeiro de empresas de capital aberto da indústria de transformação brasileira entre os anos 1995 e 2014. Originalidade/valor: A abordagem oferece reflexões importantes para tomada de decisões pela gestão de firmas e por seus investidores. Análises do desempenho econômico-financeiro de empresas da indústria de transformação brasileira, a partir da estratégia da proteção de sua propriedade intelectual, especialmente considerando o intervalo temporal analisado, não foram identificadas na literatura recente. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Foram estudadas empresas da indústria de transformação com listagem na Bolsa brasileira. Consideraram-se os anos entre 1995 e 2014, numa amostra composta por 49 companhias e 746 observações. As estimativas foram feitas por meio de modelos de regressão em painel. As variáveis dependentes são o valor de mercado e o ROA. As variáveis independentes (controladas) são registros de marcas e depósitos de patentes (propriedade intelectual). Resultados: Evidenciou-se uma relação positiva e estatisticamente significativa entre os registros de marcas e depósitos de patentes e o valor de mercado das firmas. Como são ativos que refletem a imagem da empresa no mercado, a proteção das marcas parece refletir bem sobre a percepção dos acionistas da empresa, o que repercute no valor de mercado. No caso das patentes, o efeito positivo sobre o desempenho de mercado está relacionado à expectativa positiva do investidor sobre a aplicação da firma em tecnologia, inovação e propriedade intelectual. Não foram identificados efeitos positivos da propriedade intelectual sobre o ROA./ Abstract Purpose: To analyze the influence of trademark registration and patent application on the economic-financial performance of publicly traded companies in the Brazilian manufacturing industry between 1995 and 2014. Originality/value: The approach offers critical reflections for decision making by firm management and its investors. Analyses of companies’ economic and financial performance in the Brazilian manufacturing industry, based on the strategy of protecting their intellectual property, especially considering the time interval analyzed, have not been identified in recent literature. Design/methodology/approach: Manufacturing companies listed on the Brazilian stock exchange were studied. Between1995 and 2014 were considered in a sample composed of 49 companies and 746 observations. Estimates were made using panel regression models. The dependent variables are market value and return on assets. The independent variables (controlled) are trademark registrations and patent applications (intellectual property). Findings: A positive and statistically significant relationship was observed between trademark registrations and patent applications and the firms’ market value. As they are assets that reflect the company’s image in the market, the protection of trademarks seems to reflect well on the perception of the company’s shareholders, which impacts the market value. In the case of patents, the positive effect on market performance is related to the investor’s positive expectation of the firm’s application in technology, innovation, and intellectual property. No positive impact of intellectual property on the return on assets has been identified.

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas is the property of Revista Brasileira de Politicas Publicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The hydraulic press was patented by Bramah in 1795. Initially, it was used for keeping paper flat or pressing maps, but, in 1833, in Montilla (Córdoba, Spain), the machine was properly adapted by Diego de Alvear to produce olive oil. It was an extraordinary technological advance in the olive oil sector, not only in Spain but also in other countries of the Mediterranean Basin, because it made it possible to produce better olive oil in less time. The aim of this article is to analyse: the importance of the invention of the hydraulic press for the olive oil industry; the influence it had on the configuration of the olive grove landscape and its heritage value as an example of the evolution of Andalusian society.

En coautoría con Joseph Stiglitz, premio nobel de economía, y Achal Prabalha, coordinador del proyecto Access IBSA, el economista hindú Arjun Jayadev[1] publicó la pieza “Patents vs. the Pandemic”. Con ocasión de ella, conversé con él en 400 Voces, programa de entrevistas emitido por la Emisora Uninorte. Lo que sigue son partes de esa conversación.

