Search

Resumo Fundamento: Pacientes com disfunção cardíaca apresentam limitações na realização de atividades físicas após a ocorrência de infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST). A função do ventrículo direito (VD) é determinante na melhora da capacidade funcional, sendo a reabilitação cardíaca (RC) essencial para essa coorte de pacientes. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação da função do VD com a tolerância ao exercício após um programa de RC em pacientes com IAMCSST. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo em pacientes com IAMCSST, realizado de janeiro a dezembro de 2019. Os pacientes foram submetidos a uma avaliação ecocardiográfica da função do VD antes de um programa de RC de 16 sessões. Um teste de exercício cardiopulmonar (ECP) foi realizado antes e após o programa de RC. Analisamos se a função do VD, medida antes da RC, estava significativamente associada à tolerância ao exercício antes e depois do programa de RC e ao grau de melhora. Comorbidades e variáveis demográficas e anatômicas foram documentadas. Um valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: No total, 109 pacientes foram incluídos. Destes, 3,7% apresentaram disfunção global do VD, 10,1% apresentaram disfunção radial do VD e 11% apresentaram disfunção longitudinal do VD. Observou-se associação entre a disfunção radial ou longitudinal do VD e a ausência de melhora da aptidão cardiorrespiratória (> 1 equivalente de pico de VO2) (p = 0,028, p = 0,008, respectivamente). Observou-se correlação significativa entre a disfunção longitudinal do VD com equivalentes de picos de VO2 (pVO2eq) iniciais (p = 0,046), pVO2eq final (p = 0,003) e diferença de pVO2eq (p = 0,009). Também foi identificada correlação entre a disfunção global do VD e pVO2eq inicial (p = 0,045), pVO2eq final (p = 0,012) e diferença de pVO2eq (p = 0,032). Conclusões: A disfunção do VD está associada a uma menor tolerância ao exercício; Os programas de RC podem ser estendidos ou modificados nesses pacientes.

ABSTRACT: The present study described the chemical composition and somatic cell score (SCS) of samples of refrigerated raw milk collected from commercial farms in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in order to better understand the behavior of constituents present in non-fatty solids (NFS) in milk according to the season of the year. Means were used to describe statistical data. To estimate the probability of NFS levels meeting IN 76 (BRAZIL, 2018), binary logistic regression was used. It was reported that 18.2% (233.817) of analytical results showed NFS below 8.4%, representing the minimum required by IN 76. The highest average NFS level observed in the five-year period was registered in the micro-region of Passo Fundo (8.70%) in winter. The microregion with the lowest results was Porto Alegre (8.53%); however, it still demonstrated levels within the limits established by IN 76. The study indicates that milk constituents show differences between seasons. In autumn and winter, the constituents remained equal to or higher than those required by current legislation, while spring and summer were the periods with the lowest NFS values. The SCS was also influenced by the seasons, with the highest rates in spring, summer, and autumn.

Introduction: Increasing data suggest that elevated body temperature may be helpful in resolving a variety of diseases, including sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and viral illnesses such as SARS-CoV-2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A mechanical provision of elevated temperature focused in a body region of high viral activity in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation may offer a therapeutic option that avoids arrhythmias seen with some pharmaceutical treatments. This study investigated the potential to actively provide core warming to the lungs of patients with a commercially available heat transfer device via mathematical modeling, and examined the influence of blood perfusion on temperature using this approach. Methods: Using the software Comsol Multiphysics, the authors modeled and simulated heat transfer in the body from an intraesophageal warming device, taking into account the airflow from patient ventilation. The simulation was focused on heat transfer and warming of the lungs and performed on a simplified geometry of an adult human body and airway from the pharynx to the lungs. Results: Simulations were run over a range of values for blood perfusion rate, since the heat capacity and density remain relatively constant. The highest temperature in this case is the device warming water temperature, and that heat diffuses by conduction to the nearby tissues, including the air flowing in the airways. At the range of blood perfusion investigated, maximum lung temperature ranged from 37.6 to 38.6°C. Conclusions: The provision of core warming may offer an innovative approach to treating infectious diseases from viral illnesses such as COVID-19, while avoiding the arrhythmogenic complications of currently used pharmaceutical treatments.

Research on jury deliberation tends to focus on deliberative outcomes, such as verdict decisions. Less attention is paid to the actual process of deliberation. This paper analyzes a video recording of a mock jury deliberation in a simulated criminal trial, focusing on facial expression, gesture, and discourse. Drawing on ethnomethodology and micro-sociological theories of ritual, I examine how jurors make sense of the evidence presented to them and how they work together to collectively produce a coherent narrative of events. I argue that a focus on the ritual dynamics of the deliberation help to understand how such a co-production can occur. La investigación sobre la deliberación del jurado tiende a centrarse en los resultados de esa deliberación, como pueden ser los veredictos. Menos atención genera el proceso mismo de deliberación. Este artículo analiza una grabación de vídeo de la deliberación de un jurado en un simulacro de juicio penal, y se fija especialmente en las expresiones faciales, los gestos y los discursos. Basándome en la etnometodología y en teorías de ritual microsociológicas, examino la forma en que los jurados buscan el sentido de las pruebas que se les presentan y la forma en que trabajan juntos para producir una narración coherente de los hechos. Argumento que poner el énfasis en las dinámicas rituales de la deliberación ayuda a entender cómo se realiza esa producción colectiva. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1038

The central objective of this document is to analyze the elements of integration and quality on the Colombian Health System and to verify their articulation in accordance with the postulates set forth by the national government in terms of quality. Based on a qualitative approach, supported by the bibliographic review as a tool for research and deepening, a matrix of documents associated with the research topic of the last five years is made. The results indicate that Colombia’s health model has been forged in recent decades and has incorporated elements such as universality, coverage and quality. The analysis of these aspects can facilitate or support research in the health sector at the national or international level.

ABSTRACT: Even though oats (Avena spp.) have the capacity to produce numerous compounds with the potential to act antagonistically against plant pathogens, studies on the genotypic effect of this crop focusing on their nematicidal activity are limited. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of the aqueous extracts prepared with the biomass of oat genotypes, on the hatching of second-stage juveniles of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica and Meloidogyne incognita). The bioassays were carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications. Eighteen extracts were evaluated, consisting of a combination of six oat genotypes Agro Quaraí, Agro Esteio, Embrapa 139, AF 12202, UPFPS Farroupilha, and AF 1345 Ucraniana, and three extract concentrations (5 %, 10 %, and 20 % w/v). Three additional treatments were added to the study (distilled water, chemical nematicides abamectin, and imidacloprid + thiodicarb). The treatments and the suspension containing nematode eggs were placed in Petri dishes and incubated in a growth chamber for ten days. At the 5 % and 10 % w/v concentration levels, a genotype effect was observed in the hatching of juveniles for both nematode species. For the control of M. javanica the extracts of Embrapa 139 had a better performance, while the extracts of Agro Quaraí and AF1345 Ucraniana performed better when under the control of M. incognita. Thus, oat biomass formation might have the ability to suppress the nematode population in the soil, and could therefore, be used for the management of root-knot nematodes.

A aveia-preta é uma planta de múltiplos usos no sistema agrícola, contudo programas de melhoramento tem pouco sucesso em obter novos genótipos, não se sabe o motivo exato. Assim sendo, este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar a morfologia floral e a viabilidade polínica em Avena strigosa. Para isso, duas cultivares de hábito e ciclo contrastantes (IAPAR 61-Ibiporã e UPFA 21-Moreninha) foram estabelecidas no campo e em vaso no município de Passo Fundo, no norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram realizadas avaliações morfológicas na panícula, espiguetas e grãos de pólen das cultivares. Na cv. IAPAR 61-Ibiporã foram encontrados os maiores comprimentos de espigueta, ráquila, gluma I, gluma II, pálea, arista e pistilo. Na cv. UPFA 21-Moreninha encontrou-se maior comprimento da ráquis, lema e antera apicais e maior densidade de espiguetas na panícula. Em relação à viabilidade polínica, as cultivares não diferem entre si, evidenciando-se que apenas as medidas dos grãos de pólen foram contrastantes.

Background: Increasing data suggest that elevated body temperature may be helpful in resolving a variety of diseases, including sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and viral illnesses. SARS-CoV-2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), may be more temperature sensitive than other coronaviruses, particularly with respect to the binding affinity of its viral entry via the ACE2 receptor. A mechanical provision of elevated temperature focused in a body region of high viral activity in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation may offer a therapeutic option that avoids arrhythmias seen with some pharmaceutical treatments. We investigated the potential to actively provide core warming to the lungs of patients with a commercially available heat transfer device via mathematical modeling, and examine the influence of blood perfusion on temperature using this approach. Methods: Using the software Comsol Multiphysics, we modeled and simulated heat transfer in the body from an intraesophageal warming device, taking into account the airflow from patient ventilation. The simulation was focused on heat transfer and warming of the lungs and performed on a simplified geometry of an adult human body and airway from the pharynx to the lungs. Results: The simulations were run over a range of values for blood perfusion rate, which was a parameter expected to have high influence in overall heat transfer, since the heat capacity and density remain almost constant. The simulation results show a temperature distribution which agrees with the expected clinical experience, with the skin surface at a lower temperature than the rest of the body due to convective cooling in a typical hospital environment. The highest temperature in this case is the device warming water temperature, and that heat diffuses by conduction to the nearby tissues, including the air flowing in the airways. At the range of blood perfusion investigated, maximum lung temperature ranged from 37.6°C to 38.6°C. Conclusions: The provision of core warming via commercially available technology currently utilized in the intensive care unit, emergency department, and operating room can increase regional temperature of lung tissue and airway passages. This warming may offer an innovative approach to treating infectious diseases from viral illnesses such as COVID-19, while avoiding the arrhythmogenic complications of currently used pharmaceutical treatments.

