Search

A alvenaria estrutural possui elevada relevância no mercado da construção e alto emprego em decorrência da competitividade do sistema em pequenas e médias construções. O bloco cerâmico possui papel fundamental no sistema de alvenaria estrutural, responsável direto pela segurança estrutural e cuja integridade e capacidade resistiva devem ser preservadas com o intuito de proteger também o sistema. Todavia, alterações nos blocos cerâmicos realizadas pelos próprios usuários são comuns; a execução de furos nas paredes estruturais, por exemplo, para o emprego de chumbadores, pode – em casos extremos – comprometer a segurança estrutural. Este trabalho, então, analisa os efeitos nas propriedades estáticas e dinâmicas de blocos cerâmicos para alvenaria estrutural em decorrência de perfurações não concebidas em projeto. Para tanto, levou-se em conta ensaios de compressão axial, técnica de excitação por impulso (IET) junto à elaboração de um modelo numérico dos blocos. Foram avaliadas as alterações na resistência à compressão e nas frequências naturais dos blocos cerâmicos, observando-se não apenas as modificações que de fato ocorreram, mas também o seu nível de influência nas características do bloco. Observaram-se, em alguns casos, variações da ordem de 14% na segunda frequência de maior relevância, além de alterações em modos de ruptura a partir das perfurações realizadas e claras mudanças na distribuição de esforços no modelo numérico, com aumento de mais de 42% das tensões em alguns elementos. Apesar de algumas alterações no comportamento dos blocos, as perfurações não aparentam ser determinantes para suas propriedades estáticas e dinâmicas; as resistências máximas sofreram pouca variação e as frequências de interesse variam, em sua maioria, menos que 6%.

Venezuela suffers severe economic and political crisis that affect the population across the socio-economic spectrum. The crisis has led to immeasurable consequences, such as the intense migratory flow to neighboring countries, including Brazil. A lack of infrastructure necessary to absorb the number of refugees in the welcoming cities in the state of Roraima, in Brazil, has caused problems for the Brazilians themselves. Increased refugees require effective government action to conduct planning of migratoryissues during peacetime, and not just in the wake of or during a crisis. The aim of this paper is to show eventual problems arising from the migratory flow. The research question is: based on Venezuela situation, how the Brazilian Government can host the mass of refugees, without compromising its commitments to its own population security? The methodological approach of the paper addresses a bibliographical review of world policies about refugees, current Brazilian legislation on refugees, the political and economic situation of state of Roraima in Brazil. As a conclusion, it will analyze how the Brazilian Government can better prepare its peacetime planning to welcome refugees

Este artigo quantifica e analisa os esforços tecnológicos, os perfis de especialização e os movimentos tecnológicos em energias renováveis dos vinte principais países consumidores de energia no período de 1992 a 2018. Utiliza-se uma base de patentes em treze áreas de energias renováveis para a construção de indicadores estruturais de inovação, índices de vantagem tecnológica revelada e aplicação do método shift-share. Os resultados mostraram que os Estados Unidos estiveram à frente da maioria dessas áreas, entretanto, os esforços inovativos mais dinâmicos foram os do Japão, Coreia do Sul e China. A análise shift-share indicou que os esforços tecnológicos dos países não focam em uma fonte energética alternativa, mas conectam-se a um leque mais amplo de tecnologias em energias renováveis.

A micropropagação em comparação ao método de propagação via estacas herbáceas apresenta maior taxa de multiplicação em menor espaço e tempo; melhor controle fitossanitário, porém os custos elevados. A indução do sistema radicular durante a fase de aclimatização é uma alternativa para redução dos custos no sistema de propagação in vitro. Com o objetivo de induzir raízes nos brotos na fase de aclimatização, avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes concentrações do regulador vegetal, ANA, no enraizamento ex vitro e aclimatização para produção de mudas de pimenteira-do-reino. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x4, sendo três cultivares: ‘Apra’, ‘Bragantina’ e ‘Kuthiravally’ e quatro concentrações de ANA: 26,85, 53,70; 80,56; 134,26 μmol/L, seis repetições com duas plantas por parcela. As variáveis avaliadas foram: taxa de sobrevivência e enraizamento; número de raízes por broto (NR); comprimento da maior raiz (CR); número de folhas (NF), massa seca da raiz (MSR) e da massa seca da parte área (MSPA). Os dados obtidos, para cada variável, foram submetidos à análise de variância, considerando o modelo fatorial 3 x 4, sendo três cultivares e quatro doses de ANA e quando significativa pelo teste F, foi aplicado o teste de comparação de médias, tukey (p

Abstract: This paper aims to understand how the interconnection between the tacit and explicit dimensions of knowledge impacts knowledge management and its degree of maturity. Knowledge management maturity is understood as the ability firms are expected to have in order to exercise (to some degree) the skills required to manage knowledge internally. Nonaka and Takeuchi (N&T) model of organizational knowledge management was applied to a sample of companies (segmented by size) from the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro, by using the logic of fuzzy sets. The results have shown that small and medium companies have lower levels of knowledge management maturity when compared to large companies. However, in large companies, knowledge management is at medium levels. In this context, this paper suggests, as management guidelines, that companies measure their professionals' perception regarding the company level of knowledge management, pursuing to identify which of their components should be developed.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a percepção dos colaboradores de rádios comunitárias do Semiárido do Piauí, estado do Nordeste do Brasil, quanto ao desenvolvimento sustentável e como tratam a questão nos programas. A pesquisa foi realizada em oito municípios e foram realizadas 25 entrevistas, em visitas in loco ocorridas no mês de agosto de 2019. Foi possível perceber que os colaboradores vinculam desenvolvimento sustentável mais intensamente à dimensão ambiental e que essa temática é tratada apenas nos programas jornalísticos, não tendo espaço nos programas musicais; algumas das rádios pesquisadas possuem a autorização de rádio comunitária, mas atuam como rádio comercial; e que o pouco número de colaboradores e a falta de qualificação dos colaboradores são fatores limitantes para as produções dessas rádios.

A Economia Comportamental avança como alternativa à abordagem mainstream econômica, pressupondo que a racionalidade limitada dos agentes os conduz a regras simplificadoras na tomada de decisão, as heurísticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos da heurística da ancoragem e ajustamento em estimativas numéricas de itens de consumo entre os estratos socioeconômicos de indivíduos fortalezenses. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa empírica com análise posterior nos moldes estatísticos propostos por Jacowitz e Kahneman. Os resultados indicaram uma grande influência do efeito ancoragem nas decisões desses agentes. O Estrato Baixo foi mais influenciado pelas âncoras que o Médio, que sofreu maior influência que o Alto. Concluiu-se que a estratificação socioeconômica afetou as estimativas numéricas dos indivíduos no ambiente de consumo.

The article presents a methodological contribution to the study of the relation between price and quality of goods. An empirical exercise is performed for a food product. Fuzzy sets theory is used to analyze the relationship between quality and price of products, exploring variants of the consumer's perspective to capture a) the relevance of qualitative characteristics for the establishment of the price to be paid and, alternatively, b) the price relevance as a quality flag. This method approximates the mathematical formalization to consumer manifestation, reducing the necessity for theoretical assumptions inherent to the organization of information through infinitesimal variation techniques. The result of the exercise signals that the price is an indicator of the quality of the merchandises, especially when the quality becomes poor in the perception of the consumers.

