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A metodologia observacional tem sido utilizada de maneira crescente para analisar o comportamento das equipes no futsal. Dentre algumas análises realizadas na modalidade, pela relevância para se caracterizar o comportamento de jogadores e equipes, destaca-se a captação de padrões na consecução dos gols, objetivo principal do jogo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as ações nos gols feitos e sofridos por uma equipe profissional de futsal ao longo de duas competições de nível estadual. Por meio de uma metodologia observacional, as ações que antecederam os gols foram enquadradas nas seguintes categorias: (a) subfases do jogo em que os gols aconteceram, (b) número de passes antes da finalização e (c) número de jogadores envolvidos na trama ofensiva. Foram propostos critérios originais para definição das subfases do jogo. O método observacional mostrou-se uma alternativa viável para este tipo de análise, especialmente no contexto de recursos limitados. Em relação aos resultados obtidos, a equipe analisada apresentou diferenças nos padrões dos gols feitos por subfase do jogo para cada competição amostrada. Diversos fatores podem ser preponderantes para tal, o que explicita a necessidade de acompanhar o cotidiano da equipe analisada. Dentro do cenário global do futsal, os resultados se alinham com a literatura sobre o tema, mostrando que a maioria dos gols ocorre com pouca troca de passes e poucos atletas participando da trama ofensiva.

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to conduct a survey of the different complications of partial, total or extended sacrectomy for the treatment of spinal tumors. Method This study is a descriptive analysis of medical records from a series of 18 patients who underwent sacrectomy between 2010 and 2019 at a tertiary center specializing in spinal tumor surgeries. The variables analyzed were sex, age, hospitalization time, oncologic diagnosis, posterior fixation pattern, rate of complications, and Frankel, ASA and ECOG scales. Results Of the 18 patients, 10 (55.5%) were male and 8 (44.5%) were female, and the mean age was 48 years. The mean hospitalization time was 23 days. Of the 18 patients, 8 (44.5%) contracted postoperative infections requiring surgery. Perioperative complications included liquoric fistula (22.25%), hemodynamic instability requiring vasoactive drugs in the immediate postoperative period (22.25%), wound dehiscence (11.1%), acute obstructive abdomen (11.1%), occlusion of the left external iliac artery (11.1%), immediate postoperative death due to acute myocardial infarction (11.1%), and intraoperative death due to hemodynamic instability (11.1%). Conclusions Partial, total or extended sacrectomy is a complex procedure with high morbidity and mortality, even in centers specializing in the treatment of spinal tumors. Level of evidence IV; case series study.

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the use of two techniques (radiosurgery and en bloc vertebrectomy) on the same patient for the treatment of two metastases in different sites of the spine arising from intracranial hemangiopericytoma. Intracranial hemangiopericytomas are rare, comprising approximately 2.4% of meningeal tumors and

ABSTRACT Objective: To demonstrate a novel technique for multilevel en bloc post-vertebrectomy reconstruction. Methods: A novel technique for en bloc multiple post-vertebrectomy reconstruction was used in a patient presenting for curative resection of Ewing's Sarcoma at the oncology center of a public university hospital. Results: The procedure described was feasible for en bloc resection of the four vertebrae. The reconstruction was acceptable and satisfactory in terms of mechanical stability and was without any neurological sequelae in the patient. Conclusion: The use of an allograft with a locked intramedullary nail was an adequate solution for reconstructing the anterior and medial spines after multilevel vertebrectomy. In addition, the association of four intramedullary nails provided stability to the reconstruction. Immediate benefits of the technique compared to other commonly used techniques were shorter hospitalization times and reduced surgical morbidity. Level of Evidence V, Clinical study of a new surgical technique and a literature review.

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate, in a case series, a new sacrectomy technique using an iliac crest dowel graft from a cadaver. Study design: Report of a case series with description of a new surgical technique. Methods: The technique uses four bars to support the posterior spine and a dowel graft in the iliac wings, with compression of the spine and pelvis above it, to support the anterior spine. Three cases were operated on, and in all of them, a vertebrectomy was used. Results: In the first two cases, the technique was performed as a two-stage surgery. The first stage was performed via the anterior and peritoneal access routes, and the second stage via the posterior access route. In the third case, retroperitoneal access via the anterior route meant that the technique could be performed in one stage, resulting in an overall reduction in surgical time (1250 vs. 1750 vs. 990 minutes, respectively). Conclusion: The new technique enables fixation with biomechanical stability, which is essential to support the stress in the lumbosacral transition and promote earlier rehabilitation. Level of evidence IV, case series.