Background: Increasing data suggest that elevated body temperature may be helpful in resolving a variety of diseases, including sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and viral illnesses. SARS-CoV-2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), may be more temperature sensitive than other coronaviruses, particularly with respect to the binding affinity of its viral entry via the ACE2 receptor. A mechanical provision of elevated temperature focused in a body region of high viral activity in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation may offer a therapeutic option that avoids arrhythmias seen with some pharmaceutical treatments. We investigated the potential to actively provide core warming to the lungs of patients with a commercially available heat transfer device via mathematical modeling, and examine the influence of blood perfusion on temperature using this approach. Methods: Using the software Comsol Multiphysics, we modeled and simulated heat transfer in the body from an intraesophageal warming device, taking into account the airflow from patient ventilation. The simulation was focused on heat transfer and warming of the lungs and performed on a simplified geometry of an adult human body and airway from the pharynx to the lungs. Results: The simulations were run over a range of values for blood perfusion rate, which was a parameter expected to have high influence in overall heat transfer, since the heat capacity and density remain almost constant. The simulation results show a temperature distribution which agrees with the expected clinical experience, with the skin surface at a lower temperature than the rest of the body due to convective cooling in a typical hospital environment. The highest temperature in this case is the device warming water temperature, and that heat diffuses by conduction to the nearby tissues, including the air flowing in the airways. At the range of blood perfusion investigated, maximum lung temperature ranged from 37.6°C to 38.6°C. Conclusions: The provision of core warming via commercially available technology currently utilized in the intensive care unit, emergency department, and operating room can increase regional temperature of lung tissue and airway passages. This warming may offer an innovative approach to treating infectious diseases from viral illnesses such as COVID-19, while avoiding the arrhythmogenic complications of currently used pharmaceutical treatments.

Background: Increasing data suggest that elevated body temperature may be helpful in resolving a variety of diseases, including sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and viral illnesses. SARS-CoV-2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), may be more temperature sensitive than other coronaviruses, particularly with respect to the binding affinity of its viral entry via the ACE2 receptor. A mechanical provision of elevated temperature focused in a body region of high viral activity in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation may offer a therapeutic option that avoids arrhythmias seen with some pharmaceutical treatments. We investigated the potential to actively provide core warming to the lungs of patients with a commercially available heat transfer device via mathematical modeling, and examine the influence of blood perfusion on temperature using this approach. Methods: Using the software Comsol Multiphysics, we modeled and simulated heat transfer in the body from an intraesophageal warming device, taking into account the airflow from patient ventilation. The simulation was focused on heat transfer and warming of the lungs and performed on a simplified geometry of an adult human body and airway from the pharynx to the lungs. Results: The simulations were run over a range of values for blood perfusion rate, which was a parameter expected to have high influence in overall heat transfer, since the heat capacity and density remain almost constant. The simulation results show a temperature distribution which agrees with the expected clinical experience, with the skin surface at a lower temperature than the rest of the body due to convective cooling in a typical hospital environment. The highest temperature in this case is the device warming water temperature, and that heat diffuses by conduction to the nearby tissues, including the air flowing in the airways. At the range of blood perfusion investigated, maximum lung temperature ranged from 37.6°C to 38.6°C. Conclusions: The provision of core warming via commercially available technology currently utilized in the intensive care unit, emergency department, and operating room can increase regional temperature of lung tissue and airway passages. This warming may offer an innovative approach to treating infectious diseases from viral illnesses such as COVID-19, while avoiding the arrhythmogenic complications of currently used pharmaceutical treatments.

On the evening of April 15, 2019, hoary plumes of smoke erupted from Notre-Dame Cathedral and rolled across the rooftops of the Ile de la Cité in Paris, France. World leaders expressed their condolences over the loss, and many experts publicly warned that, though it can be rebuilt, the 12th-century monument to Catholicism will never “be the same”. By the end of the next day, cathedral bells tolled across the city in honor of the devastating fire and hundreds of millions in euros already had been pledged, with the uber-wealthy leading the way. In the days that followed the fire, the fire and fundraising efforts garnered a veritable tempest of media coverage and ignited a social media fervor. The hashtag #NotreDameFire trended on Twitter, spread virally across Facebook and, to date, has garnered almost 22,000 posts on Instagram. Much of this online popular discourse has not been as kind and can be read as a form of political struggle around the meaning and identity of Notre-Dame waged on the digital archive of Instagram. This article examines the #NotreDameFire hashtag on Instagram, reading the associated visuals through the framework set out by Cara A. Finnegan in Making Photography Matter: A Viewer’s History from the Civil War to the Great Depression. It considers Finnegan’s presence, character, appropriation and magnitude in the context of Instagram as an archive of, in this case, both site and sight of one imperial landscape — Notre-Dame Cathedral.

This article outlines different forms of education privatization operating globally, examines their prevalence within the United States, and analyzes whether student marginalization and segregation occurs at the local level. We analyze six U.S. districts with higher saturation levels of charter schools, the most predominant type of privatization (Camden, NJ, Washington DC, Flint, MI, Detroit, MI, Natomas, CA, and Oakland, CA). We find education privatization increasing in the US, but unevenly dispersed, with charter schools concentrated primarily in urban areas serving students of color. Furthermore, segregation in education remains a major issue for all types of schools, with students of color in urban contexts often attending intensely segregated schools (over 90% students of color). Instead of mitigating the segregation problem, student selection by charter school appears to exacerbate it, specifically for special education students.

Caracteres morfológicos e fenológicos são utilizados na seleção, cruzamentos e descrição de genótipos, sua instabilidade frente a alterações ambientais pode determinar o seu valor na etapa de proteção de cultivares. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de verificar a expressão de descritores morfológicos e fenológicos e, consequentemente, a dissimilaridade entre cultivares de aveia-branca (Avena sativa L.) em dois períodos de cultivo. Para isso, cinco cultivares, protegidas e oriundas de quatro obtentores e, aqui, codificadas (G1, G2, G3, G4 e G5), foram semeadas dentro do período recomendado para a cultura no sul do do Brasil (outono-hibernal) e fora desse período (hiberno-primaveril), com intervalo de quarenta dias. O experimento foi estabelecido em campo, em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. As cultivares foram avaliadas quanto a 42 descritores (15 quantitativos e 27 qualitativos). Os dados quantitativos foram submetidos à análise de variância, seguida da comparação de médias, e à análise multivariada, por meio da geração da distância euclidiana média. Os dados qualitativos foram submetidos à determinação da moda, seguida da obtenção do índice de similaridade. A relação entre as cultivares foi ilustrada por meio de dendrogramas. Foi calculado o índice de estabilidade dos descritores. A interação genótipo x ambiente foi observada em 28 descritores. A estabilidade de expressão, à alteração no período de cultivo, foi maior nos descritores qualitativos (44%), quando comparada aos quantitativos (7%). Os descritores qualitativos mais estáveis foram: cor do lema, pilosidade do nó superior, posição da folha-bandeira, pilosidade da base do grão, comprimento dos pelos basais do grão e comprimento da ráquila. O descritor quantitativo mais estável foi o comprimento da folha-bandeira. O atraso no período de cultivo da aveia-branca, de outono-hibernal para hiberno-primaveril, reduz o ciclo da cultura e modifica a expressão da maioria dos descritores, alterando a dissimilaridade fenotípica entre cultivares.

Introduction: Partner Notification (NP) has long been considered an essential strategy for the control of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Although the delivery of clinical services for STIs has improved in Chile, syphilis in the general population is one of the most commonly reported STIs. Objective: To understand PN current practices and challenges, we explored health care providers’ (HCPs) perspectives about PN for syphilis in public health services in Chile. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with HCPs in 14 primary health care centres and 6 sexual health units located at two regional Health Services as well as with key informants from different backgrounds. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded using QSR International’s NVivo 11 PRO Software, for cross-case thematic analysis, which followed an inductive approach. Selected quotes were translated from Spanish to English. Consensus on codes and themes was reached by the multi-disciplinary research team. Results: A total of 58 interviews were conducted. Forty-eight HCPs were interviewed across both Health Services; most with midwives with more than 10 years of work experience; and ten were key informants. Participants acknowledged PN as a syphilis control strategy with patient referral being the most common approach. Participants commented that index cases do not provide information about their partners easily and the delivery of PN is further impacted by gender and the socio-cultural context of Chile. PN was perceived by HCPs as an exhausting and difficult process. Conclusion: This is the first study to identify the perceptions of Chilean HCPs about PN for syphilis. PN is a valuable strategy for syphilis control in Chile; however, our findings suggest that HCPs consider this strategy a challenge both for them and for the Chilean population. Improving current practices and increasing awareness about PN would strengthen the work that has been done by HCPs for syphilis control and enhance the long-term impact of existing policies.

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between teachers’ perception of their work, their intent to leave their current position, and their realized turnover at the height of the federal accountability policy era in the United States. The study uses a framework of teacher de-professionalization and demoralization operationalized by teacher responses to the Schools and Staffing Surveys and Teacher Follow-up Surveys from the National Center for Education Statistics. We tested the relationship of de-professionalization and demoralization to turnover with two competing structural equation models for teachers who cited accountability policies as a factor in their employment decision, and those who did not. We find that teacher worry and stress associated with demoralization is a significant predictor of intent to leave in both groups of teachers. However, teacher worry and stress is only a significant predictor of teachers leaving the profession and moving schools in teachers who cite accountability policies as a factor in their employment decision. These findings demonstrate a relationship between teachers’ perceptions of accountability policies, perception of their working conditions, and turnover. These results have important implications for policy makers and educational leaders as the U.S. transitions from the No Child Left Behind era to the implementation of the Every Student Succeeds Act.

This study investigated the efficacy of race-neutral student assignment policies following the 2007 Supreme Court decision in Parents Involved. Highlighting one urban school district—Chicago Public Schools—we examined differences in racial composition at their elite, “selective enrollment” high schools before and after voluntary race-based policies became unconstitutional. Using repeated measures ANOVA, we found the transition from racial to socioeconomic criteria have resegregated these schools— significantly reducing African- and Asian-American enrollment. We argue the Supreme Court’s decision to strike down voluntary race-based student assignment policies has contributed to local policy changes for urban districts like Chicago, reducing minority access and opportunity.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the dominance, growth and bromatology of tough lovegrass or 'annoni' grass (Eragrostis plana) in secondary vegetation area. The evaluations were carried out at 23, 45, 64, 86, 111, 132, 153, and 174 days of growth after a mowing. The tough lovegrass was the dominant species on the area, accounting for 76 to 90% of biomass. There was a linear increase for leaf (9.8 kg DM ha-1 day-1) and total dry mass (16.9 kg DM ha-1 day-1) of the tough lovegrass. During the 111 days of the vegetative stage, the biomass was composed only of leaves, and the flowering started at 132 days. At 174 days, the tough lovegrass accumulated about 4,000 kg DM ha-1, 650 kg DM ha-1 of which was composed of inflorescences. The growth analysis revealed a specific leaf area of 72 cm2 g-1 and a maximum leaf area index of 2.1. The leaf area ratio decreased from 72.2 to 43.9 cm2 g-1 between the 23rd and 174th days. The bromatological analysis showed a high content of neutral detergent fiber (85.3-90.4%) and acid detergent fiber (39.4-42.8%), as well as low crude protein content (3.9-9.9%), indicating the low forage quality of the species.