En el presente artículo se hace una propuesta de un procedimiento para desarrollar el liderazgo pedagógico durante la formación inicial del Maestro de Educación Básica, el cual permite reconocer la integración de las influencias educativas de los procesos sustantivos de la docencia, la vinculación con la colectividad y el trabajo de titulación académica e investigación. Se fundamenta en las concepciones que se abordan sobre liderazgo pedagógico desde el enfoque de dirección de procesos formativos centrado en los docentes y no en los directivos. Puede ser utilizado en carreras de Ciencias de la Educación con flexibilidad al contexto donde se desarrolle el proceso. Se empleó para su elaboración el método de enfoque de sistema y de revisión de documentos.

Although many information has been published regarding canine urolithiasis, sensitivity of radiography, ultrasound and urinary parameters have been poorly correlated with number, size, and composition of the stones. One hundred and thirteen clinical files of dogs with diagnosis of urolithiasis were retrospectively selected. Information regarding number, appearance, location, size, and composition of the stones were noted after surgical removed. Urolithiasis data was compared with radiographs and ultrasound images and urinalysis parameters. Pure struvite was found in 42.4% and calcium oxalate in 35.6%. Survey radiographs enabled the detection of radiopaque stones and when an ultrasound examination was also performed, the sensitivity was increased. Double contrast radiography enabled identification in 100% of radiolucent stones, and allowed for size measurement and number counts in 76.9% of radiolucent stones. Crystalluria had low sensitivity (31.5%) and specificity (58.8%). Hematuria (96.3%) and leukocyturia (61.1%) were the most common parameters found. We concluded that double contrast radiography can be considered the method of choice for detection of radiolucent stones. Crystalluria is not a good parameter to detect or predict type of stone. Hematuria and leukocyturia, although non-specific findings, can be used as triage for investigation of urolithiasis.

Esta pesquisa analisa como a temática ambiental aparece nos projetos de pesquisa e extensão elaborados pelos docentes dos cursos de jornalismo das duas universidades públicas piauienses: Universidade Estadual do Piauí (Uespi) e Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI). Para tanto, pesquisou-se a produção dos professores nesses dois eixos e percebeu-se que há lacunas na formação dos jornalistas nessas duas universidades, não só quanto à questão ambiental como a outras temáticas e possibilidades existentes aos alunos nos eixos pesquisa e extensão. Percebeu-se ainda a necessidade de interferência da gestão superior em incentivar maior produção, principalmente de projeto de extensão nas duas instituições. Nota-se que, apesar dessas constatações, a questão ambiental está contemplada no currículo dos cursos de jornalismo no país como tema transversal.

Compreendendo a importância das informações contidas nos rótulos dos alimentos, foi objetivo do presente estudo avaliar a qualidade de alimentos industrializados destinados ao público infantil, comercializados na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sob a ótica da rotulagem nutricional e do marketing. Foram avaliados alimentos e bebidas industrializadas das categorias mais consumidas pelo público infantil. Os rótulos selecionados foram avaliados de acordo com os parâmetros estabelecidos em regulamentações vigentes, assim como, os recursos de marketing empregados nas embalagens e sua composição nutricional para 100 g ou 100 mL. Foram avaliados os rótulos de 93 embalagens de alimentos industrializados de 33 fabricantes diferentes. Cada amostra foi avaliada em 32 quesitos, totalizando 2.976 análises. Houve conformidade em 80% dos itens avaliados, 19% não eram aplicáveis e 1% apresentou não conformidade à legislação. A análise de marketing identificou o uso de 20 diferentes estratégias. A análise da composição nutricional declarada no rótulo permitiu concluir que os alimentos classificados com quantidades elevadas de açúcar, gordura saturada, gordura trans e/ou sódio corresponderam a 66%. Torna-se fundamental um modelo eficiente de regulação e fiscalização da rotulagem e marketing de modo a garantir informações claras e fidedignas. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of processed foods for children marketed in the city of Rio de Janeiro from the perspective of nutrition labeling and marketing in terms of the prevailing regulations. Industrialized foods and beverages consumed by were evaluated in the categories most commonly consumed by children were assessed. The product labels selected for the study were evaluated according to the parameters established in the current regulations, the marketing resources employed in the packaging, and the nutritional composition per 100 g or 100 ml. The labels of 93 industrialized food packaging from 33 different manufacturers were evaluated. Each sample was evaluated in 32 questions, totaling 2,976 analysis. Of all samples, 80% showed compliance with the legislation, 19% were not applicable, and only 1% showed non-compliance. Marketing analysis identified the use of 20 different strategies. According to the analysis of the nutritional composition stated on the label, 66% foods were classified as containing high amounts of sugar, saturated fat, trans fat, and/or sodium. An effective model of regulation and supervision of the labeling and marketing of processed foods is necessary to ensure clear and reliable information.

Para manter o organismo humano funcionando de modo adequado, estima-se que o consumo de sódio deve estar em torno de 200-500 mg por dia. Porém, se consumido em excesso, o sódio causa um aumento da pressão arterial, elevando o risco de ocorrência de doenças cardiovasculares. Vários países, seguindo orientações estabelecidas pela WHO, têm tomado iniciativas no sentido de diminuir o consumo de alimentos que contenham elevada concentração de sódio. No Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde firmou o Termo de Compromisso no 004/2011 com entidades representantes da indústria alimentícia, visando estabelecer metas nacionais para redução do teor de sódio em diversos produtos, inclusive pães do tipo bisnaguinha. Devido à falta de estudos que determinem a concentração de sódio em pães tipo bisnaguinha, esse elemento foi quantificado em quatro marcas (A, B, C e D) deste tipo de pão, através da fotometria de chama. As concentrações de sódio encontradas em mg 100g-1 de produto, foram as seguintes: A - 302,90; B – 419,60; C – 430,80; D – 308,22. As concentrações de sódio de todas as marcas apresentaram-se abaixo do declarado nos rótulos dos produtos e de acordo com o estabelecido no Termo de Compromisso firmado para o ano de 2014 (430 mg 100g-1 de produto). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For the human body to work properly, it is estimated that 200-500 mg of sodium should be consumed per day. However, if consumed in excess, sodium causes an increase in blood pressure, which in turn increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Following guidelines established by the WHO, initiatives have been taken by several countries to reduce the consumption of foods containing high sodium concentrations. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health signed the Term of Commitment 004/2011 with entities representatives of the food industry to establish national targets for reducing the sodium content (mg/100 g) in various products, including bisnaguinha, a type of bread. Owing to the lack of studies about quantifying the concentration of sodium in bisnaguinha, this element was quantified in four brands (A, B, C, and D) of bisnaguinha by flame photometry. The concentrations of sodium found in mg/100 g of the product were as follows: A, 302.90; B, 419.60; C, 430.80; D, 308.22. The concentrations of sodium in all brands were below those declared on the product labels and in accordance with the Terms of Compromise established for the year 2014 (430 mg/100 g of the product).