ABSTRACT Introduction The extreme lateral approach has been widely used for the treatment of degenerative diseases. The objective of this study is to present a minimally invasive extreme lateral approach for the treatment of metastatic lesions in the lumbar spine without the use of the evoked potential exam (MEP). Methods Two patients with spinal metastases and indication for surgery via the anterior approach were treated in a cancer referral center in Brazil. They were placed in right lateral decubitus, and an oblique incision was made, exposing the psoas muscle. The anterior approach permitted the release of the psoas muscle from vertebral body and disc, without the need for MEP. Conclusions When cancer cure is no longer possible, a minimally invasive extreme lateral approach to treat tumor metastases in the lumbar spine is a viable option, with short hospitalization time and low morbidity. The dislocation of the psoas muscle avoids the use of the transpsoas approach, which requires MEP equipment and a trained physician. Clinical studies are needed to extend these benefits to oncological patients who have treatment options for their primary disease. Level of Evidence IV; Case series.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the development of mechanical complications as a result of spinal decompression or cauda equina in patients with metastatic tumors of the spine via laminectomy or laminoartrectomy without fixation. METHODS: We studied the medical records of all patients submitted to spine decompression with laminectomy without fixation. The decompression was indicated to treat cord compression or cauda equina caused by metastatic tumors. Patients were evaluated for the development of postoperative mechanical instability by comparing the preoperative radiological examinations with the latest one available in the medical record review.. In these images, we evaluated the emergence of new deformity in the sagittal or coronal planes and translational deformity. We consider new deformity, signs of deformity greater or equal to 5° in the coronal or sagittal planes and signs of increased vertebral translation greater than or equal to 3 mm. RESULTS: No patient developed radiological instability in the period evaluated with an average follow-up of 163.24 days (3-663). The complication rate in our sample was not higher than the previously reported in the literature. CONCLUSION: Isolated laminectomy at one or more levels is a safe procedure for the treatment of metastatic spinal cord compression where the spine is judged stable before surgery.

As células primordiais, ou células-tronco, são células indiferenciadas multipotentes com a capacidade de originar qualquer tipo de tecido no organismo. Podem ter origem no blastocisto, sendo classificadas como embriônicas, ou em tecidos desenvolvidos de fetos, recém-nascidos ou adultos, conhecidas como célulastronco somáticas. Como um dos principais locais de isolamento da célula primordial está a medula óssea, tendo duas linhagens: células progenitoras hematopoéticas e mesenquimais. Existem diversos usos dessas células indiferenciadas na ortopedia, desde lesões cartilaginosas em patologias como osteoartrose, osteocondrite dissecante, condromalácia patelar, lesões ósseas como em pseudoartroses ou em perdas ósseas, ou em lesões nervosas como em trauma raquimedular. O estudo das células-tronco é provavelmente o campo de estudo mais promissor de toda a medicina que, em um espaço curto de tempo, irá revolucionar todas as especialidades médicas, tanto clínicas quanto cirúrgicas, solucionando patologias hoje de difícil abordagem.Primordial cells or stem cells are multipotent undifferentiated cells with the capacity to originate any type of cell in the organism. They may have their origins in the blastocyst and thus are classified as embryonic, or tissues developed in fetuses, newborns or adults and thus are known as somatic stem cells. Bone marrow is one of the main locations for isolating primordial cells, and there are two lineages: hematopoietic and mesenchymal progenitor cells. There are several uses for these undifferentiated cells in orthopedics, going from cartilaginous lesions in osteoarthrosis, osteochondritis dissecans and patellar chondromalacia, to bone lesions like in pseudarthrosis or bone losses, or nerve lesions like in spinal cord trauma. Studying stem cells is probably the most promising field of study of all within medicine, and this is shortly going to revolutionize all medical specialties (both clinical and surgical) and thus provide solutions for diseases that today are difficult to deal with.