Condensed tannins are formed by monomers of procyanidins and prodelfinidins, where the proportion and concentration of their monomers varies according to the plant species and environmental conditions. In Lotus spp., condensed tannins prevent tympanism in ruminants that feed on them. This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of procyanidins and their monomers, catechin and epicatechin in the genotypes of Lotus L. grown in soil with different saturations of aluminum. A two-factor (genotype × Al saturation) assay was performed, where the genotypes São Gabriel, Ganador, and UFRGS (Lotus corniculatus L.); Serrano (Lotus uliginosus); and El Rincón (Lotus subbiflorus) were cultivated in soil with an Al saturation of 0-20%. The procyanidins were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography, which was previously validated for catechin and epicatechin. The concentration of procyanidins and the proportion of epicatechin:catechin were affected by the genotype × environment interaction. In L. corniculatus and L. subbiflorus, the concentration of procyanidin was significantly higher when they were grown in the soil with an Al saturation of 20% compared to that when they were grown in the soil with 0% Al saturation, but the opposite effect was observed in L. uliginosus. The proportion of epicatechin:catechin decreased in plants grown in soil without Al, and only the UFRGS genotype maintained a similar proportion under both the soil acidity conditions. The predominant monomer was epicatechin, which varied from 57% to 75% according to the soil in which the plants were grown.

Em algum momento no meio da década de 1960, enquanto eu vocalizava no meu estúdio, tive uma revelação que a voz poderia ter a mesma flexibilidade e gama de movimentos da espinha ou do pé, e que eu poderia construir um vocabulário para minha voz, assim como alguém cria movimentos baseados num corpo em específico. Percebi que na voz existem inúmeras personagens, paisagens, cores, texturas, modos de se produzir sons, mensagens sem palavras. Eu intuitivamente senti o poder rico e milenar do primeiro instrumento humano e, ao explorar suas possibilidades infinitas, senti que voltava ao lar de minha família e de meu sangue.

The existence of variability is a prerequisite for genetic improvement in plants. Globe artichoke is a high nutritious vegetable with medical value, representing a profitable alternative for rural producers. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the phenotypic variability in a commercial cultivar of artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L) established from seeds. Field plants were assessed when primary head reached commercial stage. An amount of 21 quantitative and 5 multicategoric characters were assessed. The quantitative data were submitted to multivariate analysis. For quantitative characters the distance between individuals varied from 3.0 to 50.9, revealing high intrapopulation variability. The greater relative contribution characters for genetic divergence were the primary head fresh mass (79.88%) and bottom fresh mass (8.43%). This indicates the possibility of plant selection for head quality in this population. The clustering analysis through UPGMA method, based on quantitative characters, allowed the formation of five groups. For multicategoric traits, the similarity among individuals varied from 1.22% to 100%. Within the existing population variability, it was possible to select plants with superior quantitative traits desirable for in natura consumption, as primary head fresh weight and length, bottom fresh mass, bract basis length and width, as well as non-quantitative traits as round head shape, absence of thorn and presence of violet color in the head.

The morphogenesis of giant missionary grass (Axonopus jesuticus x A. scoparius) was evaluated in this study in response to the application of 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200m³ ha-1year-1 of pig slurry, calculated to provide 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500kg N ha-1year-1, respectively. The experiment was carried out in the field, at Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 2010-2011. The doses were fractioned in four applications, performed after the pasture cuttings, during the growth season of the grass. Morphogenetic evaluations were performed weekly between 10/26/2010 and 12/07/2010 (spring), 12/14/2010 and 01/11/2011 (late spring/early summer), 01/18/2011 and 02/07/2011 (summer), and 02/15/2011 and 03/21/2011 (late summer). The leaf senescence, leaf elongation, and pseudoculm elongation rates, canopy and pseudoculm heights, leaf blade length, and tillering increased because of fertilization. The application of pig slurry as a source of nitrogen alters the tissue flow of giant missionary grass, which requires attention to pasture management in order to maximize the efficiency of forage use and to prevent losses of herbage by leaf senescence.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a morfogênese da grama-tapete (Axonopus affinis) adubada durante dois anos com dejeto líquido de suínos (DLS). Na média de dois anos, foram aplicados 0, 51, 102, 153, 204 e 255m³ de DLS ha-1, calculados para prover 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 e 500kg de N/ha/ano, respetivamente. A morfogênese foi avaliada na primavera e verão de 2008-2009 e 2009-2010, considerando-se como temperatura basal 10°C para cálculo da soma térmica no intervalo entre as amostragens. Houve aumento linear no número de perfilhos, taxa de alongamento de perfilhos, taxa de expansão foliar e índice de área foliar em função das doses de DLS. Não houve efeito da adubação na taxa de alongamento de pseudocolmo (0,004cm GD-1), taxa de aparecimento foliar (0,004 folha perfilho-1 GD-1) e filocrono (274GD).

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical and anatomical attributes of leaves of giant missionary grass to application of 0, 62, 124, 186, 248 and 310m³ ha-1 of pig slurry. At 83 days after the last application of fertilizer, the leaf blades were collected, fixed in FAA 70%, sectioned, stained, photographed and digitalized. The transversal section of leaf blades were evaluated for proportion of epidermis, lignified vascular tissue + sclerenchyma, non-lignified vascular tissue and parenchyma with an image-processing system calibrated to 1mm pixel-1. Leaf samples were analyzed for crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and hemicellulose content by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. The pig slurry application up to 310m³ ha-1 significantly increased the percentage of crude protein, parenchyma, epidermis, non-lignified vascular tissue and hemicellulose, while decreasing the percentage of acid detergent fiber and lignified vascular tissue + sclerenchyma. The Pearson's correlation was positive between crude protein and non-lignified vascular tissue, and between acid detergent fiber and lignified vascular tissue + sclerenchyma. The percentage of hemicellulose was positively correlated with epidermis, parenchyma and non-lignified vascular tissue. A negative correlation between acid detergent fiber and epidermis, parenchyma and non-lignified vascular tissue was observed.

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical and anatomical attributes of leaves of giant missionary grass to application of 0, 62, 124, 186, 248 and 310m³ ha-1 of pig slurry. At 83 days after the last application of fertilizer, the leaf blades were collected, fixed in FAA 70%, sectioned, stained, photographed and digitalized. The transversal section of leaf blades were evaluated for proportion of epidermis, lignified vascular tissue + sclerenchyma, non-lignified vascular tissue and parenchyma with an image-processing system calibrated to 1mm pixel-1. Leaf samples were analyzed for crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and hemicellulose content by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. The pig slurry application up to 310m³ ha-1 significantly increased the percentage of crude protein, parenchyma, epidermis, non-lignified vascular tissue and hemicellulose, while decreasing the percentage of acid detergent fiber and lignified vascular tissue + sclerenchyma. The Pearson's correlation was positive between crude protein and non-lignified vascular tissue, and between acid detergent fiber and lignified vascular tissue + sclerenchyma. The percentage of hemicellulose was positively correlated with epidermis, parenchyma and non-lignified vascular tissue. A negative correlation between acid detergent fiber and epidermis, parenchyma and non-lignified vascular tissue was observed.

As aveias silvestres são importantes fontes de genes para programas de melhoramento e sua caracterização é fundamental para a efetiva conservação e uso. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a divergência genética em uma coleção de 71 subamostras de aveias silvestres, do Banco de Germoplasma da Embrapa Trigo, com base em caracteres multicategóricos e quantitativos. Procederam-se às análises de variância, para os caracteres quantitativos, e multivariada, para ambos os tipos de caracteres. Os métodos de agrupamento UPGMA, a partir da distância euclidiana média (caracteres multicategóricos), e de ligação completa, com base na distância de Mahalanobis (caracteres quantitativos), foram os mais adequados para ilustrar a relação entre as subamostras. A pilosidade da base dos grãos foi o caractere com maior contribuição relativa para divergência genética (32,16%) e a menor contribuição foi da pilosidade do nó superior (0,081%). As subamostras divergiram quanto a vinte caracteres: pilosidade da bainha da folha inferior, bordas da lâmina imediatamente abaixo da folha bandeira, nó superior, face externa do lema e base do grão; posição da folha bandeira e das ramificações na panícula; frequência de plantas com folha bandeira recurvada; intensidade da pilosidade do nó superior e da cerosidade do lema; orientação das ramificações na panícula; comprimento dos pelos basais do grão, ráquila, panícula, glumas e planta; cor do lema, tipo de arista, número de grãos por espigueta e ciclo. O germoplasma apresenta elevada variabilidade genética e genes de interesse para o melhoramento de aveias.

This essay explores the impacts of neoliberal policies on graduate education, focusing attention on issues of curriculum, decision-making, and the role of graduate students at the university.

This study assessed the effect of successive applications of pig slurry on the dry matter (DM) production and the nitrogen use efficiency of giant missionary grass along two years. A total of 55, 110, 165, 220 and 275 m³ of pig slurry/ha/year were applied in order to supply 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg of total N/ha/year, respectively. These treatments were compared with the ammonium nitrate (200 kg of N/ha/year) source of N and with a control (no nitrogen application). Annually, nitrogen was applied in four divided doses, after the cutting of forage grasses, which takes place five times a year. The total DM yield did not differ between years and increased linearly as a function of pig slurry application, ranging from 2,698 kg of DM/ha/year (control) to 11,371 kg of DM/ha/year (275 m³ of pig slurry/ha/year). There was an increment of 32.3 kg of DM/m³ of pig slurry/ha or 17.7 kg of DM/kg of N/ha. The highest average daily DM accumulation rate (66.8 kg of DM/ha/day) was achieved with the highest pig slurry rate, from February/2007 to April/2008. Nitrogen use efficiency did not differ across pig slurry rates (19.0 kg of DM/kg of N), but it was lower than that obtained with ammonium nitrate (30.3 kg of DM/kg of N). The efficiency index of pig slurry ranged from 0.52 to 0.72.