Realiza-se um estudo analítico, descritivo e social com base na reflexão sobre ações midiáticas sonoras na região do Sertão do Nordeste do Brasil. É feito um estudo de caso sobre (e as consequências de) ações, debates e reflexões do 1º Encontro Regional de Rádios Comunitárias do Sertão do Piauí, que aconteceu no início segundo semestre de 2017 na cidade de São Francisco de Assis do Piauí (município de menor IDH – Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano – do estado). Reflexões sobre o fazer comunicação comunitária, rádio comunitária e comunicação alternativa no Sertão também são pontos-chave do estudo. Parte-se de conceitos sobre comunicação comunitária (notadamente a radiofônica) mostrando-se as premências e necessidades teóricas e empíricas sobre a temática em questão e, principalmente, suas intersecções sociais.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize the current stage of the institutionalization of pharmaceutical services in Brazilian cities. METHODS This study is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines), a cross-sectional, exploratory, and evaluative study composed by an information survey in a representative sample of cities, stratified by Brazilian regions. We interviewed municipal secretaries of health, responsible for pharmaceutical services, and pharmacists responsible for the dispensing of medicines. The variables selected from the interviews were grouped into five dimensions that defined three stages of pharmaceutical services institutionalization: incipient (0%-34.0%), partial (35.0%-69.0%), and advanced (70.0%-100%), estimated based on the interviewees’ answers. Frequencies were estimated with 95% confidence intervals. For the statistical association analysis, the Chi-square test was applied, with significance level of p

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize the workforce in the pharmaceutical services in the primary care of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS This is a cross-sectional and quantitative study, with data from the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015). For the analysis, we considered the data stratification into geographical regions. We analyzed the data on workers in the municipal pharmaceutical services management and in the medicine dispensing units, according to the country’s regions. For the statistical association analysis, we carried out a Pearson correlation test for the categorical variables. RESULTS We analyzed 1,175 pharmacies/dispensing units, 507 phone interviews (495 pharmaceutical services coordinators), and 1,139 professionals responsible for medicine delivery. The workforce in pharmaceutical services was mostly constituted by women, aged from 18 to 39 years, with higher education (90.7% in coordination and 45.5% in dispensing units), having permanent employment bonds (public tender), being for more than one year in the position or duty, and with weekly work hours above 30h, working both in municipal management and in medicine dispensing units. We observed regional differences in the workforce composition in dispensing units, with higher percentage of pharmacists in the Southeast and Midwest regions. CONCLUSIONS The professionalization of municipal management posts in primary health care is an achievement in the organization of the workforce in pharmaceutical services. However, significant deficiencies exist in the workforce composition in medicine dispensing units, which may compromise the medicine use quality and its results in population health.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the access to medicines in primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), from the patients’ perspective. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that used data from the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Services, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines), conducted by interviews with 8,591 patients in cities of the five regions of Brazil. Evaluation of access to medicines used concepts proposed by Penshansky and Thomas (1981), according to the dimensions: availability, accessibility, accommodation, acceptability, and affordability. Each dimension was evaluated by its own indicators. RESULTS For the “availability” dimension, 59.8% of patients reported having full access to medicines, without significant difference between regions. For “accessibility,” 60% of patients declared that the basic health unit (UBS) was not far from their house, 83% said it was very easy/easy to get to the UBS, and most patients reported that they go walking (64.5%). For “accommodation,” UBS was evaluated as very good/good for the items “comfort” (74.2%) and “cleanliness” (90.9%), and 70.8% of patients reported that they do not wait to receive their medicines, although the average waiting time was 32.9 minutes. For “acceptability,” 93.1% of patients reported to be served with respect and courtesy by the staff of the dispensing units and 90.5% declared that the units’ service was very good/good. For “affordability,” 13% of patients reported not being able to buy something important to cover expenses with health problems, and 41.8% of participants pointed out the expense with medicines. CONCLUSIONS Results show 70%–90% compliance, which is compatible with developed countries. However, access to medicines remains a challenge, because it is still heavily compromised by the low availability of essential medicines in public health units, showing that it does not occur universally, equally, and decisively to the population.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of patients of the primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) and its associated factors. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015). Data were collected with a questionnaire that included the EuroQol 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) instrument. Patients from the five regions of Brazil were interviewed. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze their Health-Related Quality of Life and its associated factors. RESULTS Of the total of 8,590 patients, the most frequent dimensions were pain/discomfort (50.7%) and anxiety/depression (38.8%). About 10% of the patients reported extreme problems in these dimensions. The following factors were significantly associated with a worse quality of life: being female; having arthritis, osteoarthritis, or rheumatism; cerebrovascular accident; heart disease; depression; health self-assessment as poor or very poor; drinking alcoholic beverages once or more per month; dieting to lose weight, avoiding salt consumption, and reducing fat intake. Significant association was observed between a better quality of life and: living in the North and Southeast regions of Brazil; practicing physical activities; and having a higher educational level. No association was observed with factors related to the health services. CONCLUSIONS The Health-Related Quality of Life of patients was influenced by demographic and socioeconomic factors that were related to health conditions and lifestyle, being useful to guide specific actions for promoting health and the integral care to patients of the Brazilian Unified Health System.