Desde a primeira descrição por Percivall Pott da tuberculose de coluna vertebral, tem-se evoluído muito na abordagem dessa doença. Porém ainda existem muitas controvérsias em relação à prevenção das deformidades. Os objetivos de nosso estudo são avaliar as características clínicas e radiológicas de pacientes com tuberculose de coluna e comparar o tratamento conservador isolado com o cirúrgico associado a antibioticoterapia, principalmente quanto à deformidade residual e déficit neurológico. Nosso trabalho é retrospectivo com avaliação de prontuários e radiografias iniciais e ao final do seguimento. O quadro neurológico foi avaliado através da escala da ASIA e as deformidades foram medidas pelo método de Cobb. Foram avaliados 38 pacientes, 11 pacientes foram operados e 27 receberam somente antibioticoterapia. 15 pacientes tinham déficit neurológico, todos melhoraram independente do tipo de tratamento. A média de cifose torácica focal e regional no início do seguimento foi respectivamente 48,8º e 47,86º. Houve aumento da deformidade na região torácica, segmento mais acometido, de 6,3º focal e 9,8 regional ao final de 5 anos. O tipo de tratamento não influenciou na progressão da cifose. Paciente com menos de 15 anos e cifose maior que 30º tiveram pior prognóstico quanto à progressão da deformidade.Much has evolved since Percivall Pott's first description of vertebral tuberculosis. However, there still is much controversy regarding the best approaches to prevent deformities. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical and X-ray characteristics of patients with vertebral tuberculosis and to compare the conservative treatment alone to the surgical one associated with antibiotic therapy, particularly regarding residual deformity and neurological deficit. A retrospective evaluation of baseline and end-point X-ray studies and of the medical files was performed. The neurological status was evaluated by using the ASIA scale and the deformities were measured using the Cobb method. Thirty-eight patients were evaluated: 11 were surgically treated and 27 received only antibiotics. Fifteen patients presenting neurological deficit showed improvement regardless of the treatment method employed. The mean focal and regional thoracic kyphosis at baseline was 48.8º and 47.86º, respectively. An increased incidence of thoracic deformity was found, also being the most affected segment, from 6.3º focal and 9.8º regional after 5 years. The type of treatment has not interfered on kyphosis progression. Patients below the age of 15 and with kyphosis above 30º had worse prognosis regarding deformity progression.

O aumento da utilização de novas técnicas e materiais de síntese para o tratamento cirúrgico de afecções da coluna cervical baixa foi acompanhado da crescente preocupação em relação às complicações que podem ocorrer. A técnica de fixação transpedicular, amplamente utilizada para os outros níveis da coluna vertebral, quando realizada na coluna cervical, apesar de conferir maior estabilidade quando comparada a outras técnicas, pode cursar com complicações graves como lesão da artéria vertebral, lesão de raiz nervosa, além de lesão da articulação facetária. A vértebra C7, no entanto, é considerada mais segura para a realização de tal procedimento, já que, na grande maioria das pessoas, segundo os estudos anatômicos disponíveis, esta não possui a artéria vertebral dentro de seu forame transverso, pois este vaso irá penetrar tal estrutura apenas na vértebra C6. Como hoje existem apenas estudos de imagem para avaliação do trajeto desta artéria e suas variações anatômicas, realizamos este estudo anatômico dissecando 40 artérias vertebrais de cadáveres para avaliar a incidência das variações anatômicas. Encontramos 3 casos onde a artéria vertebral penetrou o forame transverso já em C7 (7,5%), o que aumentaria o risco de uma técnica transpedicular neste nível. O restante das peças anatômicas possuíam anatomia habitual.The increasing use of new techniques and materials for surgical treatment of lower cervical spine conditions has come along with an increasing concern regarding potential complications that might occur. The transpedicular fixation technique, frequently used in other spine levels, is used on the cervical spine, while providing more stability than other techniques, it may cause serious complications such as vertebral artery injury, nervous root injury, or facet joint injuries. However, the C7 vertebra is considered safer for performing this procedure, since, in the vast majority of people, according to available anatomical studies, does not have a vertebral artery passing through its cross-sectional foramen, because that vessel is inserted into such structure only on C6 vertebra. As there are only imaging studies available today for assessing the path of this artery and its anatomical variables, we conducted this anatomical study by dissecting 40 cadaver's vertebral arteries in order to assess the incidence of anatomical variations. We found 3 cases where the vertebral artery penetrated into cross-sectional foramen at C7 (7.5%), a fact that enhances the risk of an undesired injury with a transpedicular technique at this level. The other remaining specimens showed a usual anatomy.