This study evaluated the morphological development of two populations of tough lovegrass during 120 days of continuous growth (Experiment I), and the regrowth of one population under the combination of cutting height (5 cm and 10 cm) and phenological stage at the first cutting (vegetative and beginning of flowering; Experiment II). In Experiment I, plants were harvested at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of growth; in Experiment II, three cuttings were carried out at every 30 days, and the plants were harvested four weeks after the previous one. In Experiment I, the populations did not differ for morphological development, showing a linear increase in height and tiller number, and a quadratic trend for root and shoot dry matter (DM). At 120 days of growth, plants presented 10 basal tillers and 80 leaves, strongly compressed at the base and no sign of senescence. In Experiment II, there was no significant cutting height × phenological stage interaction, but cuttings at 5 cm reduced plant size and yield. Cuttings started at the vegetative stage decreased the root (3.06 g DM/plant) and stubble dry matter (1.17 g DM/plant), compared with 6.84 g and 3.99 g DM/plant, respectively, with cuttings started at the flowering stage. Tough lovegrass shows basal architecture, basal bud renovation, leaves densely compressed in the tiller base, high belowground allocation, and elongation of internodes only in reproductive stage. Mechanical control is an alternative method to minimize its growth, especially if it is carried out early in the growing season and at low cutting height.

In this study, the phenotypic diversity of five accessions of giant missionary grass (Axonopus jesuiticus × A. scoparius) was evaluated by using morphophysiological traits. Accessions V 14337, V 14403, V 14404, V 14405 and V 14406 are hybrids derived from spontaneous crossing that occurred in Vale do Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Plants were cultivated in greenhouse and evaluated at 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 days of growth. Variation was observed for dry matter production, phenology and morphological traits, showing the possibility of selection. Flowering started at 210 days of growth and only in accessions V 14337 and V 14404. The Mahalanobis distance among accessions ranged from 35.64 (V 14403 and V 14405) to 183.38 (V 14337 and V 14405), and three groups were formed, based on 17 vegetative morphophysiological traits evaluated in plants with 180 days of growth: G1 (V 14403, V 14405), G2 (V 14406) and G3 (V 14337, V 14404). Group I presented the greatest dry matter production of stolon and aboveground, which were the traits with the largest relative contribution to genetic divergence, 38.67% and 38.31%, respectively. Accessions V 14403 and V 14405 are the most promising for agronomic evaluations that address their records as forage cultivars.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the response of five birdsfoot trefoil populations (Lotus corniculatus L.), selected under severe and intense grazing (P38, P37, P9 and P3) or cutting (population Corte), one rhizomatous population from Morocco and two cultivars, São Gabriel (Brazil) and ARS 2620 (USA), to different cutting intervals (20 and 40 days). The trial was carried out in a greenhouse for 224 days. The plants were submitted to the treatments during four months, when it was made four and two cuttings for the 20 and 40 day intervals, respectively. In the following months, aerial part of the plants was totally removed and after 70 days of regrowth, evaluation of roots and aerial section were performed. Analysis of variance and multivariate analysis was performed, obtaining the Mahalanobis distance (Md), dendogram by UPGMA method and the relative contribution of the characters for genetic divergence. There was no genotype × cutting interval interaction and the genotypes presented a reduction on dry matter yield of roots, crown and aerial sections, number of stems and plant height when submitted to frequent cuttings. The most divergent genotypes were Marrocos and P9 (Md = 108.7) and the most similar ones were São Gabriel and P37 (Md = 7.8). The results suggest exclusion of the population P9 because of its weak performance and the utilization of the populations Corte and P37 as progenitors in the birdsfoot trefoil breeding program. Root dry matter accumulation and plant height were the characters that contributed most to genetic divergence and they can be used for selection works.

Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento morfológico das gramas São Carlos (Axonopus affinis), Tifton 419 (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis) e Esmeralda (Zoysia sp.), cultivadas em casa de vegetação e colhidas integralmente aos 97, 118, 146, 174, 202, 230 e 258 dias de idade. A Tifton 419 mostrou os maiores comprimentos de estolão (83,3 cm), altura de planta (23,6 cm) e número de folhas (12-24 cm-1 de estolão); as folhas mediram 6,7 cm x 1,9 mm (textura fina). Os estolões da São Carlos atingiram em média 58,3 cm e foram os mais espessos (2,5 cm), com 2-4 folhas cm de estolão-1; as folhas mediram 10,9 cm x 12,3 mm (textura grossa) e a altura máxima da planta foi de 13 cm. A Esmeralda foi inferior quanto à altura (10 cm), comprimento de estolão (45 cm) e número de folhas (7 folhas cm de estolão-1); as folhas mediram 6,2 cm x 3,7 mm (textura média). O acúmulo de matéria seca da parte aérea (mg planta-1) atingiu 12.100 (São Carlos), 8.700 (Tifton 419) e 3.500 (Esmeralda) e a relação raiz:parte aérea foi de 0,33; 0,15 e 0,19, respectivamente. As distintas características morfológicas das gramas podem subsidiar sua escolha para diferentes propósitos.This study evaluated the morphological development of Carpetgrass (Axonopus affinis), Tifton 419 (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis) and Emerald (Zoysia sp.) turfgrasses grown in greenhouse and harvested at 97, 118, 146, 174, 202, 230 and 258 days old. Tifton 419 showed the largest stolons (83.3 cm), height (23.6 cm) and leaf number (12-24 cm-1 stolon); leaves measured 6.7 cm x 1.9 mm (fine texture). Carpetgrass stolons reached on average 58.3 cm and were thicker (2.5 cm), with 2-4 leaf cm-1; their leaves measured 10.9 cm x 12.3 mm (coarse texture) and the maximum height of the plant was 13 cm. The Emerald presented the lowest height (10 cm), stolon length (45 cm), leaf number (7 leaves cm stolon-1); their leaves measured 6.2 cm x 3.7 mm (medium texture). The dry matter accumulation (mg plant-1) reached 12,100 (Carpetgrass), 8,700 (Tifton 419) and 3,500 (Emerald), with root:shoot relation of 0.33, 0.15 and 0.19, respectively. The distinct morphologic characteristics of the grasses may promote its use for different purposes.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of extracts of leaf and roots of tough lovegrass (Eragrostis plana) on seedling growth of white clover (Trifolium repens), in two experiments. The first experiment was conducted as a pilot test, in which two concentrations (30 and 60%) of leaf aqueous extract were tested. In Experiment II, source (leaf/root) and concentration (5 and 10%) of the extracts were combined. Distilled water was used as control in both trials. Fifty seedlings at 7 days of age were placed in gerbox containers on filter paper moistened with extracts and incubated at 25°C for 14 days. In the first experiment, percentage of normal seedlings decreased by 82.5% and 100% at the concentrations of 30% and 60%, respectively, which indicated the need to increase the dilution of the extracts. In the subsequent experiment, the extracts from the two sources, at 10% of concentration, reduced by 78% the percentage of normal seedling and increased the percentage of abnormal seedlings, which reached 27%. At 5% concentration, the leaf extract was the most deleterious treatment, resulting in greater mortality (M=27.6%) and abnormality (A=19.5%) of seedlings, compared to the root extract (M=4.8%; A=9.5%) and the control (M=2.4%; A=0.25%). The morphological changes caused by the extracts were radicle necrosis, retention of cotyledons and absence of secondary roots. The results suggest that allelopathic compounds from leaves and roots of tough lovegrass differ in chemical nature and/or concentration.Este estudo foi realizado para investigar o efeito do extrato de folhas e raízes de capim-annoni-2 (Eragrostis plana) no crescimento de plântulas de trevo-branco (Trifolium repens), em dois experimentos. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido como teste-piloto, no qual foram testadas duas concentrações (30% e 60%) de extrato aquoso de folhas. No experimento II houve uma combinação de fonte (folhas e raízes) e concentração (5% e 10%) dos extratos. Água destilada foi utilizada como testemunha em ambos os ensaios. Cinqüenta plântulas com sete dias de idade foram colocadas em caixas gerbox, sobre papel-filtro umedecido com os extratos, e incubadas a 25ºC durante 14 dias. No primeiro experimento, o percentual de plântulas normais decresceu em 82,5% e 100% nas concentrações de 30% e 60%, respectivamente, o que indicou a necessidade de se aumentar a diluição dos extratos. No experimento subseqüente, os extratos das duas origens, a 10% de concentração, reduziram em 78% o percentual de plântulas normais e aumentaram o percentual de plântulas anormais, que atingiu 27%. A 5% o extrato de folha foi o tratamento mais deletério, resultando em maior mortalidade (M=27,6%) e anormalidade (A=19,5%) de plântulas, comparado ao de raiz (M=4,8%; A=9,5%) e à testemunha (M=2,4%; A=0,25%). As alterações morfológicas causadas pelos extratos foram necrose da radícula, retenção dos cotilédones e ausência de raízes secundárias. Os resultados sugerem que os compostos alelopáticos de folhas e raízes do capim-annoni-2 diferem quanto à natureza química e/ou concentração.