ABSTRACT OBJETIVE To analyze the relationship between access to medicines by the population and the institutionalization of pharmaceutical services in Brazilian primary health care. METHODS This study is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services 2015), a cross-sectional, exploratory, and evaluative study composed of an information survey in a representative sample of cities, stratified by Brazilian regions. Access was defined based on the acquisition of medicines reported by the patient, ranging between: total, partial, or null. The institutionalization of pharmaceutical services was analyzed based on information provided by pharmaceutical services providers and by those responsible for medicines delivery. Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS Full access to medicines was greater when professionals affirmed there were the following aspects of the dimensions: “management tools,” “participation and social control,” “financing,” and “personnel structure,” with significant associations in the bivariate analysis. The “pharmaceutical care” dimension did not achieve such an association. After multinomial logistic regression, full access was more prevalent when those in charge of pharmaceutical services stated that: they always or repeatedly attend meetings of the Municipal Health Council, OR = 3.3 (95%CI 1.5-7.3); there are protocols for medicines delivery, OR = 2.7 (95%CI 1.2-6.1); there is computerized system for managing pharmaceutical services, OR = 3.9 (95%CI 1.9-8.0); those responsible for medicines delivery reported having participated in a course or training for professionals in the past two years, OR = 2.0 (95%CI 1.1-3.5); there is computerized system for pharmaceutical services management, OR = 4.3 (95%CI 2.4-7.5). CONCLUSIONS Aspects related to the institutionalization of pharmaceutical services have been strongly related to access to medicines. Our results indicate the need to prioritize its implementation, contributing to its consolidation in Brazil and to the effectiveness of health services regarding the purposes of pharmaceutical services policies.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify and discuss the conceptions of pharmaceutical services in Brazilian Primary Health Care, according to different subjects. METHODS This study is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015), which is composed of an information survey in a representative sample of cities, stratified according to Brazilian regions, and a subsample of primary health care services. Municipal secretaries of health, those responsible for pharmaceutical services, and those responsible for medicine delivery in pharmacies/dispensing units of the selected services were interviewed. The questionnaires included one question about the understanding of the interviewee regarding pharmaceutical services. The content analysis technique was used to apprehend, in the statements, the meanings attributed to pharmaceutical services, which were subsequently classified into categories according to their main conceptions. RESULTS Among the wide diversity of conceptions on pharmaceutical services (PS), we highlight the ones focused on 1) logistic control of medicines with activities concerning guidance or information on their use and 2) guidance or information to users on the use of medicine. The findings reveal a shifting tendency from a medicine-focused conception to one that considers the users and their needs as the final recipient of these actions. However, the lack of references to conceptions regarding care management and integrality point out the slowness of this change; after all, this is a social and historical process that comprises the production of meanings that transcend legal, logistic, and technical arrangements in pharmaceutical services. CONCLUSIONS The diversity of conceptions expresses the several meanings attributed to pharmaceutical services; we also identified, in their reorientation process, a movement that reflects a gradual shift in the technical paradigm, from the focus on medicine logistics to a user-oriented approach of health services.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize the infrastructure of the primary health care pharmacies of the Brazilian Unified Health System, aiming at humanizing the offered services. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study, of quantitative approach, from data obtained in the Pesquisa Nacional de Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015). Information on 1,175 pharmacies/dispensing units were gathered from direct observation and assessment of dispensing units installations conducted by trained researchers who used a standardized form. The analyzed variables refer to the physical structure of pharmacies or medicine dispensing units of the health units under research. RESULTS The pharmacy area was greater than 14 m2 in 40.3% of the sampled units, highlighting those from Midwest (56.9%) and Southeast (56.2%) regions and those of Northeast, with only 23.3%. About 80.2% units had waiting rooms with chairs for patients, 31.8% of them had dispensing areas inferior to 5m2, while in 46.2% these areas were superior to 10m2. Bars were found in service counters in 23.8% of health units, thus separating the patient from the professional; 44.1% had internet access. In most units, the area of medicine storage had no refrigerator or freezer for their exclusive storage and 13.7% had a specific room for pharmaceutical consultation. CONCLUSION Aiming at achieving care humanization and improving working conditions for professionals, the structuring of the environment of pharmacy services is necessary. This would contribute to the better qualification of pharmacy services, comprising more than medicine delivery. Data on the Northeast region indicated less favorable conditions to the development of adequate dispensing services. Based on the panorama pointed out, we suggest the expansion of stimulus concerning the physical structure of pharmaceutical services, considering regional specificities.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services in Brazilian primary health care. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and evaluative study on a representative sample from the five Brazilian geopolitical regions resulting from the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015). The outcome was the patient’s satisfaction, obtained using the item response theory. Associations were tested using Pearson’s Chi-square test with sociodemographic and health variables, and multiple logistic regression analyses were carried out. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to verify the adequacy of the final model. Logistic regression results were presented as odds ratio. RESULTS The overall percentage of patients satisfied with these services was 58.4% (95%CI 54.4-62.3). The “opportunity/convenience” aspect had the lowest satisfaction percentage (49.5%; 95%CI 46.4-52.6) and “interpersonal aspects,” the highest percentage (90.5%; 95%CI 88.9-91.8), significantly higher than other aspects. Sex, age group, limitations due to disease, and self-perception of health remained associated in the final multiple logistic model regarding general satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS Most of the interviewed users were satisfied with pharmaceutical services in Brazilian cities, and the satisfaction with the customer’s service was determinant in the patient’s overall satisfaction.