Patents, which carry with them the description of various technologies, represents the status of a nation's financial and technological development. The use of patent information is still incipient in Brazil, and these documents are practically not used to solve problems present in most organizations. The focus of present work was to use Patent2net computational tool, a free patent mining software, to extract from Espacenet database patent documents for solution of problems present in everyday hospital care. In this experiment, four subjects considered of greater relevance were chosen for most hospitals: 1 - difficulties in bathing of bedridden patients; 2 - problems in drainage of gastric contents; 3 - high incidence of pressure ulcers; 4 - difficulties in oral hygiene performing of intubated patients or with difficult access to oral cavity. We sought to identify free patents for reproduction in Brazil and with potential for frugality, that is inclusive and with low reproduction cost. Through this technometric study, were identified patents that can assist in care of patients that present the listed needs, allocated in critical units of hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the relationship between the Federal Institutes of the southern region of Brazil and the promotion of the use of Social Technology in the Technological Innovation Centers of these institutions. The study considered historical facts about regional development policies in the country and legislations of the Technological Innovation Centers foundation in the national public sphere. As well as raising empirical data to verify if the work developed by these nuclei conforms to the definitions described in their respective breeding laws. It was observed that the actions developed by these nuclei cover the diffusion of knowledge and in smaller number the patent registry. Leading to believe that despite innovation incentive laws basic research does not lead directly to applied research, and this in turn does not produce innovations automatically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Philósophos is the property of Revista Philosophos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the use of a free code computational tool, Patent2net, in the search of patents for the implementation of distance learning aimed at Continuing Medical Education. Design/methodology/approach – This technical report is based on the extraction, organization and availability, in the format of graphs and dynamic tables, and also based on information in other patents on the subject, made available in the Espacenet database. Findings – As a result, it was possible to identify a Chinese patent, free for reproduction in Brazil, which describes an e-learning system that simulates 3D scenarios for training nursing teams. Research limitations/implications – The paper has used one unique patent database, but containing more than 100m documents. Practical implications – The selected patent can contribute to the improvement of care and behavioral techniques of the health professionals. Social implications – The training of health professionals can improve the public and supplementary health systems. Originality/value – This is the first paper in that de technometric analisys of patents was used to solve a problem regarding the training of health professionals.

Observing different works referring to the percussive repertoire (whether solo, chamber music or even symphonic) we realize that, in many cases, the impossibility of changing mallets in certain musical stretches involving multi-percussion setups compromises the sound of certain instruments. By conducting a study on patents and trademarks regarding mallet systems that allow small suspended instruments to be played without the need to hold it and their specific mallets, it was possible to see improvements and innovative ideas for this type of performance. Using licensed software for 3D projects, we developed and built the Mallet System for Small Suspended Instruments - SIBAPIS2020. As it is a system with improved and expanded functionalities compared to what already exists on field, we intend to contribute to the improvement of percussive performance, particularly in the context of small instruments inserted in multi-percussion setups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gestão e Sociedade is the property of Revista Gestao e Sociedade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main goal of this paper is to test the hypothesis that innovation influences economic growth in Brazil. To this end, we use as proxies for innovation deposits and concessions of applications for patents of invention and utility models of residents in the 26 brazilian states and the Federal District, for the period from 2000 to 2015. Moreover, we use the expenditures on research and development (R&D) among additional regressors. In the empirical analysis we use the Two-Step System-GMM method, for dynamic panels, with Windmeijer's correction of the standard errors for finite sample. The results indicate that all tested innovation measures contribute positively to the economic growth of the federative units. However, R&D expenditures were not statistically significant in explaining economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to analyze the the agglomeration determinants for developmentinducing service subsectors (DISS) in Brazilian municipalities. For such, the Spatial Probit Model was used. As a corollary, it becomes evident that the role of medium/high technology industry and population concentration increase agglomeration chances, while the average number of patents and the status of being a capital city negatively impact this probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Soletras is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Innovar: Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Sociales is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To evaluate the influence of external knowledge absorbed on the potential to innovate of multinational companies (MNCs), in the genetically modified (GM) seed sector from 2000 to 2018. Method: A quantitative approach was applied. Data was composed of the main patents filed by MNCs in the GM seed sector, collected from the Espacenet database, the MNCs’ annual reports, and the INPI database. Variables were analyzed using panel regression model. Main results: Results showed that the MNCs’ own resources, as well as the external knowledge absorbed were individually significant. The Interactive variable was not significant in the model. Relevance/ Originality: In addition to addressing literature gaps related for instance to the need to investigate the factors that influence the generation of innovation in multinationals, the present study focused on the agricultural biotechnology sector, which is of paramount importance for the innovations generated in agriculture. Theoretical contributions: This study contributes by filling literature gaps related to the need to understand how important is the influence of the external knowledge and resources to the innovative capabilities of MNCs. Social contributions: This paper helps managers be conscious of the fact that innovation is not only developed internally, involving the MNC’s own network, but in fact, innovation requires relationships with other companies, allowing the access of external knowledge and resources.