FUNDAMENTO: Diferenças entre regiões geográficas em relação à características de pacientes e desfechos, particularmente em síndromes coronarianas agudas, tem sido demonstradas em testes clínicos. Os desfechos clínicos após intervenções coronarianas percutâneas com o stent eluidor de Zotarolimus em uma população real foram analisados com o tempo. OBJETIVO: A influência da localização geográfica sobre os desfechos clínicos com o stent eluidor de Zotarolimus foi avaliada em três regiões: Pacífico Asiático, Europa e América Latina. MÉTODOS: Um total de 8.314 pacientes (6.572 da Europa, 1.522 do Pacífico Asiático e 220 da América Latina) foram acompanhados por 1 ano; 2.116 desses (1.613, 316, e 187, respectivamente) foram acompanhados por 2 anos. Características dos pacientes e lesões, terapia antiplaquetária dupla e desfechos clínicos foram comparados entre a América Latina e as outras duas regiões. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes da América Latina apresentavam a maior proporção de fatores de risco e infarto do miocárdio prévio. O uso da terapia antiplaquetária dupla declinou rapidamente na América Latina, de 44,9% em 6 meses para 22,5% em 1 ano e 7,8% em 2 anos (Europa: 87,4%, 61,5%, 19,7%; Pacífico Asiático: 82,4%, 67,0%, 45,7%, respectivamente). Não houve diferenças significantes entre a América Latina e a Europa ou Pacífico Asiático para qualquer desfecho em qualquer ponto do tempo. A incidência de trombose de stent provável e definitiva pelo Academic Research Consortium foi baixa (FUNDAMENTO: Las diferencias entre las regiones geográficas en relación con las características de pacientes y desenlaces, sobre todo en los síndromes coronarios agudos se ha demostrado en ensayos clínicos. Los desenlaces clínicos después de las intervenciones coronarias percutáneas con stent liberador de zotarolimus en una población real se analizaron a través del tiempo. Objetivos: La influencia de la ubicación geográfica sobre los desenlaces clínicos con el stent liberador de zotarolimus se evaluó en tres regiones: Pacífico Asiático, Europa y América Latina. MÉTODOS: A total of 8,314 patients (6.572 Europe, 1.522 Asia Pacific, and 220 Latin America) were followed for 1 year; 2.116 of these (1.613, 316, and 187, respectively) were followed for 2 years. Patient and lesion characteristics, dual antiplatelet therapy, and clinical outcomes were compared between Latin America and the other regions. RESULTADOS: Los pacientes en América Latina tuvieron la mayor proporción de factores de riesgo e infarto de miocardio previo. Hubo un rápido descenso en el uso de la terapia antiplaquetaria en América Latina, el 44,9% en 6 meses para 22,5% en 1 año y 7,8% en 2 años (Europa: un 87,4%, un 61,5%, un 19,7%; Pacífico Asiático: un 82,4%, un 67,0%, un 45,7%, respectivamente). No hubo diferencias significativas entre América Latina y Europa o Pacífico Asiático para cualquier desenlace en cualquier momento. La incidencia de trombosis de stent probable y definitiva por el Academic Research Consortium fue baja (< 1,2%) entre todos los pacientes en 1 año y 2 años. CONCLUSIONES: Los desenlaces clínicos fueron comparables entre los pacientes de América Latina y Europa, y América Latina y Pacífico Asiático, pese a los subgrupos clínicos menos favorables en América Latina, perfil de riesgo más elevado y menor uso acentuado de terapia antiplaquetaria doble con el tiempo. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2011;96(5):353-362)BACKGROUND: Differences between geographic regions in patient characteristics and outcomes, particularly for acute coronary syndromes, have been demonstrated in clinical trials. Clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary interventions with the Zotarolimus-eluting stent in a real-world population were assessed over time. OBJECTIVE: The influence of geographic location on clinical outcomes with the Zotarolimus-eluting stent was assessed in 3 regions: Asia Pacific, Europe, and Latin America. METHODS: A total of 8,314 patients (6,572 Europe, 1,522 Asia Pacific, and 220 Latin America) were followed for 1 year; 2,116 of these (1,613, 316, and 187, respectively) were followed for 2 years. Patient and lesion characteristics, dual antiplatelet therapy, and clinical outcomes were compared between Latin America and the other regions. RESULTS: Patients in Latin America had the highest proportions of risk factors and prior myocardial infarction. Dual antiplatelet therapy usage rapidly declined in Latin America, from 44.9% at 6 months to 22.5% at 1 year and 7.8% at 2 years (Europe: 87.4%, 61.5%, 19.7%; Asia Pacific: 82.4%, 67.0%, 45.7%). There were no significant differences between Latin America and Europe or Asia Pacific for any outcome at either time point. The incidence of Academic Research Consortium definite and probable stent thrombosis was low (

FUNDAMENTO: Diferenças entre regiões geográficas em relação à características de pacientes e desfechos, particularmente em síndromes coronarianas agudas, tem sido demonstradas em testes clínicos. Os desfechos clínicos após intervenções coronarianas percutâneas com o stent eluidor de Zotarolimus em uma população real foram analisados com o tempo. OBJETIVO: A influência da localização geográfica sobre os desfechos clínicos com o stent eluidor de Zotarolimus foi avaliada em três regiões: Pacífico Asiático, Europa e América Latina. MÉTODOS: Um total de 8.314 pacientes (6.572 da Europa, 1.522 do Pacífico Asiático e 220 da América Latina) foram acompanhados por 1 ano; 2.116 desses (1.613, 316, e 187, respectivamente) foram acompanhados por 2 anos. Características dos pacientes e lesões, terapia antiplaquetária dupla e desfechos clínicos foram comparados entre a América Latina e as outras duas regiões. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes da América Latina apresentavam a maior proporção de fatores de risco e infarto do miocárdio prévio. O uso da terapia antiplaquetária dupla declinou rapidamente na América Latina, de 44,9% em 6 meses para 22,5% em 1 ano e 7,8% em 2 anos (Europa: 87,4%, 61,5%, 19,7%; Pacífico Asiático: 82,4%, 67,0%, 45,7%, respectivamente). Não houve diferenças significantes entre a América Latina e a Europa ou Pacífico Asiático para qualquer desfecho em qualquer ponto do tempo. A incidência de trombose de stent provável e definitiva pelo Academic Research Consortium foi baixa (

This study aimed at verifying whether juvenile plants of alfalfa cultivars with different aptitude (grazingtype: Alfagraze and ABT 805; hay-type: Crioula) show morphophysiological differences in order to develop a protocol for early selection for grazing persistence. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, in completely randomized design and three repeplicates. In Experiment 1, plants were evaluated from successive destructive harvests at 60, 90, 120 and 150 days of age. In Experiment 2, plants at 150 days of age were cut to a 10-cm stubble and harvested at 15 and 30 days of regrowth. In Experiment 1, Alfagraze showed the lowest height (19 cm), internode length (1.4 cm) and apical bud accessibility (15.3 cm). Grazing-type cultivars did not differ significantly for subterranean hypocotyl diameter (3.5 mm) on the mean ages, and at 120 days of age they had lower number of leaves (56/plant) and axillary stem (2.5/plant) number as well as aerial dry matter accumulation (DM = 0.99 g/plant) in comparison to Crioula. At 150 days of age, Alfagraze had the lowest aerial dry matter accumulation (0.86 g/plant) compared to the other cultivars (1.8 g/plant). In Experiment 2, Alfagraze had higher leaf number (172/plant) compared to the mean of ABT 805 and Crioula (114/plant). The characters with the highest relative contribution for genetic divergence were number of leaves at 120 days of age (Experiment 1) and at 15 and 30 days of regrowth (Experiment 2) totalizing 71.5%. The highest average Euclidean distance (d = 12.3) was from Alfagraze to Crioula and the smallest from ABT 805 to Crioula (d = 8.92). At the juvenile stage, it is possible to identify some grazing avoidance mechanisms in alfafa, such as the small plant height, lower apical bud accessibility and short internodes, as well as one of the grazing tolerance mechanisms, which is the increase in the number of leaves after cutting. For these characters, early selection is possible and Alfagraze can be used as witness.Este estudo objetivou verificar se plantas jovens de cultivares de alfafa de distinta aptidão (tipo-pastejo: Alfagraze e ABT 805; tipo-feno: Crioula) evidenciam diferenças morfofisiológicas, a fim de desenvolver um protocolo de seleção precoce para persistência ao pastejo. Dois ensaios foram conduzidos em casa-de-vegetação, com delineamento completamente casualizado e três repetições. No Experimento 1 as plantas foram avaliadas a partir de colheitas sucessivas e destrutivas aos 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias de idade. No Experimento 2, plantas com 150 dias foram cortadas a 10 cm da base e avaliadas aos 15 e 30 dias de rebrota. No Experimento 1, a Alfagraze mostrou menor altura (19 cm), comprimento de entrenó (1,4 cm) e acessibilidade da gema apical (15,3 cm). As cultivares tipo-pastejo não diferiram significativamente quanto ao diâmetro do hipocótilo subterrâneo (3,5 mm), na média de idade, e aos 120 dias de idade apresentaram menor número de folhas (56/planta) e hastes axilares (2,5/planta) e acúmulo de massa seca aérea (MS = 0,99 g/planta) em relação à Crioula. Aos 150 dias de idade, a Alfagraze teve menor acúmulo de massa seca aérea (0,86 g/planta) em relação às outras cultivares (1,8 g/planta). No Experimento 2, a Alfagraze apresentou maior número de folhas (172/planta) comparado à média de ABT 805 e Crioula (114/planta). Os caracteres com maior contribuição relativa para divergência genética foram o número de folhas aos 120 dias de idade (Experimento 1), 15 e 30 dias de rebrota (Experimento 2), totalizando 71,5%. A maior distância euclidiana média foi entre Alfagraze e Crioula (d = 12,3) e a menor, entre ABT 805 e Crioula (d = 8,92). Em estádio juvenil, é possível detectar em alfafa alguns mecanismos de evitamento ao pastejo, como pequena altura de planta, menor acessibilidade da gema apical e entrenó curto, bem como um dos mecanismos de tolerância ao pastejo, que é o aumento no número de folhas após o corte. Para estes caracteres a seleção precoce é possível e a Alfagraze pode ser utilizada como testemunha.

This study was carried out with the objective of describing the aerial and underground organs of birdsfoot trefoil [Lotus corniculatus (São Gabriel and ARS-2620 cultivars)] and big trefoil [Lotus uliginosus (Maku cultivar)]. The plants were cultivated in pots and harvested at 150 and 210 days after sowing. Stems, leaves and roots were prepared in according to conventional anatomical techniques. The anatomical structures of L. corniculatus and L. uliginosus differed in terms of pith cell integrity, starch content in the parenchyma root cell and underground stem cortex. The leaves were amphistomatic, with phenolic idioblasts, small vascular bundles and few conducting elements. The underground system was diffuse, with adventitious shoots that grew in two directions, had no cataphylls, emerged from the ground, and gave rise to aerial stems. The morphological characteristics of the shoot system of both species matched the recent descriptions of soboles.Este trabalho foi realizado para comparar e descrever anatomicamente os órgãos aéreos e subterrâneos de cornichão-comum [Lotus corniculatus (cv. São Gabriel; cv. ARS-2620)] e cornichão-dos-banhados [Lotus uliginosus (cv. Maku)]. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos e colhidas aos 150 e 210 dias após semeadura. Amostras de caules, folhas e raízes foram preparadas de acordo com as técnicas convencionais de anatomia. As estruturas anatômicas das espécies L. corniculatus e L. uliginosus diferem quanto à integridade das células da medula das hastes, à quantidade aparente de amido nas células do parênquima das raízes e quanto ao tamanho da região cortical dos caules subterrâneos. As folhas são anfiestomáticas, possuem idioblastos fenólicos e feixes condutores de pequeno tamanho e com poucos elementos de condução. O sistema subterrâneo é difuso. Os caules têm origem adventícia, crescimento bipolar, não apresentam catáfilos e, ao emergirem do solo, originam ramos aéreos. As características morfológicas do sistema caulinar subterrâneo das duas espécies estão de acordo com a descrição recente aplicada ao sóbole.