ABSTRACT The Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos –Serviços (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services) aimed to characterize the organization of pharmaceutical services in the Primary Health Care of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). PNAUM – Services is a cross-sectional and evaluative study, with planned sample of 600 cities, held between 2014 and 2015, composed of a remote phase, with telephone interviews with health managers. Of these 600 cities, 300 were selected for a survey on health services. We selected the 27 capitals, the 0.5% largest cities of each region, and the remaining cities were drawn. The estimate of the representative national sample size considered three levels: cities, medicine dispensing services, and patients. The interviews were carried out with a structured questionnaire specific for: municipal secretaries of health, professionals responsible for pharmaceutical services in the city, professionals responsible for the dispensing of medicines, physicians, and patients. The secondary data were obtained in official databases, in the latest update date. PNAUM – Services was the first nationwide research aimed at the assessment and acquisition of national and regional indicators on access to medicines, as well as use and rational use, from the perspective of various social subjects.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize the use of medicines by patients of the primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS This is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and descriptive study, part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015). Interviews were carried out with patients present in the services by semi-structured questionnaires. Sociodemographic, clinical, and use of medicines variables were assessed and the use of medicines in the 30 days prior to the interview was also verified. The population was stratified into three age groups: 18 to 44, 45 to 64, and 65 years or more. The differences between the age groups were verified using the Student’s t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for the categorical ones. The complex samples analysis plan was employed. The medicines were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. RESULTS Of the 8,803 patients interviewed, 6,511 (76.2%) reported to have used medicines in the 30 days prior to the interview. On average, each patient used 2.32 medicines, without difference between the sexes. Among medicine users, 18.2% were aged 65 years or more. Compared to the other age groups, older adults presented more comorbidities, used more medicines, and self-reported worse health conditions. They were also less educated, reported worse economic situation, and lived alone. The medicines that were mostly used were “other analgesics and antipyretics” (3rd ATC level) and Losartan (5th ATC level). CONCLUSIONS Most medicine users had lower education level and presented comorbidities. The most used medicines were the antihypertensive ones. Self-medication was higher among young people. Most patients reported to use generic medicines. The average number of medicines and the prevalence of use increased with age. Due to the characteristics observed and the difficulties in the use of medicines, older adults are in a situation of greater vulnerability.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify limiting factors in the management of pharmaceutical services in the primary health care provided by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS This study was based on the data from the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos no Brasil (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines), and it was conducted by interviews with professionals responsible for pharmaceutical services in Brazilian cities, in 2015. To identify the management limiting factors, we considered the organizational, operational, and sustainability indicators of the management. For the analyses, we included the weights and structure of analysis plan for complex samples. The results were expressed by frequencies and measures of central tendency with 95% confidence interval, considering the Brazilian geographic regions. RESULTS We identified the following limiting factors: lack of pharmaceutical services in the Municipal Health Secretariat organization chart (24%) and in the health plan (18%); lack of participation of managers in the Health Board and the absence of reference to this topic in the agenda of meetings (58.4%); lack of financial autonomy (61.5%) and lack of knowledge on the available values (81.7%); lack of adoption of operational procedures (about 50%) for selection, scheduling, and acquisition; and the fact that most professionals evaluate the organization of pharmaceutical services as good and great (58.8%), despite the worrisome indicators. CONCLUSIONS Pharmaceutical services management is currently supported by a legal and political framework that should guide and contribute to improve the pharmaceutical services in the Brazilian Unified Health System primary health care. However, there is a mismatch between the goals established by these guidelines and what is actually happening.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize the medicine dispensing services in the primary health care network in Brazil and in its different regions, aiming to promote the access and rational use of medicines. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, quantitative study with data obtained from the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines), 2015. Observation visits were carried out in 1,175 dispensing units, and interviews were held with 1,139 professionals responsible for the dispensation of medicines in the dispensing units and 495 municipal coordinators of pharmaceutical services. RESULTS More than half (53%) of the units presented a space smaller than 10 m2 for dispensing of medicines; 23.8% had bars or barriers between users and dispenser; 41.7% had computerized system; and 23.7% had counters for individual care. Among those responsible for dispensation, 87.4% said they always or repeatedly inform users how to use the medicines, and 18.1% reported developing some type of clinical activity. Isolated pharmacies presented a more developed physical and personal structure than those belonging to health units, but we found no significant differences regarding the information provided and the development of clinical activities. CONCLUSIONS There are major differences in the organization models of dispensation between cities, with regional differences regarding the physical structure and professionals involved. The centralization of medicine dispensing in pharmacies separated from the health services is associated with better structural and professional conditions, as in the dispensing units of the South, Southeast, and Midwest regions. However, the development of dispensation as health service does not prevail in any pharmacy or region of the Country yet.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize the polypharmacy in primary health care patients and to identify its associated factors. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and evaluative study, part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015). The variable of interest was polypharmacy, defined as the use of five or more medicines. We sought to identify the association of sociodemographic variables and indicators of health conditions to polypharmacy. For group comparison, the Pearson’s Chi-square test was used. The association between polypharmacy and explanatory variables was evaluated by logistic regression model (p < 0.05). The quality of the adjustment was verified by Hosmer-Lemeshow test. RESULTS The prevalence of polypharmacy among medicine users was 9.4% (95%CI 7.8–12.0) in the general population and 18.1% (95%CI 13.6–22.8) in older adults above 65 years old. We found statistically significant association between polypharmacy and age above 45 years, lower self-perception of health, presence of chronic diseases, having health insurance, care in emergency services, and region of the Country. South users presented the highest chances to polypharmacy. The most used medicines were those of the cardiovascular system, being compatible with the national epidemiological profile. CONCLUSIONS Polypharmacy is a reality in the population met within the primary care of Brazilian Unified Health System and may be related to excessive or inappropriate use of medicines. The main challenge to qualify health care is to ensure that prescription of multiple medicines be appropriate and safe.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize the activities of clinical nature developed by pharmacists in basic health units and their participation in educational activities aiming at health promotion. METHODS This article is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015), a cross-sectional and exploratory study, of evaluative nature, consisting of a survey of information in a representative sample of cities, stratified by the Brazilian regions that constitute domains of study, and a subsample of primary health care services. The interviewed pharmacists (n=285) were responsible for the delivery of medicines and were interviewed in person with the use of a script. The characterization of the activities of clinical nature was based on information from pharmacists who declared to perform them, and on participation in educational activities aiming at health promotion, according to information from all pharmacists. The results are presented in frequency and their 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS From the interviewed subjects, 21.3% said they perform activities of clinical nature. Of these, more than 80% considered them very important; the majority does not dispose of specific places to perform them, which hinders privacy and confidentiality in these activities. The main denominations were “pharmaceutical guidance” and “pharmaceutical care.” The registration of activities is mainly made in the users’ medical records, computerized system, and in a specific document filed at the pharmacy, impairing the circulation of information among professionals. Most pharmacists performed these activities mainly along with physicians and nurses; 24.7% rarely participated in meetings with the health team, and 19.7% have never participated. CONCLUSIONS Activities of clinical nature performed by pharmacists in Brazil are still incipient. The difficulties found point out to the professionals’ improvisation and effort. The small participation in educational activities of health promotion indicates little integration of pharmacists with the health team and of pharmaceutical services with other health actions.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize the technical issues and conditions of medicines conservation in Primary Health Care of Brazilian regions, responsible for pharmacy/dispensing unit profile; environmental, storage, and dose fractioning conditions; inventory control and waste management; fire and electrical failure safety items; transportation problems; advertising regulation; and pharmacovigilance. METHODS This article is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços (National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services)–, a cross-sectional and exploratory study, of evaluative nature, consisting of an information survey within a representative sample of municipalities, stratified by Brazilian regions, which constitute the study domains, and a sample of Primary Health Care services. Pharmaceutical services (PS) were directly observed with photographic record and face-to-face interviews with those responsible for the dispensing of medicines and over the telephone with those responsible for pharmaceutical services. Data were processed with the SPSS® software version 21. RESULTS The investigated dimensions showed relevant deficiencies and inequalities between the regions, generally more favorable in the Southeast and Midwest regions and weaker in the Northeast and North regions. We verified non-compliance with technical requirements and conditions essential to the conservation of medicines, which may interfere with the maintenance of stability and, thus, on their quality, efficacy, and safety. The regulation of advertising/promotion of medicines is still incipient and there is some progress in the structuring of mechanisms regarding pharmacovigilance. CONCLUSIONS The sanitary situation of medicines in Brazilian Primary Health Care is alarming due to the violation of the specific sanitary legislation for dispensing establishments and due to a wide range of requirements essential to the conservation of medicines. We observed a disconnection between the efforts made in the Brazilian Unified Health System to promote access to medicines for all population and the organization and qualification of pharmaceutical services.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize patients of primary health care services according to demographic and socioeconomic aspects, habits and lifestyle, health condition, and demand for health services and medicines. METHODS This study is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services), a cross-sectional study carried out between 2014 and 2015. Interviews were conducted with patients over the age of 17 years, with a standardized questionnaire, in primary health care services of a representative sample of cities, stratified by regions of Brazil. The analysis was performed for complex samples and weighted according to the population size of each region. RESULTS A total of 8,676 patients were interviewed, being 75.8% women, most of them aged from 18 to 39 years; 24.2% men, most of them aged from 40 to 59 years; 53.7% with elementary school; 50.5% reported to be of mixed race ethnicity, 39.7%, white, and 7.8%, black. Half of patients were classified as class C and 24.8% received the Bolsa Familia benefit. Only 9.8% had health insurance, with higher proportion in the South and lower in the North and Midwest. The proportion of men who consumed alcohol was higher than among women, as well as smokers. The self-assessment of health showed that 57% believed it to be very good or good, with lower proportion in the Northeast. The prevalence of chronic diseases/conditions, such as hypertension (38.6%), dyslipidemia (22.7%), arthritis/rheumatism (19.4%), depression (18.5%), diabetes (13.6%), and others are higher in these patients them among the general population. Medicines were predominantly sought in the health care service or in pharmacies of the Brazilian Unified Health System. CONCLUSIONS It was possible to characterize the profile of patients of Primary Health Care, but the originality of the research and its national scope hinders the comparison of results with official data or other articles.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To discuss factors related to the financing of the Basic Component of Pharmaceutical Services within the municipal management of the Brazilian Unified Health System. METHODS The Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos no Brasil – Serviços (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services) is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and evaluative study that performed an information survey in a representative sample, stratified by Brazilian regions It considered different study populations in the sampling plan, which represent primary health care services in the cities. Data were collected in 2015 by two methods: in person, by applying direct observation scripts and interviews with users, physicians, and professionals responsible for the dispensing of medicines in primary care services; by telephone interviews with municipal health managers and municipal professionals responsible for Pharmaceutical Services. The results were extracted from the questionnaires applied by telephone. RESULTS Of the sample of 600 eligible cities, we collected 369 interviews (61.5%) with secretaries and 507 (84.5%) with pharmaceutical services managers. 70.8% of the cities have a computerized management system; and 11.9% have qualification/training of professionals. More than half (51.3%) of the cities received funds for the structuring of pharmaceutical services, and almost 60% of these cities performed this type of spending. In 35.4% of cases, municipal secretaries of health said that they use resources of medicines from the Componente Básico da Assistência Farmacêutica (CBAF – Basic Component of Pharmaceutical Services) to cover demands of other medicines, but only 9.7% believed that these funds were sufficient to cover the demands. The existence of a permanent bidding committee exclusively for acquiring medicines was reported in 40.0% of the cities. CONCLUSIONS We found serious deficiencies in the public financing of medicines, as well as little concern about the formality in the use of public resources, expenses that meet individual demands to the detriment of the community, insufficient resources allocated to the Basic Component of Pharmaceutical Services, and exhaustion of the financing model.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate indicators related to the rational use of medicines and its associated factors in Basic Health Units. METHOD This is a cross-sectional study carried out in a representative sample of Brazilian cities included in the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015). The data were collected by interviews with users, medicine dispensing professionals, and prescribers; and described by prescription, dispensing, and health services indicators. We analyzed the association between human resources characteristics of pharmaceutical services and dispensing indicators. RESULTS At national level, the average number of medicines prescribed was 2.4. Among the users, 5.8% had antibiotic prescription, 74.8% received guidance on how to use the medicines at the pharmacy and, for 45.1% of users, all prescribed medicines were from the national list of essential medicines. All the indicators presented statistically significant differences between the regions of Brazil. The dispensing professionals that reported the presence of a pharmacist in the unit with a working load of 40 hours or more per week presented 1.82 more chance of transmitting information on the way of using the medicines in the dispensing process. CONCLUSION The analysis of prescription, dispensing, and health services indicators in the basic health units showed an unsatisfactory proportion of essential medicines prescription and limitations in the correct identification of the medicine, orientation to the patients on medicines, and availability of therapeutic protocols in the health services.