Nas últimas décadas, houve aumento no uso de instrumentação com parafusos pediculares no tratamento das fraturas da coluna toracolombar. Esse tipo de fixação tem a vantagem de estabilizar as três colunas de Denis, ao contrário das outras instrumentações até então utilizadas, porém apresenta como possível e temível complicação a possibilidade de penetração do canal vertebral, fratura dos pedículos, acometimento de raízes nervosas e lesões vasculares. Nosso trabalho visa avaliar se a tomografia computadorizada é um bom método de análise do posicionamento dos parafusos pediculares e as possíveis complicações na passagem cirúrgica dos mesmos. Foram estudados 19 pacientes, totalizando 134 parafusos, durante os período de novembro de 2002 até fevereiro de 2005, quanto a análise radiográfica, tomográfica e neurológica pré e pós-operatória. Como resultado, houve dois casos de lesão da parede lateral do pedículo no estudo tomográfico, sem repercussão clínica aos pacientes. Quanto ao déficit neurológico, nenhum paciente apresentou piora. Seis pacientes apresentaram melhora de seu status neurológico. Concluímos que a tomografia computadorizada é excelente exame de imagem para avaliar os parafusos pediculares, e que esse tipo de fixação foi seguro e de baixa morbidade, permitindo mobilização precoce do paciente.In the last decades, there has been an increasing use of instruments with pedicular screws for treating thoracic-lumbar spine fractures. This kind of fixation has the advantage of stabilizing the Denis’ three columns, as opposite to other instruments previously used, but it presents as a possible and feared complication the potential of vertebral channel penetration, pedicular fractures, involvement of nervous roots and vascular injuries. Our study aims to evaluate if computed tomography is a good analysis method for pedicular screws positioning and the potential complications of surgically passing them. Nineteen patients have been studied, totaling 134 screws, during the period ranging from November 2002 to February 2005, regarding X-ray, tomography and pre- and postoperative neurological function analyses. As a result, there were two cases of injury on pedicle’s lateral wall at the tomography image, with no clinical repercussion to patients. Regarding neurological deficit, no patient showed a worse condition. Six patients presented with an improved neurological status. We concluded that computed tomography is an excellent imaging test for evaluating pedicular screws, and this kind of fixation was safe and showed low morbidity rates, allowing an early mobilization of the patient.

As hérnias discais extremolaterais correspondem a 10% das hérnias discais sintomáticas, mais comumente localizadas nos níveis L3-L4 e L4-L5. Por muitos anos, a abordagem cirúrgica das hérnias lombares foraminais e extraforaminais foi feita através de via de acesso posterior mediana com hemilaminectomia e facetectomia total ou parcial. Inúmeras foram as variações propostas para essa técnica a fim de se evitar a facetectomia e suas repercussões biomecânicas, que ocasionavam com certa freqüência o surgimento de dor lombar baixa devido à instabilidade vertebral criada. A abordagem cirúrgica dessa patologia pela via paramediana, entre os músculos multífido e longuíssimo (via de Wiltse), tem a vantagem de poupar o paciente de perdas ósseas e permitir uma visão mais oblíqua do neuro-foramen. Essa abordagem permite, com mínima mobilização da raiz de L4, acesso ao disco L4-L5 e eventuais herniações extra-foraminais do mesmo. Nosso objetivo é apresentar um estudo do trajeto extra-foraminal da raiz de L4 no espaço intertransversário L4-L5. Para isso, foram realizadas dissecções em 10 cadáveres (20 lados) e obtidas as medidas baseadas em 6 parâmetros anatômicos. A análise dos dados nos permite concluir que as hérnias discais extremo-laterais no nível L4-L5 podem ser acessadas com relativa segurança através da via paramediana.End-lateral disc hernias account for 10% of the symptomatic disc hernias, most commonly localized at L3-L4 and L4-L5 levels. For many years, the surgical treatment of foraminal and extraforaminal lumbar hernias was made through median posterior port by hemilaminectomy and total or partial facetectomy. A number of variations to this technique have been proposed in order to avoid facetectomy and its biomechanical effects, which sometimes cause the onset of low lumbar pain as a result of vertebral instability. The surgical treatment of this pathology through paramedian port, between multifidus and longissimus muscles (Wiltse port), has the advantage of sparing the patient from bone losses and of allowing a more oblique view of the neuroforamen. This port enables, with a minimal L4 root movement, access to L4-L5 disc and its occasional extraforaminal hernias. Our objective is to present a study of the extraforaminal path of L4 root at the intertransversal space L4-L5. For this purpose, 10 cadavers (20 sides) have been dissected for obtaining measurements based on 6 anatomical parameters. Data analysis enables us to conclude that end-lateral disc hernias at L4-L5 level may be accessed with a relative safety through paramedian port.