The objective of this study was to compare two populations of Crioula alfalfa cultivars, selected by the length of the seedling second internode (Crioula-LI, long internode = 2.5 cm; Crioula-SI, short internode = 1.5 cm) with Alfagraze cultivar in order to verify the seedling morphology value for the selection of more prostrate plants. The plants were grown individually in pots in a semi-protected environment and harvested at 74, 104, 134, 164, 194 and 224 days. Crioula populations varied in terms of height, leaf area, root volume, dry matter yield, and the Crioula-LI population outnumbered that of Crioula-SI. For height, length of internode and primary stem, Alfagraze (45.1 cm, 2.1 cm and 16.7 cm) was similar to Crioula-SI (37.6 cm, 2.3 cm and 18.2 cm); however, the leaf area (2.028 cm²) and dry matter yield (20.3 g) did not differ from those of Crioula-LI (2.021 cm², 21 g). The Alfagraze cultivar surpassed the Crioula population in terms of procumbency, crown diameter and crown stem number. At the flowering stage, the Crioula-LI cultivar had total stem number (61/plant) higher than Alfagraze (47/plant) and Crioula-SI (41/plant) cultivars. The length of the seedling internode is a promising marker for the selection of alfalfa, being a predictive factor for plant height, stem number, root volume and leaf area, and can be useful in the alfalfa breeding.O objetivo neste trabalho foi comparar duas populações de alfafa cv. Crioula, selecionadas pelo comprimento do segundo entrenó da plântula (Crioula-EL, entrenó longo = 2,5 cm; Crioula-EC, entrenó curto = 1,5 cm), e o cultivar Alfagraze, com a finalidade de verificar o valor da morfologia da plântula para seleção de plantas mais prostradas. As plantas foram cultivadas individualmente em vasos, em ambiente semiprotegido, e colhidas aos 74, 104, 134, 164, 194 e 224 dias de idade. As populações de Crioula variaram entre si quanto à altura, à área foliar, ao volume de raízes e à produção de matéria seca, que foram maiores na Crioula-EL. A altura e o comprimento de entrenó e de haste primária foram similares entre as populações Alfagraze (45,1 cm; 2,1 cm; 16,7 cm) e Crioula-EC (37,6 cm; 2,3 cm; 18,2 cm). A área foliar (2.028 cm²) e a produção de matéria seca (20,3 g) da população Alfagraze não diferiram da Crioula-EL (2.021 cm²; 21 g). O cultivar Alfagraze superou as populações Crioula quanto às características decumbência, diâmetro da coroa e proporção de hastes da coroa. No estádio de florescimento, o cultivar Crioula-EL apresentou maior número de hastes totais (61/planta) em relação ao Alfagraze (47/planta) e Crioula-EC (41/planta). O comprimento do entrenó de plântula é um marcador morfológico promissor na seleção de populações de alfafa; é preditivo para altura de planta, número de hastes, volume de raízes e área foliar e pode auxiliar nos trabalhos de melhoramento.

Neste trabalho objetivou-se selecionar as melhores populações de cevadilha vacariana (Bromus auleticus) mediante avaliação do seu desempenho agronômico e de caracteres morfológicos relacionados à persistência. Oito populações oriundas de quatro municípios do Rio Grande do Sul (Santana do Livramento: A5, A6, A23 e A26; Uruguaiana: A7, A8; Júlio de Castilhos: A17; Quaraí: A27) foram cultivadas em linhas de 5 m, contendo entre 12 e 15 plantas. O transplante foi realizado no dia 16/6/2004 e as avaliações, iniciadas aos 125 dias após o transplante. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto ao hábito de crescimento, à produção de sementes e de matéria seca (MS) e à composição química nos anos 2004 e 2005. Uma vez que o ciclo de crescimento da espécie é hibernal, não foi possível avaliar no primeiro ano a produção de matéria seca. Durante o outono-inverno do segundo ano, as plantas foram submetidas a cinco cortes em intervalos de 31 a 47 dias. Verificou-se variabilidade interpopulacional quanto a hábito (semi-prostrado a ereto), número de panículas (9 a 200/linha), circunferência (29,3 a 36,5 cm/planta), produção (0,6 a 77,2 g/linha) e peso de 1.000 sementes (4,7 a 6,6 g), produção de MS média por corte (137 a 421 g/linha) e total (686 a 2105 g/linha), proteína bruta (14,3 a 21,8%), fibra em detergente ácido (21 a 28,3%), fibra em detergente neutro (53,4 a 58,9%) e hemicelulose (25 a 33,2%). As populações A5, A23 e A26, pelo melhor desempenho agronômico, e a população A8, pela presença de rizomas, são indicadas para continuidade do programa de melhoramento da espécie.The objective of this work was to select the best bromegrass populations (Bromus auleticus) by analyzing their agronomic performance and morphological characteristics linked to persistence. Eight populations originated from four different municipalities from the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Santana do Livramento: A5, A6, A23 and A26; Uruguaiana: A7, A8; Júlio de Castilhos: A17; Quaraí: A27) were cultivated on 5-m rows containing from 12 to 15 plants. The plants were transplanted on 06/16/2004, and evaluations started 125 days transplantation. The plants were evaluated in relation to growth habit, seed and dry matter (DM) production and chemical composition during the years of 2004-2005. Due to the winter growth habit of this species, it was not possible to evaluate the DM production on the first year. During the fall-winter period of the second year, the plants were submitted to five cuts, with intervals from 31 to 47 days. Inter-population variability was observed and related to growth habit (semi-decumbent to tall), number of panicles (9 to 200/row), circumference (29.3 to 36.5 cm/plant), DM production (0.6 to 77.2 g/row) and weight of 1000 seeds (4.7 to 6.6 g), mean DM production per cut (137 to 421 g/row), total DM production (686 to 2105 g/row), crude protein (14.3 to 21.8%), acid detergent fiber (21.0 to 28.3%), neutral detergent fiber (53.4 to 58.8%) and hemicellulose (25.5 to 33.25). Populations A5, A23 and A26, due to their better agronomic performance, and population A8 due to the presence of rhizomes, are indicated for further evaluations in the species improvement program.

O trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar a resposta de uma pastagem de capim-tifton à adubação com chorume suíno (CS). O chorume suíno foi aplicado após os cortes em 15/10/2003 (emparelhamento), 24/11/2003, 10/1/2004 e 25/2/2004 nas doses de: 0, 15, 30 e 45 m³/ha/corte, totalizando 0, 60, 120 e 180 m³/ha na primavera-verão. Em 10/4/2004, foi realizado o último corte, quando não foi mais aplicado chorume suíno. A maior produção de MS (2.232 kg/ha) foi obtida no segundo corte (janeiro de 2004), com 30 m³/ha, 347% superior à obtida sem aplicação de chorume suíno. A resposta da produção total de MS à adubação com chorume suíno foi quadrática e resultou em produções de 1.397 (sem CS), 2.971 (15 m³), 4.696 (30 m³) e 4.714 (45 m³) kg/ha. A eficiência (24,5 kg MS/m³/ha) do chorume suíno não diferiu entre as doses aplicadas, mas variou de 5,6 a 49,7 kg MS/m³/ha entre os cortes. A extração máxima de nitrogênio foi de 28 kg N/ha (30 m³ ) e a recuperação de nitrogênio variou de 2% (quarto corte) a 12% (segundo corte). Os teores de PB e FDA foram afetados pela aplicação de chorume suíno e pela data de corte e variaram de 8,3 (sem chorume) a 10,7% (30 m³) no primeiro corte e de 45,9 (sem chorume) a 42,8% (45 m³) no último corte. A aplicação de chorume suíno é uma alternativa para aumentar a produção de pastagens de capim-tifton 85. Sugere-se a dose de 30 m³/ha como valor-referência para aplicação depois de cada corte ou pastejo.The work was carried out with the aim to verify the response of a cv. Tifton 85 pasture, in Depressão Central of Rio Grande do Sul state, to pig slurry (PS) fertilization, in the rates of 0, 15, 30 and 45 m³/ha/cutting, between October/03 and February/04, totalizing 0, 60, 120 e 180 m³/ha in the spring-summer. The PS was applied after cuttings, in: 15/10/2003 (uniformizing cutting), 11/24/2003, 1/10/2004 and 2/5/2004. The last cut was done in 4/10/2004 and then it was not applied PS. The highest production (2,232 kg DM/ha) was obtained in the second cutting (January/2004), with 30 m³/ha, a 347% higher than control. The total DM production response as function to PS was quadratic, being obtained 1,397 (without PS), 2,971 (15 m³), 4,696 (30 m³) and 4,714 (45 m³) kg/ha. The PS efficiency did not differ between the rates (24,5 kg DM/m³/ha) but it varied between cuttings, from 5.6 a 49.7 kg DM/m³/ha. The highest N extraction was 28 kg N/ha (30 m³) and the N recovery varied from 2% (fourth cutting) to 12% (second cutting). The CP and ADF content were affected by fertilization and cutting date, varying between 8.3 (without CS) to 10.7% (30 m³) in the first cutting and 45.9 (without PS) to 42.8% (45 m³) in the last cutting, respectively. The PS application is an alternative to increase the pasture production of cv. Tifton 85, being suggested the 30 m³/ha/cutting as reference-value.