ABSTRACT This study is a synthesis of the main results of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines), Evaluation Component of the Basic Pharmaceutical Services. Based on the critical narrative of the elements of Brazil’s pharmaceutical policies, we discuss aspects related to the structure of the pharmaceutical services, the medicines’ sanitary state, human resources, access to medicines, rational use and management. Despite the advances that reflect the commitment of the group of actors involved, the results of the Survey indicate challenges, such as equitable access to medicines, the structuring of pharmaceutical services, the improvement of logistics and administration, and the implementation of actions directed to pharmaceutical care in the health units.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize the process of selection of medicines for primary health care in the Brazilian regions. METHODS This article is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015), a cross-sectional study that consisted of an information gathering in a sample of cities in the five regions of Brazil. The data used were collected by interviews with those responsible for pharmaceutical services (PS) (n = 506), professionals responsible for the dispensing of medicines (n = 1,139), and physicians (n = 1,558). To evaluate the difference between ratios, we adopted the Chi-square test for complex samples. The differences between the averages were analyzed in generalized linear models with F-test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. The analyses considered significant had p≤0.05. RESULTS The professionals responsible for pharmaceutical services reported non-existence of a formally constituted Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee (PTC) (12.5%). They claimed to have an updated (80.4%) list of Essential Medicines (85.3%) and being active participants of this process (88.2%). However, in the perception of respondents, the list only partially (70.1%) meets the health demands. Of the interviewed professionals responsible for the dispensing of medicines, only 16.6% were pharmacists; even so, 47.8% reported to know the procedures to change the list. From the perspective of most of these professionals (70.9%), the list meets the health demands of the city. Among physicians, only 27.2% reported to know the procedures to change the list, but 76.5% would have some claim to change it. Most of them reported to base their claims in clinical experiences (80.0%). For 13.0% of them, the list meets the health demands. CONCLUSIONS As this is the first national survey of characterization of the process of selection of medicines within primary health care, it brings unpublished data for the assessment of policies related to medicines in Brazil.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize the availability of tracer medicines in pharmaceutical services in primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS This is a cross-sectional and evaluative study, part of the Pesquisa Nacional Sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015). To analyze the availability of medicines, we verified 50 items selected from the Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (Rename – National List of Essential Medicines) of 2012. Observation scripts were applied to medicine dispensing services in the primary health care. Interviews were carried out with patients, health care professionals, and public managers, using semi-structured questionnaires. The availability index was presented as the percentage of health units where the medicines were available. For statistical analysis, absolute, relative, and mean frequencies were presented (with 95% confidence intervals). The comparison of groups was carried out by Pearson Chi-square tests or variance analysis, when needed. RESULTS One thousand, one hundred, and seventy-five observation scripts were filled in a national representative sample composed by 273 cities. Statistically significant differences were observed regarding the type of unit, infrastructure, and presence of a pharmacist between regions of Brazil. The average availability of tracer medicines in primary health care was 52.9%, with differences between regions and sampling strata. This index increased to 62.5% when phytotherapic medicines were excluded. We found limited availability of medicines for treatment of chronic and epidemiological diseases, such as tuberculosis and congenital syphilis. CONCLUSIONS The low availability of essential medicines purchased centrally by the Brazilian Ministry of Health indicates deficiencies in supply chain management. The different views on the availability of tracer medicines in SUS confirm the general availability verified in this study. Among patients, about 60% said they obtain medicines in SUS units, data consistent with the lack of medicines reported by medicine dispensers and in line with physicians’ evaluations.

Although many information has been published regarding canine urolithiasis, sensitivity of radiography, ultrasound and urinary parameters have been poorly correlated with number, size, and composition of the stones. One hundred and thirteen clinical files of dogs with diagnosis of urolithiasis were retrospectively selected. Information regarding number, appearance, location, size, and composition of the stones were noted after surgical removed. Urolithiasis data was compared with radiographs and ultrasound images and urinalysis parameters. Pure struvite was found in 42.4% and calcium oxalate in 35.6%. Survey radiographs enabled the detection of radiopaque stones and when an ultrasound examination was also performed, the sensitivity was increased. Double contrast radiography enabled identification in 100% of radiolucent stones, and allowed for size measurement and number counts in 76.9% of radiolucent stones. Crystalluria had low sensitivity (31.5%) and specificity (58.8%). Hematuria (96.3%) and leukocyturia (61.1%) were the most common parameters found. We concluded that double contrast radiography can be considered the method of choice for detection of radiolucent stones. Crystalluria is not a good parameter to detect or predict type of stone. Hematuria and leukocyturia, although non-specific findings, can be used as triage for investigation of urolithiasis.