The article examines anti-suit injunctions and their use in patent disputes. The article traces back the origins of anti-suit injunctions in the United Kingdom and discusses the situations where they can be granted. Then, it examines anti-suit injunctions in patent disputes and presents a case study. The article argues that the current patent system involving essential patents should be reviewed, in order to prevent the proliferation of injunctions issued by courts in different jurisdictions aimed at keeping their ability to judge. In the article we propose a suggestion for reviewing the system.

The present article deals with Bill 6583/2013, commonly known as the Family Statute, framing it as a reductionist discourse, since it intends to legalize the heterosexual family as the only admissible family constitution protected by the Brazilian legal system. The general objective of the study is to present and discuss the PL in attention to family plurality, pointing out its proposition as a patent violation of the fundamental guarantees achieved over the years, especially by groups of homosexual persons. The approach was qualitative, essentially bibliographical, and used an inductive method. In conclusion, it is pointed out that the bill favors the ideological interests of a minority group, since it intends to legalize an inflexible and exclusivist concept of family. On that occasion, it is, therefore, incompatible with the contemporary reality of nuclear families and, in particular, with the Secular State, which cannot allow ideological and partial discourses in the regulation of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aiming to understand how the use of the technologies employed in the audiovisual sector unfolds in Brazil, a patents application analysis was conducted, which focused on the Brazilian audiovisual sector. The research is based on applications for patents on the databases of the National Institute of Intellectual Property (INPI) and of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) using search terms related to cinema and audiovisual technologies. This study highlights the proximity between the audiovisual technologies and the other technologies patented in the country, both relating to the slight increase of their volume in the last few years and to the low numbers of Brazilian patents requests when compared to those requested by foreigners. It’s also shown that the investment in innovation in this sector, as well as in others, is an important avenue for the development and autonomy of national industries.

Copyright of Revista Inovação, Projetos e Tecnologia is the property of Revista Inovacao, Projetos e Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Science and technology parks are considered an essential tool of the Regional Innovation System. For this reason, this paper analyzes the business financial and innovation features of the companies based in science and technology parks in the GaliciaNorthern Portugal Euroregion. Companies based in Galician parks are older and larger in terms of turnover and employment, while there are more companies based in Portugal providing intensive services in high-tech skills and exportation. The level of patents is low for both of them.

The patent registration is considered one of the industrial and scientific development indexes of countries, once used to measure the capacity of this activity in the transformation of knowledge into products, processes or technological innovation. In view of the whole scientific, technological and innovation contexts activities in Peru, we ask: how does the patent production process behave in the country? The main focus is to identify the production of patents, as well as their inventors. The main objective of this study is to determine the degree of patent productivity in Peru. The search strategy was based on the Esp@cenet patent base, in the Inventors field, using the expression "[PE]" representing the country of inventor, selecting the period of study mentioned above. In a second step, a data cleansing was performed to identify if the strategy was successful, 1104 patents were identified, which were tabulated later. Among the several results of this research, an interesting observation is the predominance of US patent citations, practically monopolizing the sample. On 47 occasions the US country appears, while patents from Germany are cited 4 times and from Great Britain 2 times. During the study period, a 60 % increase in patent registrations was observed. The main patent producers in Peru have interesting characteristics, where one can notice a market reserve in some segments such as hygiene, consumer products and daily life. Finally, one can identify a technological and innovation predominance in sectors where the industry is installed and that has direct interference in the products that are directed to the Peruvian population.

Copyright of Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciência da Informação is the property of Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciencia da Informacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Management Analysis / Revista Gestão em Análise is the property of Revista Gestao em Analise and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)