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o valor forrageiro de uma população de capim-coqueirinho (Paspalum plicatulum) por meio das características bromatológicas e do acúmulo de matéria seca. As plantas foram obtidas a partir de touceiras e transplantadas em área livre de invasoras distantes 80 cm entre si. O delineamento foi completamente casualizado e os tratamentos consistiram da idade das plantas após o estabelecimento, caracterizada pelos dias (D) e graus-dia (DD) acumulados acima de 0ºC. As colheitas foram feitas rente ao solo no final da primavera (27 D = 587 GD) e meados do verão (68 D, 1534 GD), outono (149 D, 3311 GD) e inverno (226 D, 4527 GD). O capim-coqueirinho apresentou 11 a 22% de proteína bruta, 39 a 46% de fibra em detergente ácido e 55 a 66% de fibra em detergente neutro, boa tolerância a seca estival e produção de matéria seca verde durante a primavera-verão-outono. A produção foi interrompida quando as temperaturas reduziram para abaixo de 15ºC. Morfologicamente, a população de Paspalum plicatulum apresenta elevado potencial de afilhamento (105/planta), touceiras compactas (circunferência = 53 cm), brotações basais e hábito cespitoso.This work aimed to evaluate the forage value of a brown-seed grass (Paspalum plicatulum) population, considering bromatological aspects and dry matter accumulation. Plants were obtained from tussocks and they were established in a weed-free area 80 cm apart from each other. The experimental design was completely randomized and treatments consisted of plant age after establishment characterized by days (D) and degree-days (DD) accumulated above 0ºC. Harvests were performed at ground level in late-spring (27 D, 587 DD), mid-summer (68 D, 1534 DD), mid-fall (149 D, 3311 DD), and mid-winter (226 D, 4527 DD). Brown-seed grass showed 11-22% of crude protein, 39-46% of acid detergent fiber and 55-66% of neutral detergent fiber, good tolerance to summer drought, and produced green dry matter during spring, summer and fall. Growth stopped when the temperatures dropped below 15ºC. Morphologically the population showed a high tillering potential (105/plant), compact tussocks (circumference = 53 cm), basal sprouting, and erect growth.

This work was carried out to characterize the leaf anatomy of eight Bromus auleticus populations collected in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and called A5, A6, A8, A17, A23, A26 and A27. Totally expanded leaves were collected from plants in the vegetative stage and were sectioned and stained with basic fuchsine and alcian blue. A single layer of epidermis with a smooth and fine cuticle on both surfaces, short tricomes, vascular bundles in three sizes, and the presence of cells with lignified walls along the bundles and on the leaf edge were observed in all populations. The number of bulliform cells varied from three to five, with the exception of population A25, which ranged from five to eight cells. Three populations presented long tricomes (A6, A23 and A27) and palisade chlorenchyma (A6, A7 and A26), five had grooves on the leaf surface (A8, A17, A23, A26, A27) and homogeneous chlorenchyma (A5, A8, A17, A23, A27), two presented a large intercellular space in the mesofile (A7 and A17), and two showed a more visible cuticle on the abaxial surface (A7 and A8). These variations could reflect differences in relation to the nutritive value of the populations and be used in plant breeding programs for the genetic improvement of bromegrass.

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da fertilização com dois tipos de camas sobrepostas de suínos (CSS), à base de casca de arroz (CA) e maravalha (MA), sobre a produção de uma pastagem natural, com predomínio de Axonopus sp. e Paspalum sp., sobressemeada com leguminosas (cornichão e trevo-branco). As camas sobrepostas foram aplicadas em quantidades equivalentes a 180, 360, 540 e 720 kg/ha de P2O5, constituindo quatro níveis de cama de casca de arroz (30, 60, 90 ou 120 t/ha) e quatro níveis de cama de maravalha (20,6; 41,2; 62,2 ou 82,8 t/ha). Foram incluídos dois tratamentos-testemunha: 180 kg/ha de superfosfato triplo (SFT) e ausência de adubação (AA). A sobressemeadura das leguminosas foi realizada em maio de 2004 e, a partir de agosto de 2004, foram realizados nove cortes da pastagem, a cada seis semanas. As maiores produções de matéria seca (MS) anuais (setembro/2004 a agosto/2005) com as aplicações de cama de casca de arroz foram obtidas nos níveis 30 e 60 t/ha e, com cama de maravalha, nos níveis 62,2 e 82,8 t/ha, que resultaram em produções de MS de 8.083 e 8.276 kg/ha, superiores às obtidas com superfosfato triplo (4.091 kg MS/ha) e sem adubação (3.071 MS kg/ha). A produção de MS de trevo-branco aumentou linearmente no outono e no inverno, de acordo com os níveis de adubação com cama de maravalha, mas não variaram com a adubação com cama de casca de arroz. O efeito fertilizante varia entre os tipos de cama sobreposta, que podem influenciar a composição botânica de pastagens mistas de leguminosas-gramíneas.This work aimed to evaluate the effect of two swine deep beddings (SDB): rice husk (CA) and sawdust coarse (MA) on the production of natural pasture. The predominant species in this pasture were Axonopus sp. and Paspalum sp. that was sod-seeded with the forage legumes birdsfoot trefoil and white clover. The SDBs were applied in amounts equivalent to 180, 360, 540, and 720 kg/ha of P2O5. In order to achieve the target P application, different levels of CA (30, 60, 90, and 120 t/ha) and MA (20.6; 41.2; 62.2; and 82.8 t/ha) were applied. Two control treatments were used: mineral fertilization (180 kg/ha of triple superphosphate, TSP) and no fertilization (AA). The legumes were sod-seeded in May/2004. After August/2004, the plants were cut every six weeks and nine cuts were performed. The highest annual (September/2004 to August/2005) dry matter (DM) production was obtained with 30 and 60 t/ha of CA or 62.2 and 82.8 t/ha of MA, with DM productivity ranging from 8,083 to 8,276 kg DM/ha. This productivity was greater than the one obtained with both TSP (4,091 kg DM/ha) and AA (3,071 kg DM/ha). The white-clover DM production increased linearly in the fall and in the winter seasons, as a function of MA and did not change with the CA rates. The results indicated that the CSS type (CA or MA) affects the fertilizing effect of these manures, influencing the production and the botanical composition of the pastures, specially the proportion of grasses and legumes.

This experiment was carried out on native grassland in Rio Grande do Sul. The purpose was to compare the vigor of the regrowth of Baccharis trimera after cutting at different heights (7 and 15cm) and phenological stages (V= vegetative; beginning of spring; FE= end of flowering; end of summer). The design was ompletely randomized with ten replications, composed by plants. The cuts were on 09/26/02 (V) and 03/14/03 (FE); the regrowth evaluation was made after the plants had achieved thermal sums of 1,525 degree-days (12/12/02) and 1,749 degree-days (06/26/03) for V-stage and FE-stage cuts respectively, by harvesting the plant shoots. The lowest regrowth was observed in the plants cut in the V-stage (22.9g DM/plant), in which the cutting height had no effect. In the FE-stage there was a significant effect of the cutting height: 21.7g DM/plant was obtained under 7cm and 75.6g DM/plant was obtained under 15cm. It was concluded that it is better to cut B. trimera in the vegetative stage (beginning of spring) at a height of 15cm to minimize possible damage to valuable forage plants. Mowing realized at the end of the summer, when the plants are in the flowering stage, needs to be severe (7cm) in order to reduce the basal stem growth. The horizontal underground system of B. trimera is formed by budding roots, and new shoots can be produced from the activation of their dormant buds.

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se verificar a resposta de populações de alfafa à desfolhação. Avaliaram-se duas populações de alfafa Crioula (tipo-feno), selecionada em estádio de plântula de acordo com o comprimento do segundo entrenó (EC = 1,5 cm; EL = 2,5 cm) e uma do cultivar Alfagraze (tipo-pastejo). As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos nos meses de março a agosto de 2005 e submetidas a uma combinação de altura (2 e 8 cm) e freqüência de corte (semanal, quinzenal e mensal) durante 141 dias. Não houve diferença quanto à produção da matéria seca (MS) aérea sob cortes semanais e quinzenais. Com cortes mensais, a população Crioula-EL, com maior altura e quantidade de hastes, superou as demais. Os cultivares Alfagraze e Crioula-EC foram similares quanto à quantidade de MS subterrânea. As populações de alfafa diferiram na resposta ao manejo de corte e apresentaram declínio gradual na MS quando submetidas a cortes mais freqüentes, com maior sobrevivência do cultivar Alfagraze em comparação aos cultivares Crioula-EC e Crioula-EL. O cultivar Alfagraze diferiu das populações do cultivar Crioula e apresentou menor altura, maior diâmetro, maior proporção de hastes da coroa e maior alocação de MS na parte subterrânea, portanto, estas características estão relacionadas ao tipo-pastejo. O comprimento do entrenó da plântula poderia ser utilizado complementarmente para selecionar populações de alfafa com maior aptidão ao pastejo, o que torna possível obter populações com variabilidade de produção de matéria seca e sobrevivência.This work aimed to evaluate the performance of alfalfa populations in response to defoliation. Two populations of alfalfa cv. Crioula (hay-type) and one population of alfalfa cv. Alfagraze (grazing-type) were evaluated, being selected at seedling stage according to the length of the second internode (EC=1.5 cm; EL=2.5 cm). The trial was performed in pots, between February and August/2005. The populations were harvest at two cutting intensities (2 and 8 cm) and three cutting frequencies (weekly, fortnightly and monthly) during 141 days. There was no difference on shoot dry matter (DM) yield between weekly and fortnightly cuttings; the Crioula-EL, under monthly cuttings was the tallest and had higher amount of stems, surpassing the others. There was similarity between the cultivar Alfagraze and Crioula-SI regarding underground DM biomass. Alfalfa populations responded differently to defoliation management, with a gradual decline on DM yield under more frequent cuttings and a higher survival of plants from Alfagraze compared to Crioula-EC and Crioula-EC. Alfagraze cultivar differed from the Crioula populations, presenting shorter plants, higher proportion of stems originate from the crown and a higher allocation of DM to the underground parts, indicating that these characteristics belong to a grazing-type alfalfa. The length of seedling internodes could be used as a complementary morphological marker to select alfalfa populations more adapted to grazing. In this way, it is possible to obtain populations with DM yield variability and survival.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar a resposta de uma pastagem natural na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul à adubação com chorume suíno nas doses de 0, 15, 30 e 45 m³/ha, equivalentes a 76,8; 153,7 e 230,5 kg N/ha/corte depois de cada um dos quatro cortes, realizados no período de outubro de 2003 e fevereiro de 2004, totalizando 0, 60, 120 e 180 m³/ha de chorume. A massa seca (MS) da pastagem aumentou de forma linear de acordo com as doses de chorume. Na pastagem testemunha, com aplicação de 45 m³/ha/corte, houve aumento de 108% na produção de MS (1.137 kg/ha/corte; 4.549 kg/ha no total dos cortes) e de 42% na altura da pastagem (21 cm) e redução de 8% no conteúdo de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) (41,8%). A eficiência da aplicação do chorume foi, em média, de 16,9 kg MS/m³/corte. Com as aplicações do fertilizante, verificou-se aumento na concentração de nutrientes no solo (máximo: K = 200 mg/L; P = 52 mg/L; Ca = 1,8 cmol c/dm-3; Mg = 1,4 cmol c/dm-3). A dose de 30 m³/ha/corte pode ser um valor-referência para as pastagens naturais na primavera-verão.The work had the objective to verify the response of a natural pasture, in the "Depressão Central of Rio Grande do Sul", Brazil, to pig slurry fertilization, in the doses of 0, 15, 30 and 45 m³/ha, equivalent to total application of 0, 76.5, 153.3, and 230.5 kg N/ha/cutting of N after each one of the four cuttings, between October/03 and February/04, totalizing 0, 60, 120, and 180 m³/ha of slurry. There was a linear increase of dry matter (DM) as function of pig slurry application. Compared to the control treatment, application of 45 m³/ha/cutting resulted in: a) 108% increase in the DM production (1.137 kg/ha/cutting; 4.549 kg/ha in total of the cuttings) and 42% in the pasture height (21 cm); b) 8% decrease in the ADF concentration (41.8%). The pig slurry application efficiency was, on average, 16.9 kg DM/m³/cutting. There was addition of soil chemical elements with fertilizer application, reaching a maximum of K = 200 mg/L; P= 52 mg/L; Ca = 1,8 cmol c/dm-3; Mg = 1,4 cmol c/dm. The 30 m³/ha/cutting can be a reference-value for the natural pasture in the spring-summer.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar anatomicamente a lâmina foliar de oito populações de Bromus auleticus coletadas no Rio Grande do Sul e denominadas de A5, A6, A7, A8, A17, A23, A26 e A27. Folhas totalmente expandidas foram coletadas de plantas em estádio vegetativo, seccionadas e coradas com fucsina e azul de Alcian. Verificou-se em todas as populações a presença de epiderme uniestratificada, com cutícula lisa e delgada em ambas as faces, tricomas curtos, feixes vasculares de três tamanhos e células com parede lignificada junto aos feixes e no bordo foliar. O número de células buliformes varia de três a cinco, com exceção da população A26, com cinco a oito células. Três populações possuem tricomas longos (A6, A23, A27) e clorênquima em paliçada (A6, A7, A26), cinco exibem sulcos na superfície foliar (A8, A17, A23, A26, A27) e clorênquima homogêneo (A5, A8, A17, A23, A27), duas apresentam amplos espaços intercelulares no mesofi lo (A7, A17) e duas, cutícula mais evidente na face abaxial (A7, A8). Essas variações podem refletir diferenças no valor nutritivo das populações e serem exploradas nos trabalhos de melhoramento genético da cevadilha vacariana.