O estudo faz uma reflexão sobre o caso da rádio comunitária Serra FM, localizada na cidade sertaneja de São Francisco de Assis do Piauí (a 500 quilômetros da capital, Teresina), no sentido de seus desafios e atitudes para a promoção da comunicação comunitária e dos direitos humanos. Objetiva-se: destacar, analisar, mostrar e debater o fenômeno. Parte-se de um estudo de caso, balizado também em pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, notadamente em fundamentações sobre Comunicação, Comunicação Comunitária e Direitos Humanos. Destaca-se que a emissora tem uma maneira própria de promoção de direitos humanos e que seus desafios residem principalmente em ter uma maior interação social para com as demandas contemporâneas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of body condition on pregnancy rate of Nellore cows, commercial herd undergoing artificial insemination programs in fixed time (TAI). 181 cows were used multiparous Nellore, the coastal plains region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, with more than one hundred days after birth, kept on pasture and divided into two groups subjected to the same synchronization protocol for TAI (D0-2 , 0 mg of estradiol benzoate + device with 1.0 g bovine intravaginal progesterone implant removal D8-250?g of cloprostenol + + 300 IU of eCG, D9-Bz 1.0 mg. Estradiol, D10-TAI). The groups were divided according to body condition score (BCS with scale of 1-5) in Group I, n=96: BCS ? 3,0, Group II, n=85: BCS ? 2.5 ? 2.0. All females were exposed to bulls, from 24 hours to pass after TAI, remaining with them until the end of the breeding season. The overall pregnancy rate was 86.5% (83:96) and 65.9% (56:85) for group I and group II, respectively. Data were evaluated by chi-square analysis and the results show a statistically significant difference (P O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto da condição corporal sobre a taxa de prenhez de vacas Nelore, rebanho comercial, submetidas a programas de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF). Foram utilizadas 181 vacas multíparas da raça Nelore, na região das baixadas litorâneas do estado do RJ, com mais de cem dias decorridos do parto, mantidas em regime de pasto e divididas em dois grupos submetidos ao mesmo protocolo de sincronização para IATF (D0- 2,0mg de benzoato de estradiol + dispositivo intravaginal bovino com 1,0g de progesterona, D8- retirada do implante + 250?g de cloprostenol sódico+ 300 UI de eCG, D9- 1,0mg Bz. Estradiol, D10- IATF). Os grupos foram divididos segundo escore de condição corporal (ECC com escala de 1-5) em: grupo I, n=96: vacas com ECC ? 3,0 e grupo II, n=85: vacas com ECC ? 2,5 ? 2,0. Todas as fêmeas foram expostas aos touros, a partir de 24 horas após a IATF para repasse, permanecendo com os mesmos até o fim da estação de monta. A taxa de prenhez total foi de 86,5% (83:96) e 65,9% (56:85) para os grupos I e grupo II, respectivamente. Os dados foram avaliados pelo teste do qui-quadrado e os resultados analisados apontam diferença estatisticamente significativa (P

Este artigo analisa algumas características recentes do quadro regulatório do mercado internacional de alimentos, especialmente as regulamentações públicas - criadas no âmbito dos acordos multilaterais da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) - e as normas privadas - criadas por diversos tipos de empresas privadas. Discutem-se os fatores econômicos, sociais e tecnológicos indutores de instrumentos regulatórios mais rígidos relacionados à inocuidade e à qualidade dos alimentos. O êxito comercial das cadeias produtivas nos mercados internacionais de alimentos depende mais de seus recursos tecnológicos, organizacionais, e da eficiência das suas estruturas de governança. Os impactos econômicos e sociais desse novo ambiente podem ser positivos ou negativos para as cadeias produtivas dos países em desenvolvimento. O resultado depende de suas capacitações econômicas e de suas possibilidades de acesso aos recursos acima mencionados e de seu uso.

Este estudo teve o objetivo de descrever uma experiência de integração entre conhecimento científico e comunitário no subsídio ao manejo, a partir das avaliações do estoque da ostra de mangue Crassostrea spp. na Reserva Extrativista do Mandira, baseadas em estudos populacionais e no Conhecimento Ecológico Local (CEL) e percepção da comunidade. Os dados dos estudos populacionais apresentaram aspectos concordantes com o Conhecimento Ecológico Local, evidenciando variações no estoque de ostras na Reserva.This study aimed to illustrate the experience of integration between scientific knowledge and Local Ecological Knowledge to subside management from the assessments of the mangrove oyster stock in the Mandira Extractive Reserve, based on population studies and on local ecological knowledge and perception of the community. Data from population studies showed features consistent with the Local Ecological Knowledge, providing evidence of variations in the stock of oysters in the Mandira Extractive Reserve.

This article makes a discussion on the elements of the technological system in the swine genetics segment, especially the technological trajectories and the selective environment attributes such as the regulatory and organizational aspects. The text also identifies the recent changes in the technological and organizational configurations in the segment, emphasizing the arising of new economic agents and technological and scientific information flux.O artigo discute elementos do sistema tecnológico do segmento de genética suína – especialmente as trajetórias tecnológicas e os atributos do ambiente seletivo, tais como os aspectos regulatórios e organizacionais. O texto também identifica as mudanças recentes nas configurações tecnológicas e organizacionais no segmento, destacando o surgimento de novos agentes econômicos e fluxos de informações tecnológicas e científicas.

Compreendendo a importância das informações contidas nos rótulos dos alimentos, foi objetivo do presente estudo avaliar a qualidade de alimentos industrializados destinados ao público infantil, comercializados na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sob a ótica da rotulagem nutricional e do marketing. Foram avaliados alimentos e bebidas industrializadas das categorias mais consumidas pelo público infantil. Os rótulos selecionados foram avaliados de acordo com os parâmetros estabelecidos em regulamentações vigentes, assim como, os recursos de marketing empregados nas embalagens e sua composição nutricional para 100 g ou 100 mL. Foram avaliados os rótulos de 93 embalagens de alimentos industrializados de 33 fabricantes diferentes. Cada amostra foi avaliada em 32 quesitos, totalizando 2.976 análises. Houve conformidade em 80% dos itens avaliados, 19% não eram aplicáveis e 1% apresentou não conformidade à legislação. A análise de marketing identificou o uso de 20 diferentes estratégias. A análise da composição nutricional declarada no rótulo permitiu concluir que os alimentos classificados com quantidades elevadas de açúcar, gordura saturada, gordura trans e/ou sódio corresponderam a 66%. Torna-se fundamental um modelo eficiente de regulação e fiscalização da rotulagem e marketing de modo a garantir informações claras e fidedignas.