O trabalho foi conduzido em área de pastagem natural do Rio Grande do Sul, com o objetivo de avaliar a rebrota da carqueja (Baccharis trimera) a cortes em diferentes alturas (7 e 15cm) e estádios fenológicos (V=vegetativo; início da primavera; FF=fi nal do florescimento; final do verão) e determinar histologicamente a natureza do sistema subterrâneo horizontal da espécie. Os cortes foram em 26/09/02 (V) e 14/03/03 (FF) e a avaliação da rebrota foi realizada aos 1.525 graus-dia (V), em 12/12/02, e aos 1.749 graus-dia (FF), em 26/06/03, mediante a colheita da parte aérea. Houve menor produção de matéria seca (MS) nas plantas cortadas no estádio-V, independente da altura de corte (22,9g MS/planta). No corte do estádio-FF houve efeito significativo da altura de corte: a 7cm obteve-se 21,7g MS/planta e a 15cm, 75,6g MS/planta. Concluiu-se que é melhor cortar a carqueja no estádio vegetativo (primavera) a 15 cm, o que minimizaria os danos às plantas forrageiras desejáveis. A roçada realizada no final do verão, em plantas florescidas, deve ser a menor altura (7cm), a fim de reduzir o crescimento das hastes basilares. O sistema subterrâneo horizontal da carqueja é formado por raízes gemíferas, capazes de gerar novas plantas a partir da ativação de gemas dormentes.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de comparar cultivares de Lotus corniculatus L. (cv. São Gabriel, cv. ARS2620) e L. uliginosus Schkuhr (cv. Maku) por meio da análise do desenvolvimento morfológico. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos, colhidas aos 90, 120, 150, 180 e 210 dias após a semeadura e avaliadas por medidas lineares e de peso, volume, área e contagem. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão em função dos dias de crescimento. Os cultivares apresentaram a mesma tendência temporal quanto à estatura, ao volume radical e à massa seca (MS) aérea, mas diferiram quanto à grandeza das alterações. O acúmulo de MS (g/planta) foi superior nos cultivares Maku (15,0) e S. Gabriel (14,0) em relação ao cultivar ARS2620 (11,0). Os cultivares S. Gabriel, Maku e ARS2620 diferiram quanto ao diâmetro da planta (96,7; 80,7; 68,5 cm), ao diâmetro da coroa (6,5; 15,7; 8,1 mm), ao comprimento da massa radical (37,8; 29,2; 40,4 cm) e ao número de hastes da coroa (37,8; 29,2 e 40,4). O sistema subterrâneo foi mais vigoroso no cultivar Maku, que produziu mais MS de sóboles (16,3) em relação aos cultivares ARS2620 (4,7) e São Gabriel (2,0), mostrando ser potencialmente mais persistente em condições de pastejo.This work aimed to compare cultivars of Lotus corniculatus L. (cv. São Gabriel, cv. ARS2620) and L. uliginosus Schkuhr (cv. Maku) through the morphological development analysis. The plants were cultivated in pots and they were harvested at 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 days after seeding being evaluated by linear, weight, volume, area, and count measurements. Data were submitted to regression analysis as a function of growth days. Cultivars had the same temporal trend for height, root volume, and shoot dry matter (DM), but differed in terms of the magnitude. The DM accumulation (g/plant) was greater for the cvs. Maku (15.0) and S. Gabriel (14.0) in relation to cv. ARS2620 (11.0). The cvs. S. Gabriel, Maku, and ARS2620 differed respectively for plant diameter: 96.7, 80.7, and 68.5 cm; crown diameter: 6.5, 15.7, and 8.1 mm; root mass extension: 37.8, 29.2, and 40.4 cm; crown stem number: 37.8, 29.2, and 40.4. The underground system was more vigorous in the cv. Maku, which produced more soboles MS (16.3) in relation to cvs. ARS2620 (4.7) and São Gabriel (2.0), showing potentially more persistence under grazing condition.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de comparar cultivares de Lotus spp. de diferentes hábitos de crescimento (L. corniculatus: São Gabriel - semi-ereto; ARS2620 - prostrado; L. uliginosus: cv. Maku - decumbente) cultivados em vasos e submetidos a diferentes alturas (4 - 8 cm) e freqüências (quinzenal - mensal) de corte do 95º ao 233º dia de idade. As maiores produções de massa seca (g/planta) foram obtidas com cortes mensais a 8 cm (Maku = 13,3; S. Gabriel = 11,5; ARS2620 = 7,3). Em níveis intermediários (mensal - 4 cm; quinzenal - 8 cm), o cultivar Maku foi superior aos demais, enquanto, em cortes quinzenais (4 cm), não houve diferença entre os cultivares. O cultivar ARS2620 apresentou menor estatura e maior cobertura verde residual após os cortes. Na condição residual após o último corte, o cultivar Maku superou os demais quanto ao diâmetro da coroa e às produções de MS da raiz primária, subterrânea, aérea e de sóboles. Todos os cultivares foram favorecidos pelo manejo menos intenso, mas apresentaram mecanismos compensatórios ao serem manejados com cortes baixos em menor freqüência ou com cortes freqüentes, mas menos intensos. Os três cultivares apresentaram caules subterrâneos sobolíferos. A sobrevivência do cultivar São Gabriel e o sistema subterrâneo de Lotus spp. foram comprometidos em cortes intensos e freqüentes.This work aimed to compare Lotus spp. cultivars with different growth habits (L. corniculatus: cv. São Gabriel, semi-erect, cv. ARS2620, prostrate, and L. uliginosus: cv. Maku, decumbent), submitted to different height (4 - 8 cm) and cutting frequencies (15 d and 30 d), between the 95th and 233rd days old, grown in pot. Greater DM production (g. plant-1 of DM) was obtained under monthly cutting at 8 cm (Maku = 13.3; S. Gabriel = 11.5; ARS2620 = 7.3). Maku surpassed the others when intermediate levels (monthly cutting-4 cm; fortnighly cutting-8 cm) were used; harvests every 15 d and at 4 cm resulted in no difference among cultivars. The cv. ARS2620 showed the lowest height and the highest residual green canopy after defoliation. After the last cut, the cv. Maku overcame the other cultivars regarding crown diameter, DM of taproot, DM of soboles, DM of underground roots, and shoots. Lenient management favoured all the cultivars but they showed compensatory mechanism when they were submitted to intense and less frequent cutting or under frequent and less intense cutting. The three cultivars showed subterraneum stems of sobole type. The persistence of cv. S. Gabriel and the underground system of Lotus spp. were affected under intense and frequent cutting.

This work evaluated some of the morphophysiological and bromatological aspects of torpedograss (Panicum repens L.) through the quantification of accumulation, allocation and chemical composition of dry matter (DM) during spring-summer. Four destructive harvests of aerial and underground parts were carried out on 23 October 2003, 3 December 2003, 22 January 2004 and 20 February 2004, corresponding to 31, 73, 123 and 152 days after the start of the spring. In these harvests, the DM accumulation was respectively 1,650; 4,470; 10,900 and 14,540 kg/ha in the aerial part, with leaf percentages between 45% (first harvest) and 35% (last harvest). The crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) changed between the first and the last harvest, from 9.9 to 7% (CP), 63.9% to 70.3% (FDN), and 37% to 40.8% (FDA), in samples composed by leaves, culms, inflorescences and stolons. The DM allocation to rhizomes (Rh), roots (R), leaves (L), culms+stolons (C) and inflorescences (I) changed, between the first and the last harvest, from 42 to 19% (Rh), 10 to 7% (R), 22 to 27% (L), 25 to 44% (C), and 0 to 2% (I).