Compreendendo a importância das informações contidas nos rótulos dos alimentos, foi objetivo do presente estudo avaliar a qualidade de alimentos industrializados destinados ao público infantil, comercializados na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sob a ótica da rotulagem nutricional e do marketing. Foram avaliados alimentos e bebidas industrializadas das categorias mais consumidas pelo público infantil. Os rótulos selecionados foram avaliados de acordo com os parâmetros estabelecidos em regulamentações vigentes, assim como, os recursos de marketing empregados nas embalagens e sua composição nutricional para 100 g ou 100 mL. Foram avaliados os rótulos de 93 embalagens de alimentos industrializados de 33 fabricantes diferentes. Cada amostra foi avaliada em 32 quesitos, totalizando 2.976 análises. Houve conformidade em 80% dos itens avaliados, 19% não eram aplicáveis e 1% apresentou não conformidade à legislação. A análise de marketing identificou o uso de 20 diferentes estratégias. A análise da composição nutricional declarada no rótulo permitiu concluir que os alimentos classificados com quantidades elevadas de açúcar, gordura saturada, gordura trans e/ou sódio corresponderam a 66%. Torna-se fundamental um modelo eficiente de regulação e fiscalização da rotulagem e marketing de modo a garantir informações claras e fidedignas.

Para manter o organismo humano funcionando de modo adequado, estima-se que o consumo de sódio deve estar em torno de 200-500 mg por dia. Porém, se consumido em excesso, o sódio causa um aumento da pressão arterial, elevando o risco de ocorrência de doenças cardiovasculares. Vários países, seguindo orientações estabelecidas pela WHO, têm tomado iniciativas no sentido de diminuir o consumo de alimentos que contenham elevada concentração de sódio. No Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde firmou o Termo de Compromisso no 004/2011 com entidades representantes da indústria alimentícia, visando estabelecer metas nacionais para redução do teor de sódio em diversos produtos, inclusive pães do tipo bisnaguinha. Devido à falta de estudos que determinem a concentração de sódio em pães tipo bisnaguinha, esse elemento foi quantificado em quatro marcas (A, B, C e D) deste tipo de pão, através da fotometria de chama. As concentrações de sódio encontradas em mg 100g-1 de produto, foram as seguintes: A - 302,90; B – 419,60; C – 430,80; D – 308,22. As concentrações de sódio de todas as marcas apresentaram-se abaixo do declarado nos rótulos dos produtos e de acordo com o estabelecido no Termo de Compromisso firmado para o ano de 2014 (430 mg 100g-1 de produto).

Compreendendo a importância das informações contidas nos rótulos dos alimentos, foi objetivo do presente estudo avaliar a qualidade de alimentos industrializados destinados ao público infantil, comercializados na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sob a ótica da rotulagem nutricional e do marketing. Foram avaliados alimentos e bebidas industrializadas das categorias mais consumidas pelo público infantil. Os rótulos selecionados foram avaliados de acordo com os parâmetros estabelecidos em regulamentações vigentes, assim como, os recursos de marketing empregados nas embalagens e sua composição nutricional para 100 g ou 100 mL. Foram avaliados os rótulos de 93 embalagens de alimentos industrializados de 33 fabricantes diferentes. Cada amostra foi avaliada em 32 quesitos, totalizando 2.976 análises. Houve conformidade em 80% dos itens avaliados, 19% não eram aplicáveis e 1% apresentou não conformidade à legislação. A análise de marketing identificou o uso de 20 diferentes estratégias. A análise da composição nutricional declarada no rótulo permitiu concluir que os alimentos classificados com quantidades elevadas de açúcar, gordura saturada, gordura trans e/ou sódio corresponderam a 66%. Torna-se fundamental um modelo eficiente de regulação e fiscalização da rotulagem e marketing de modo a garantir informações claras e fidedignas.

Para manter o organismo humano funcionando de modo adequado, estima-se que o consumo de sódio deve estar em torno de 200-500 mg por dia. Porém, se consumido em excesso, o sódio causa um aumento da pressão arterial, elevando o risco de ocorrência de doenças cardiovasculares. Vários países, seguindo orientações estabelecidas pela WHO, têm tomado iniciativas no sentido de diminuir o consumo de alimentos que contenham elevada concentração de sódio. No Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde firmou o Termo de Compromisso no 004/2011 com entidades representantes da indústria alimentícia, visando estabelecer metas nacionais para redução do teor de sódio em diversos produtos, inclusive pães do tipo bisnaguinha. Devido à falta de estudos que determinem a concentração de sódio em pães tipo bisnaguinha, esse elemento foi quantificado em quatro marcas (A, B, C e D) deste tipo de pão, através da fotometria de chama. As concentrações de sódio encontradas em mg 100g-1 de produto, foram as seguintes: A - 302,90; B – 419,60; C – 430,80; D – 308,22. As concentrações de sódio de todas as marcas apresentaram-se abaixo do declarado nos rótulos dos produtos e de acordo com o estabelecido no Termo de Compromisso firmado para o ano de 2014 (430 mg 100g-1 de produto).

Compreendendo a importância das informações contidas nos rótulos dos alimentos, foi objetivo do presente estudo avaliar a qualidade de alimentos industrializados destinados ao público infantil, comercializados na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sob a ótica da rotulagem nutricional e do marketing. Foram avaliados alimentos e bebidas industrializadas das categorias mais consumidas pelo público infantil. Os rótulos selecionados foram avaliados de acordo com os parâmetros estabelecidos em regulamentações vigentes, assim como, os recursos de marketing empregados nas embalagens e sua composição nutricional para 100 g ou 100 mL. Foram avaliados os rótulos de 93 embalagens de alimentos industrializados de 33 fabricantes diferentes. Cada amostra foi avaliada em 32 quesitos, totalizando 2.976 análises. Houve conformidade em 80% dos itens avaliados, 19% não eram aplicáveis e 1% apresentou não conformidade à legislação. A análise de marketing identificou o uso de 20 diferentes estratégias. A análise da composição nutricional declarada no rótulo permitiu concluir que os alimentos classificados com quantidades elevadas de açúcar, gordura saturada, gordura trans e/ou sódio corresponderam a 66%. Torna-se fundamental um modelo eficiente de regulação e fiscalização da rotulagem e marketing de modo a garantir informações claras e fidedignas.

Para manter o organismo humano funcionando de modo adequado, estima-se que o consumo de sódio deve estar em torno de 200-500 mg por dia. Porém, se consumido em excesso, o sódio causa um aumento da pressão arterial, elevando o risco de ocorrência de doenças cardiovasculares. Vários países, seguindo orientações estabelecidas pela WHO, têm tomado iniciativas no sentido de diminuir o consumo de alimentos que contenham elevada concentração de sódio. No Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde firmou o Termo de Compromisso no 004/2011 com entidades representantes da indústria alimentícia, visando estabelecer metas nacionais para redução do teor de sódio em diversos produtos, inclusive pães do tipo bisnaguinha. Devido à falta de estudos que determinem a concentração de sódio em pães tipo bisnaguinha, esse elemento foi quantificado em quatro marcas (A, B, C e D) deste tipo de pão, através da fotometria de chama. As concentrações de sódio encontradas em mg 100g-1 de produto, foram as seguintes: A - 302,90; B – 419,60; C – 430,80; D – 308,22. As concentrações de sódio de todas as marcas apresentaram-se abaixo do declarado nos rótulos dos produtos e de acordo com o estabelecido no Termo de Compromisso firmado para o ano de 2014 (430 mg 100g-1 de produto).